Established Evidence Results

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Training (Parent/Family), Family-Based Interventions, Patient-Centered Medical Home,

Intervention Description: In collaboration with veteran parents’ focus groups, we created an experienced co-designed care bundle including IFDC mobile application, which together with staff training programme comprised the IFDC programme. Infant outcomes were compared with retrospective controls in a prepost intervention analysis.

Intervention Results: Infants in the IFDC group were discharged earlier: median corrected GA (36+0 (IQR 35+0–38+0) vs 37+1 (IQR 36+3–38+4) weeks; p=0.003), with shorter median LOS (41 (32–63) vs 55 (41–73) days; p=0.022)

Conclusion: This is the first reported study from a UK tertiary neonatal unit demonstrating significant benefits of family integrated care programme. The IFDC programme has significantly reduced LOS, resulted in the earlier achievement of full enteral and suck feeds

Study Design: Implemented the Integrated Family Delivered Care (IFDC) program to a subset of infants while also having a control group. Compared infant outcomes.

Setting: NICU - London

Population of Focus: Families of NICU patients - healthcare providers and professionals working in neonatal intensive care units, as well as parents of preterm infants who are receiving care in these units.

Sample Size: 89 families - 89 infants who were admitted to the neonatal units of the participating healthcare facility. However, for the purpose of the outcome analysis, infants were included if they were less than 34 weeks gestational age, admitted for at least 14 days, and received the entire period of care in the neonatal units. This resulted in a sample size of 37 infants .

Age Range: Parents of infants

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Parent Mentors, Training (Parent/Family), Education on Disease/Condition,

Intervention Description: NAMI Basics is a six-class manualized curriculum offered in English and Spanish. Classes occur weekly and are approximately 2.5 hours long. The curriculum covers the following content: an introduction to mental disorders and how they affect families, information about treatment of mental illness, communication skills, managing difficult child behaviors, crisis management, information about systems of care, and self-care and advocacy. NAMI-trained peer parents describe their own experiences parenting a child with mental health concerns to frame content and foster sharing of personal stories (see online supplement for more details). NAMI Basics peer parents are caregivers of a child who experienced mental health symptoms before age 13. NAMI relies on a referral process for identifying peer parents, and those who are trained to lead the course have typically taken a course previously. Training to become a peer parent takes approximately 15 hours. Training is led by NAMI state trainers, who have undergone this training previously, have experience observing and leading NAMI Basics classes, and have been recommended by their local affiliate. This study included 33 separate NAMI Basics courses across the five study sites. Nine of these courses occurred at affiliate 1, five at affiliate 2, six at affiliate 3, nine at affiliate 4, and four at affiliate 5. NAMI Basics courses were considered part of the study if at least one study participant attended any of the six classes. Classes were led by one or two peer parents; most were female (79%); half were Caucasian (50%), followed by Hispanic/Latinx (34%), and African American (16%). Fidelity was assessed by NAMI Basics–trained individuals who attended one randomly selected class for each study course and completed an adherence checklist indicating presence or absence of prescribed content (see online supplement). Class 3 was excluded from fidelity monitoring, because this session has a focus on sharing personal experiences. Fidelity to the intervention ranged from 79% to 100% (mean±SD=94.27±6.13).

Intervention Results: Compared with caregivers in the waitlist condition, NAMI Basics participants reported significant increases in parent engagement and activation, as well as intentions to engage with mental health services. NAMI Basics participants also reported significant decreases in their child’s intrapersonal and interpersonal distress, compared with those in the waitlist group. No significant differences were noted on measures of parenting stress, attitudes toward mental health services, or stigma.

Conclusion: NAMI Basics is a peer-parent support program that is readily available to support caregivers of children with mental health concerns, particularly those who experience barriers to service engagement. NAMI Basics significantly increased caregiver activation and engagement, as well as intentions to engage in services, and the children of participants showed decreases in some symptoms. Future research should examine the effects of NAMI Basics on outcomes over a longer duration and assess pathways that may result in child-level changes. Given well-documented barriers to mental health services engagement (1–3, 7–9), peer-parent support is an important resource to be leveraged.

