Established Evidence Results

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): , Media Campaign (Print Materials, Radio, TV), Mobile Apps

Intervention Description: The Growing and Glowing campaign was a digital intervention designed to increase access to pregnancy-related health information for Black women in Hillsborough County, Florida. The campaign was based on multiple theories of behavior change and aimed to address the issue of low birthweight, which is disproportionately experienced by Black women. The campaign content was delivered through social media channels and a website, and was tailored to the unique needs of the target population. The content included short videos of local trusted healthcare experts and illustrated imagery, and covered topics such as weight gain and nutrition, prenatal care, general empowerment, and COVID-19. The campaign also featured prenatal care providers who were actively practicing in the area and provided connections to community resources. The campaign was launched publicly in March 2020 and ran for the first year. The campaign was evaluated using two cross-sectional surveys and digital metrics from Google Analytics. The results showed significant improvements in pregnancy-related intentions, awareness of local resources, and the importance of prenatal care among women aware of the campaign. , ,

Intervention Results: The results of the Growing and Glowing campaign showed significant improvements in pregnancy-related intentions among Black women in Hillsborough County, Florida. The campaign attained 1,234 followers, 805,437 impressions, and a reach of 19,875. The web series videos were viewed almost 27,000 times, with 89% average viewer retention, and the website attracted 2,634 unique page views. The evaluation surveys revealed significant improvements in positive pregnancy-related intentions, including intentions to talk about nutrition with a doctor, intentions to discuss weight and exercise, and positive trends in intentions to discuss breastfeeding and the baby’s weight. Additionally, women aware of the campaign had significantly higher awareness of local resources and the importance of prenatal care. Despite the limitations of the small sample size, the data collected provided important insights into pregnancy-related knowledge and attitudes of Black women, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Conclusion: The study concluded that the Growing and Glowing campaign, a digital intervention designed for and by Black women, was effective in delivering pregnancy-related health information to the target population in Hillsborough County, Florida. The campaign achieved significant improvements in pregnancy-related intentions and increased awareness of local resources and the importance of prenatal care among women aware of the campaign. The results also highlighted the potential of digital interventions to reach women who may fall outside traditional health advertising in a cost-effective manner, especially during a time when women are engaging in fewer in-person care visits and spending more time online. The study emphasized the benefits of digital advertising in reaching specific populations and the ability to rapidly pivot messages based on local circumstances, ensuring the conveyance of timely, important information. Additionally, the study underscored the need for creative solutions paired with rigorous evaluation methods to establish an evidence base for best practices in reaching pregnant Black women. Despite the limitations of the study, the data collected provided important information on pregnancy-related knowledge and attitudes of Black women, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Study Design: The study design was a pre-post evaluation of the Growing and Glowing campaign, which aimed to increase access to pregnancy-related health information for Black women in Hillsborough County, Florida. The evaluation included two cross-sectional surveys, one conducted before the campaign implementation and the other conducted after the first year of the campaign. The surveys examined pregnancy-related knowledge, attitudes, intentions, and behaviors, in alignment with the two theories underpinning the campaign strategy and content. The surveys were conducted using Qualtrics panels and digital advertisements on social media platforms, such as Facebook and Instagram, and recruitment focused on oversampling Black women. The study also used digital metrics from Google Analytics to understand the campaign’s reach and engagement across all platforms. ,

Setting: The study was conducted in Hillsborough County, Florida, which is located in the southeastern United States. The Growing and Glowing campaign was designed to reach Black women in this area and provide them with pregnancy-related health information tailored to their unique needs

Population of Focus: The target audience of the Growing and Glowing campaign was Black women in Hillsborough County, Florida. The campaign was designed to provide pregnancy-related health information tailored to the unique needs of this population, with a focus on addressing the issue of low birthweight, which is disproportionately experienced by Black women. The campaign messaging adopted a reproductive empowerment lens and focused on educating women on areas related to low birthweight, including weight gain and nutrition, prenatal care, general empowerment, and COVID-19. The campaign content was delivered through social media channels and a website, and was based on multiple theories of behavior change. ,

Sample Size: he baseline survey included 162 respondents, and the follow-up survey included 265 respondents. In both surveys, efforts were made to oversample Black women, and the majority of the respondents identified as Black. The sample size of the surveys may have limited statistical significance in results, which is a challenge for any study reaching a small audience at the county level. Despite these limitations, the data collected as part of this study provide important information on pregnancy-related knowledge and attitudes of Black women, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic

Age Range: The age range of the respondents in both the baseline and follow-up surveys was 18 to 65 years old. The surveys included similar age ranges, income ranges, and proportion of responses who selected “Other” for their race.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Care Coordination, Home Visits, Prenatal Care Access,