Study Design: Randomized controlled trial

Setting: 5 NAMI affiliate locations in a southwestern U.S. state

Population of Focus: Caregivers of children under age 22 with mental health concerns

Sample Size: 111 caregivers

Age Range: Children were ages 3-22

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Training (Parent/Family), Extra-Curricular Activities, PARENT_FAMILY, CLASSROOM_SCHOOL, Family-Based Interventions

Intervention Description: This was an 11-week, two group, randomized feasibility study. Participants were children and their parents at one OOSP on a rural American Indian reservation. Children, ages 6–9, were randomized to receive the Generations Health (GH) intervention or comparison condition. The GH group received daily activities focused on physical activity (PA), nutrition, sleep, and reducing TV/screen time, and frequently engaged parents. The comparison group received usual OOSP activities. To assess intervention feasibility, we measured recruitment and participation rates and program satisfaction. We assessed pre- to posttest changes in body composition, PA and sleep patterns, dietary intake and Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010) scores, TV/screen time, and nutrition knowledge. We report recruitment and participation rates as percentages and participants’ program satisfaction as means. Two-tailed paired t tests and 95% confidence intervals were used to detect changes in behavioral and health outcome variables.

Intervention Results: Forty-six children met age eligibility criteria; following screening, 52% (24/46) met the inclusion criteria and 96% (23/24) were randomized to the study. Overall, 91% of the children participated in the intervention and 100% participated in at least some of the posttest assessments. Parents reported high program satisfaction (mean rating of 4, on a 1–5 scale). Our outcome measure for child adiposity, zBMI, was reduced by 0.15 in the GH group, but increased by 0.13 in the comparison condition. Meaningful changes were evident for total kilocalories, HEI-2010 scores, PA, TV/screen time, and nutrition knowledge.

Conclusion: High recruitment, participation and program satisfaction and positive health and behavioral outcomes at 11 weeks provide encouraging indications of the feasibility and potential effectiveness of the intervention.

Study Design: Feasibility RCT

Setting: American Indian Reservation

Population of Focus: Rural students

Data Source: Activity monitors (PA levels), questionnaire (sedentary/screen activity)

Sample Size: 24 students

Age Range: Ages 6-9

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Training (Parent/Family), EMR Reminder, Technology-Based Support,

Intervention Description: The intervention described in the document aligns with a discernible strategy. The specific intervention involved a comprehensive educational in-service for the providers at the clinic, which included an overview of the significance of postpartum depression (PPD), the consequences associated with PPD among women and their children, instruction and directions regarding how to use the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) screening tool, and how to document PPD screening in the electronic health record (EHR) system . This intervention aligns with a strategy of education and training to improve providers' knowledge and skills in PPD screening and documentation. Additionally, the implementation of the EPDS dialog box with a flag in the EHR system was part of the intervention, which aimed to facilitate standardized screening and documentation practices . This aligns with a strategy of integrating technology and standardized tools into clinical practice to improve screening and documentation processes. The study described in the document does analyze a multicomponent intervention. The intervention included multiple components such as the educational in-service, development of the EPDS dialog box in the EHR system, and provider follow-up. The study involved pre- and post-education questionnaire results, electronic health record chart reviews, and data analysis to assess the impact of the multicomponent intervention on PPD screening practices.

Intervention Results: The study found that PPD screening documentation rates increased from 56% to 92.7% after the intervention, indicating a significant improvement in PPD screening rates. Of the 124 electronic health record (EHR) charts audited after the project intervention, 115 charts had documentation of EPDS screening, demonstrating a substantial increase in provider-documented screening rates with the implementation of the EPDS tool . The data analysis showed a significant improvement in PPD screening rates from 56% before the project to 92.7% after the project intervention . The project outcomes identified greatly improved provider self-reported knowledge of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) preventive PPD perinatal care services . These results indicate that the multicomponent intervention, including education, training, and the implementation of the EPDS tool in the EHR system, had a significant positive impact on PPD screening practices among providers in the community women's health care clinic.

Conclusion: PPD screening education for health care providers and the addition of EPDS criteria to the electronic health record were associated with increased screening rates for PPD at a community women’s health care clinic.

Study Design: The study design/type used in the project to improve postpartum depression (PPD) screening practices among providers in the community women's health care clinic is a quasi-experimental study. The study used a pre- and post-intervention design to evaluate the impact of the multicomponent intervention on PPD screening practices and providers' knowledge in the community women's health care clinic. The study involved pre- and post-education questionnaire results, electronic health record chart reviews, and data analysis to assess the impact of the intervention on PPD screening practices , . However, the study did not include a control group, which is a characteristic of a true experimental study design. Therefore, the study design/type used in this project is a quasi-experimental study.

Setting: The setting for the study was a local community women's health care clinic located in the southwestern United States. The clinic primarily served minority women of lower socioeconomic status, including Hispanic and African American women, and those who were uninsured. The clinic provided care for postpartum women and was the focus of the project to improve postpartum depression (PPD) screening practices among healthcare providers. The clinic also served as a teaching setting for obstetrician-gynecologists, family practice medical residents, medical students, and nurse practitioner students. The average birth rates per physician in the clinic ranged from 40 to 45 births per month

Population of Focus: The target audience for the study is healthcare providers, specifically obstetrician-gynecologists and advanced practice registered nurses, who provide care to postpartum women in a community women's health care clinic. The study aimed to improve the PPD screening practices among healthcare providers in the clinic by implementing a standardized screening tool and providing education and training on preventive PPD screening practices and documentation recommendations . The study's findings and recommendations are relevant to healthcare providers who care for postpartum women and can be applied in various healthcare settings to improve PPD screening practices and outcomes. Additionally, the study's findings may be of interest to healthcare administrators, policymakers, and researchers who are interested in improving maternal mental health outcomes and reducing the burden of PPD.

Sample Size: The project involved the audit of 125 electronic health record (EHR) charts to assess the pre-intervention PPD screening rates . Additionally, after the project intervention, data were collected from 124 EHR charts over a 3-month period to evaluate the impact of the intervention on PPD screening practices . Therefore, the sample size for the EHR chart audits was 125 before the intervention and 124 after the intervention.

Age Range: The age range of the study was not explicitly mentioned in the provided document. Therefore, I cannot provide specific information regarding the age range of the participants in this study. If you have access to the original document, I would recommend checking the full text for any additional details on the age range of the participants.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), CLASSROOM, Adult-led Curricular Activities/Training, Peer-led Curricular Activities/Training, Training (Parent/Family), SCHOOL, Teacher/Staff Meeting, Teacher/Staff Training, School Rules

Intervention Description: The Cyber Friendly Schools (CFS) group-randomized controlled trial measured the longitudinal impact of a whole-school online cyberbullying prevention and intervention program, developed in partnership with young people.

Intervention Results: The program was associated with significantly greater declines in the odds of involvement in cyber-victimization and perpetration from pre- to the first post-test, but no other differences were evident between the study conditions. However, teachers implemented only one third of the program content.

Conclusion: More work is needed to build teacher capacity and self-efficacy to effectively implement cyberbullying programs. Whole-school cyberbullying interventions implemented in conjunction with other bullying prevention programs may reduce cyber-victimization more than traditional school-based bullying prevention programs alone.

Study Design: Cluster RCT: pretest-posttest

Setting: Australia

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Pretest (N=3382): Intervention (n=1878); Control (n=1504) Posttest 1 (N=2940): Intervention (n=1593); Control (n=1347) Posttest 2 (N=2874): Intervention (n=1582); Control (n=1292)

Age Range: 13-15

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Training (Parent/Family), CLASSROOM, Adult-led Curricular Activities/Training, SCHOOL, Teacher/Staff Training, Media Campaign (Print Materials, Public Address System, Social Media)

Intervention Description: This article presents results from an evaluation of the ConRed cyberbullying intervention program.

Intervention Results: Repeated measures MANOVA showed that cyber victims, cyber aggressors and cyberbully/victims reduced their involvement in cyberbullying. Moreover, cyber-victims and bystanders adjusted their perceptions about their control of personal information on the Internet, and cyber aggressors and bystanders reduced their Internet dependence.