Intervention Description: The intervention was a telephonic perinatal care coordination program that included risk assessment, patient education, coordination of care for home services and clinic appointments, coordination of interventions requested by care providers, and patient advocacy. The program was based on best management practices and agreed-upon methods of patient care delivery developed by a panel of experts organized by the Case Management Society of America (CMSA). The program was designed to improve both clinical and financial outcomes for low-income, high-risk pregnant women, particularly those from minority cultural and racial backgrounds

Intervention Results: The intervention was a telephonic perinatal care coordination program that included risk assessment, patient education, coordination of care for home services and clinic appointments, coordination of interventions requested by care providers, and patient advocacy. The program was based on best management practices and agreed-upon methods of patient care delivery developed by a panel of experts organized by the Case Management Society of America (CMSA). The program was designed to improve both clinical and financial outcomes for low-income, high-risk pregnant women, particularly those from minority cultural and racial backgrounds

Conclusion: The study concluded that the telephonic perinatal care coordination program led to increased mean birth weights for the treatment group when intervening variables were controlled. However, the mean gestational age at delivery was not significantly different between the treatment and control groups. Additionally, the program resulted in cost savings, with an average of $501.31 saved per patient in inpatient and outpatient costs combined. The study suggested that the telephonic case management model could be used with other populations to obtain similar results, indicating its potential for broader application

Study Design: The study utilized a quasi-experimental design, with a treatment group and a control group. The treatment group received the telephonic perinatal care coordination program, while the control group received standard care. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of the intervention on pregnancy outcomes for low-income, high-risk pregnant women

Setting: The study was conducted in two large obstetric clinics and a level-3 tertiary care center in Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA .

Population of Focus: The target audience for the study was low-income, high-risk pregnant women, particularly those from minority cultural and racial backgrounds , . The program aimed to demonstrate the value of telephonic perinatal case management for this specific population by improving both clinical and financial outcome

Sample Size: The initial number of participants in the treatment group was 64, and the number of participants in the control group was 59. However, due to the exclusion of twin gestations, the total of singleton pregnancies included in the analysis was 111, with 50 in the control group and 61 in the treatment group

Age Range: The age range of the participants was not explicitly stated in the study. However, the study did report that almost one in ten participants were age 19 or younger, and nearly one in ten were age 35 or older

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Transportation Assistance, Prenatal Care Access, Access,

Intervention Description: It was a retrospective cohort study that aimed to investigate the association between travel time and prenatal care attendance among women who received prenatal care and delivered at North Carolina Women’s Hospital between July 1, 2014, and June 30, 2016. The study utilized electronic medical record (EMR) data from the Carolina Data Warehouse for Health (CDW-H) and the UNC Hospital Perinatal Database (PNDB) to identify a subset of women from the Care4Moms study with singleton pregnancies who received prenatal care from UNC OB/GYN physicians in the NC Women’s Hospital Clinic and were at least 18 years of age. The study used multinomial logistic regression models to estimate the association between travel time and appointment attendance, adjusted for sociodemographic covariates

Intervention Results: The study found that for every 10 minutes of additional travel time, women were 1.05 times as likely to arrive late and 1.03 times as likely to cancel appointments than arrive on time. However, travel time did not significantly affect a patient’s likelihood of not showing for appointments. Additionally, the study identified disparities in appointment attendance based on sociodemographic factors. Non-Hispanic black patients were 71% more likely to arrive late and 51% more likely to not show for appointments than non-Hispanic white patients. Publicly insured women were 28% more likely to arrive late to appointments and 82% more likely to not show for appointments than privately insured women

Conclusion: The study concluded that changes to transportation availability alone may only modestly affect outcomes compared with strategically improving access for sociodemographically marginalized women. The findings suggested that marginalized socioeconomic groups may have a higher risk of poor attendance, widening existing health disparities. The study recommended that providers consider re-evaluating punitive late-arrival policies and informed strategies to better address the needs of patients with longer travel times, particularly those belonging to marginalized sociodemographic groups

Study Design: The study design was a retrospective cohort study of women who received prenatal care and delivered at North Carolina Women’s Hospital between July 1, 2014, and June 30, 2016. The study utilized electronic medical record (EMR) data from the Carolina Data Warehouse for Health (CDW-H) and the UNC Hospital Perinatal Database (PNDB) to identify a subset of women from the Care4Moms study with singleton pregnancies who received prenatal care from UNC OB/GYN physicians in the NC Women’s Hospital Clinic and were at least 18 years of age. The study used multinomial logistic regression models to estimate the association between travel time and appointment attendance, adjusted for sociodemographic covariates

Setting: The setting of the study is based on a U.S.-based population of pregnant women older than 18 years. The research aims to provide insights into the impact of travel time on appointment attendance outcomes within this demographic