Conclusion: The ConRed program had stronger effects on male participants, especially in heightening their affective empathy.

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group

Setting: Spain

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Total (N=875) Intervention (n=586); Control (n=289)

Age Range: 11/19/2022

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Training (Parent/Family), Farmers Markets

Intervention Description: The intervention combined behaviorally focused instruction and handouts with the introduction of a WIC-based farmers' market, field trips to an area farmers' market, telephone coaching and support before and after trips, and recipe demonstrations and tastings.

Intervention Results: At mid-intervention, objectively measured vegetable intake was higher among participants in the control group as compared with the intervention group; self-reported intake did not differ by group. Post-intervention, objectively measured and self-reported vegetable intake were higher among participants in the intervention group as compared with the control group. Receipt of the intervention was associated with a greater likelihood of FMNP voucher redemption. Voucher redemption rates were 87% in the intervention group and 28% in the control group (odds ratio = 17.39, 95% confidence interval [8.64, 35.02]).

Conclusion: Meaningful associations found between the intervention, vegetable intake, and FMNP voucher redemption suggest that the program is appropriate for efficacy testing.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Urban WIC agency sites

Population of Focus: English- or Spanish-speaking adults who were recipients of Farmers' Market Nutrition Program (FMNP) vouchers or caregivers of child voucher recipients.

Sample Size: 297

Age Range: n/a

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Home Visit (caregiver), Training (Parent/Family), , PARENT_FAMILY, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER

Intervention Description: This evaluation examined the rates of safe infant sleep practices and associated factors among 1985 participants enrolled in Florida Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting (FL MIECHV) programs during 2017-2019.

Intervention Results: Most caregivers (70%) reported always placing their babies to sleep on their back, alone, and without soft bedding. Factors such as primary language, race, education, housing situation, and year the Safe Baby™ curriculum implemented were significantly associated with safe infant sleep practices.

Conclusion: Bearing this in mind, FL MIECHV can tailor safe sleep education, messaging, and strategies to support participants at highest risk. Recent adoption of the Safe Baby™ curriculum, and associated staff training, was an important factor influencing parents' infant sleep practices.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PAYER, Expanded Insurance Coverage, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Public Insurance (Health Care Provider/Practice), Educational Material (Provider), PARENT_FAMILY, Training (Parent/Family), PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Outreach (caregiver), PATIENT_CONSUMER, Peer Counselor, Parent Mentors

Intervention Description: The aim of the Kids’ Health Insurance by Educating Lots of Parents (Kids’ HELP) study was to evaluate the effects of parent mentors – Latino parents with children covered by Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) – on insuring Latino children in a community-based trial of uninsured children from 2011-2015. Parent mentors were trained to assist families in getting insurance coverage, accessing health care, and addressing social determinants of health. The intervention group was assigned parent mentors – trained, fluently bilingual Latino parents who had at least one child insured by Medicaid or CHIP for at least one year. Parent mentors attended a two-day training and received training manuals in English and Spanish with 9 training topics and one on sharing experiences. Parents mentors provided 8 services to intervention children and families (e.g., teaching about types of insurance programs and application processes; helping parents complete and submit children’s insurance applications; acting as family advocates by liaising between families and Medicaid or CHIP agencies; and helping parents complete and submit applications for coverage renewal).

Intervention Results: The study found that parent mentors were more effective than traditional methods in insuring children (95% vs. 69%), achieving faster coverage and greater parental satisfaction, reducing unmet health care needs, providing children with primary care providers, and improving the quality of well-child and subspecialty care. Children in the parent-mentor group had higher quality of overall and specialty care, lower out-of-pocket spending, and higher rates of coverage two years after the end of the intervention (100% vs. 70%). Parent mentors are highly effective in insuring uninsured Latino children and eliminating disparities. Parent mentors, as a special category of community health workers, could be an excellent fit with and complement to current state community health worker models. This RCT documented that the Kids’ HELP intervention is significantly more efficacious than traditional Medicaid and CHIP methods of insuring Latino children. Kids’ HELP eliminates coverage disparities for Latino children, insures children more quickly and with greater parental satisfaction than among control parents, enhances health care access, reduces unmet needs, improves the quality of well-child and subspecialty care, reduces out-of-pocket spending and family financial burden, empowers parents, ad creates jobs.