Population of Focus: e target audience for this study includes healthcare professionals, policymakers, and researchers involved in maternal and child health, particularly those interested in understanding the impact of travel time on prenatal care attendance and its implications for marginalized socio-demographic groups. Additionally, public health officials and organizations focused on improving access to prenatal care for underserved populations would also find this research relevant and valuable

Sample Size: The study included a sample size of 2,808 women who received prenatal care and delivered at North Carolina Women’s Hospital between July 1, 2014, and June 30, 2016. This sample size encompassed a total of 24,021 appointments, providing a robust dataset for analyzing the association between travel time and prenatal care attendance

Age Range: The study included women who were at least 18 years of age. The age range was categorized into five levels: 18–24, 25–28, 29–32, 33–35, and 36 years and older. This age restriction was implemented to mitigate potential differences in this population’s access to transit, as North Carolina law restricts access to a regular driver’s license to those older than 18 years

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): , Mobile Apps

Intervention Description: The study examided the use of a mobile prenatal care app called Babyscripts. The app was designed to deliver educational content and remotely monitor blood pressure and weight for expectant mothers. The educational content was based on American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) standards and refined by a committee of four board-certified obstetricians at the George Washington University (GWU) School of Medicine. The app sent educational content to the expectant mother at gestation-appropriate times throughout the pregnancy, covering topics such as pregnancy progression, preexisting risk hazards such as alcohol intake, smoking, or drug abuse, advice to address these risk hazards, dietary and nutritional content, breastfeeding information, guidelines for appropriate weight gain, and warning signs for pregnancy complications. The app also integrated with a Wi-Fi-connected scale and blood pressure cuff to provide both feedback and alerts depending on the readings. The alerts were created to provide early warnings to patients and providers about aberrant data points with the hope of providing early detection of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and abnormal weight gain, indicating an increased risk of gestational diabetes, nutritional deficiency, or edema associated with preeclampsia.

Intervention Results: The results of the study indicated that the use of the mobile prenatal care app, Babyscripts, was associated with a reduced number of in-person obstetric (OB) visits during pregnancy for low-risk patients. The average number of in-person OB visits during pregnancy was 7.8 for the experimental group using the app, compared to 10.2 for the control group receiving usual care. This reduction in in-person visits was statistically significant (P=.01). Importantly, there was no statistical difference in patient satisfaction (P>.05) or provider satisfaction (P>.05) between the experimental and control groups. This suggests that the use of the mobile prenatal care app did not compromise patient or provider satisfaction with prenatal care. Additionally, the study found that the reduced in-person visit schedule facilitated by the app did not lead to a reduction in patient or provider satisfaction.

Conclusion: The conclusion drawn from the study is that the use of the mobile prenatal care app, Babyscripts, resulted in a reduction in the number of in-person obstetric visits during pregnancy for low-risk patients, without compromising patient or provider satisfaction with prenatal care. The findings suggest that the app was effective in facilitating a reduced in-person visit schedule while maintaining patient and provider satisfaction. The study also highlighted the potential of mobile health apps in addressing the perceived barriers to reducing in-person visits for prenatal care. The authors concluded that the app did not replace in-person visits but rather complemented the current activities that occur at each visit, potentially allowing for more individualized discussions during in-person visits. The study also emphasized the importance of future research to identify predictors of adverse clinical outcomes in various populations to mitigate the risk of adverse events

Study Design: The app aimed to facilitate the integration of prenatal care into the lives of pregnant women and provide them with educational programs and remote monitoring capabilities. Additionally, the study highlighted that pregnant women are highly engaged with their health care decisions during pregnancy and may be more receptive to educational programs that can be delivered through a mobile health app.

Setting: The study setting for the research described in the provided PDF file was two obstetric (OB) and gynecology (GYN) offices in the United States: one in downtown Washington, DC, and one in suburban Maryland. Prenatal care was provided at both locations by OB and GYN physicians and nurse midwives. Low-risk women were cared for by obstetrician-gynecologists at both locations, and all deliveries took place at the GWU hospital in Washington, DC. The educational components and clinical triggers were developed and refined at GWU in Washington, DC, United States, working in conjunction with a local mobile health technology firm 1EQ and their product Babyscripts.

Population of Focus: The study focused on the use of a mobile prenatal care app, specifically designed to deliver educational content and remotely monitor blood pressure and weight for expectant mothers

Sample Size: 88

Age Range: The age range for the participants in the study was between 18 and 40 years. Women aged between 18 and 40 years, presenting for a first-trimester verification of pregnancy or new OB visit, and who were considered low-risk were eligible for enrollment in the study. Additionally, participants were required to regularly use a mobile phone and be fluent in English.