Conclusion: Parent mentors are highly effective in insuring uninsured Latino children and eliminating disparities.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (Communities in Dallas County, Texas with the highest proportions of uninsured and low-income minority children)

Population of Focus: Uninsured children 0-18 years old whose primary caregiver identified them as Latino and uninsured and reported meeting Medicaid/CHIP eligibility criteria for the child

Data Source: Kids’ HELP trial data; questionnaires

Sample Size: 155 subjects (children and parents); 75 in the control group and 80 in the intervention group

Age Range: 0-18 years

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Parent Mentors, Consultation (Parent/Family), Training (Parent/Family),

Intervention Description: The aim of the Kids’ Health Insurance by Educating Lots of Parents (Kids’ HELP) study was to evaluate the effects of parent mentors – Latino parents with children covered by Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) – on insuring Latino children in a community-based trial of uninsured children from 2011-2015. Parent mentors were trained to assist families in getting insurance coverage, accessing health care, and addressing social determinants of health. The intervention group was assigned parent mentors – trained, fluently bilingual Latino parents who had at least one child insured by Medicaid or CHIP for at least one year. The study team recruited parent mentors from a primary care clinic or a school and via referrals from other mentors. Mentor candidates were screened and interviewed to recruit people characterized by reliability, promptness, organizational skills, persistence, and motivation to help families with uninsured children. The team aimed to match ZIP codes of residence for mentors and participants to promote neighborhood relationships, social support, and economic investment. Mentors were paid $15/hour. Parent mentors attended a two-day training and received training manuals in English and Spanish with 9 training topics and one on sharing experiences. Parents mentors provided 8 services to intervention children and families (e.g., teaching about types of insurance programs and application processes; helping parents complete and submit children’s insurance applications; acting as family advocates by liaising between families and Medicaid or CHIP agencies; and helping parents complete and submit applications for coverage renewal).

Intervention Results: The study found that parent mentors were more effective than traditional methods in insuring children (95% vs. 69%), achieving faster coverage and greater parental satisfaction, reducing unmet health care needs, providing children with primary care providers, and improving the quality of well-child and subspecialty care. Children in the parent-mentor group had higher quality of overall and specialty care, lower out-of-pocket spending, and higher rates of coverage two years after the end of the intervention (100% vs. 70%). Parent mentors are highly effective in insuring uninsured Latino children and eliminating disparities. Parent mentors, as a special category of community health workers, could be an excellent fit with and complement to current state community health worker models. Kids’ HELP also would seem to be a promising intervention at the federal level, regardless of the outcome of federal debates about Medicaid, CHIP, and future directions and financing of these programs. More covered Latino children, better outcomes, reduced costs, higher care quality, improved parental satisfaction, and job creation would seem to constitute a potent combination of benefits for the nation. This RCT documented that the Kids’ HELP intervention is significantly more efficacious than traditional Medicaid and CHIP methods of insuring Latino children. Kids’ HELP eliminates coverage disparities for Latino children, insures children more quickly and with greater parental satisfaction than among control parents, enhances health care access, reduces unmet needs, improves the quality of wellchild and subspecialty care, reduces out-of-pocket spending and family financial burden, empowers parents, ad creates jobs. Kids’ HELP could be implemented as part of existing state community health worker models and federal Medicaid and CHIP outreach and enrollment grants.

Conclusion: A rigorous randomized controlled trial documented that the Kids’ HELP intervention is significantly more efficacious than traditional Medicaid and CHIP methods of insuring Latino children. Kids’ HELP eliminates coverage disparities for Latino children, insures children more quickly and with greater parental satisfaction than among control parents, enhances health care access, reduces unmet needs, improves the quality of well-child and subspecialty care, reduces out-of-pocket spending and family financial burden, empowers parents, and creates jobs. Kids’ HELP could be implemented as part of existing state community health worker models and federal Medicaid and CHIP outreach and enrollment grants.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (Communities in Dallas County, Texas with the highest proportions of uninsured and low-income minority children)

Population of Focus: Parents and Children

Sample Size: 155 subjects (children and parents); 75 in the control group and 80 in the intervention group)

Age Range: 0-18 years

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PAYER, Expanded Insurance Coverage, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Public Insurance (Health Care Provider/Practice), Educational Material (Provider), PARENT_FAMILY, Training (Parent/Family), PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Outreach (caregiver), PATIENT_CONSUMER, Peer Counselor, Parent Mentors

Intervention Description: This study examined the effects of parent mentors on insuring minority children in the Kids’ Health Insurance by Educating Lots of Parents (Kids’ HELP) program. Parent mentors were experienced parents with ≥1 Medicaid/CHIP-covered child who received 2 days of training, then assisted families for 1 year with insurance applications, retaining coverage, medical homes, and social needs; controls received traditional Medicaid/CHIP outreach. Parent mentors received monthly stipends for each family mentored. Parents mentors and intervention participants were matched by race/ethnicity and zip code, whenever possible. Latino families were matched with fluently bilingual Latino parent mentors. Session content for the 2-day training was based on training provided to community case managers in the research team’s previous successful RCT and addressed 9 topics (e.g., why health insurance is so important; being a successful parent mentor; parent mentor responsibilities; Medicaid and CHIP programs and the application process; the importance of medical homes).

Intervention Results: In the Kids’ HELP trial, the intervention was more effective than traditional outreach/enrollment in insuring uninsured minority children, resulting in 95% of children obtaining insurance vs. 68% of controls. The intervention also insured children faster, and was more effective in renewing coverage, improving access to medical and dental care, reducing out-of-pocket costs, achieving parental satisfaction and quality of care, and sustaining insurance after intervention cessation. This is the first RCT to evaluate the effectiveness of parent mentors in insuring uninsured children. Kids’ HELP could possibly save $12.1 to $14.1 billion. Parent mentors were more effective in improving access to primary, dental, and specialty care; reducing unmet needs, achieving parental satisfaction with care, and sustaining long-term coverage. Parent mentors resulted in lower out-of-pocket costs for doctor and sick visits, higher well-child care quality ratings, and higher levels of parental satisfaction and respect from children’s physicians.

Conclusion: PMs are more effective than traditional Medicaid/CHIP methods in insuring uninsured minority children, improving health care access, and achieving parental satisfaction, but are inexpensive and highly cost-effective.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (Communities in Dallas County, Texas with the highest proportions of uninsured and low-income minority children)

Population of Focus: Primary caregiver had ≥1 child 0 to 18 years old who lacked health insurance but was Medicaid/CHIP eligible, and the primary caregiver self-identified the child as Latino/Hispanic or African-American

Data Source: Kids’ HELP trial data; questionnaires; national, state, and regional surveys

Sample Size: 237 participants; 114 in the control group and 123 in the intervention group

Age Range: 0-18 years

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): CAREGIVER, Provision of Safe Sleep Item, Education/Training (caregiver), Educational Material (caregiver), PARENT/FAMILY, Training (Parent/Family), NATIONAL, Campaign, Mass Media

Intervention Description: The objective of this study was to describe parental knowledge and practices regarding infant sleep position, bedsharing, pacifier use, and feeding practices before and after receipt of a free crib and safe sleep education.

Intervention Results: Ninety percent reported that the baby slept in a crib after the intervention, compared with 51 % postnatally (p < 0.01). BBB was successful in changing knowledge and practices in the majority of high-risk participants with regards to placing the infant supine in a crib for sleep.

Conclusion: Crib distribution and safe sleep education positively influence knowledge and practices about safe sleep.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Training (Parent/Family), Family-Based Interventions, Patient-Centered Medical Home,

Intervention Description: Created a Parent Participation Improvement Program. Then offered it to the study group while maintaining a control group

Intervention Results: A Mann-Whitney U test was performed to compare parents’ partnership scores between the intervention and control groups. The difference between the partnership scores of the two groups was significant (MannWhitney U = 99.50, p<.001).

Conclusion: The aim of this study was to develop the Parent Participation Improvement Program for parents in neonatal care and to evaluate its effects. This program was proven effective for increasing attachment and partnership in both mothers and fathers. The program, developed in accordance with King’s goal attainment theory, will serve as a useful reference in developing standardized guidelines for promoting parent participation in neonatal care, and it is expected to bridge the gap between theory and practice by applying family-centered care to the practical base of neonatal care.

Study Design: This study consisted of two phases. The first phase was developing the Parent Participation Improvement Program. The second phase, a parallel, 2-group randomized controlled trial with a prospective pretest-posttest experimental design, was conducted to evaluate the program’s effectiveness.

Setting: NICU South Korea - neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The Parent Participation Improvement Program was implemented in this NICU to promote parent participation in clinical activities and evaluate its effects on parents' partnerships with nurses, attachment to infants, and infants' body weight

Population of Focus: Parent dyads of Premature infants - parents of infants in neonatal intensive care units, healthcare professionals working in neonatal care, and researchers interested in family-centered care and parent participation in clinical activities.

Sample Size: 124 parents - The sample size for the study consisted of 66 premature infants and their 132 parents (66 mothers and 66 fathers) . The infants were randomly assigned to either the intervention group or the control group, with 62 infants and their 124 parents included in the final analysis . The sample size was calculated to ensure the study had sufficient power to detect the estimated effect size .

Age Range: parents of infants - the parents showed that their mean age was 34.6 years in the intervention group and 34.97 years in the control group . The infants included in the study were premature, with a mean gestational age of 28.42 weeks in the intervention group and 29.75 weeks in the control group .

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, Training (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Home Visit (caregiver), Education/Training (caregiver), Motivational Interviewing/Counseling

Intervention Description: This study tested the efficacy of coaching to reduce environmental tobacco smoke ETS exposure among asthmatic Latino children.

Intervention Results: Intervention parents reported their children exposed to significantly fewer cigarettes than control parents by 4 months (post-coaching). Reported prevalence of exposed children decreased to 52% for intervention families but only 69% for controls. By month 4, cotinine levels decreased from 54% to 40% among intervention and increased from 43% to 49% among control children. However, cotinine levels decreased among controls to same level achieved by intervention families by the 13-month follow-up.

Conclusion: Asthma management education plus coaching can reduce ETS exposure more than expected from education alone, and decreases in the coached condition may be sustained for about a year. The delayed decrease in cotinine among controls is discussed.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (home)

Population of Focus: Latino or Hispanic families with an asthmatic child who lived in a home with a smoker and was exposed to at least 6 cigarettes in the past week

Data Source: Reported ETS exposure, children’s urine cotinine, air nicotine monitors, and parent’s saliva cotinine were measured

Sample Size: 204 Latino children ages 3-17 years with asthma

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Training (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Motivational Interviewing/Counseling

Intervention Description: To test the efficacy of behavioural counselling for smoking mothers in reducing young children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.

Intervention Results: Mothers’ reports of children’s exposure to their smoke in the home declined in the counseled group from 27.30 cigarettes/week at baseline to 3.66 at 12 months and in the controls from 24.56 to 8.38; the differences were significant. Most of the change in exposure was during the first three months. Children’s cotinine levels in both groups increased from baseline to three months but then declined slightly in the counselled group whereas it continued to climb in the control group; the same pattern occurred in the mothers.

Conclusion: Counselling was effective in reducing children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Similar counselling in medical and social services might protect millions of children from environmental tobacco smoke in their homes.

Study Design: Randomized double blind controlled trial

Setting: Low income homes in San Diego county, California

Population of Focus: English and Spanish speaking mothers who smoked at least two cigarettes a day and exposed their child aged under 4 years to the smoke from at least one cigarette a day

Data Source: Mothers’ self-report and child urine cotinine measure. Mothers’ saliva was collected at each interview; those who reported stopping smoking were tested and cessation confirmed by cotinine concentration. One week before the three month interview nicotine monitors were placed in the homes of a randomly selected half of the families.

Sample Size: 108 mothers smoking at least 2 CPD with children under 4 years, using a supplemental nutrition program

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, Training (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Home Visit (caregiver), Education/Training (caregiver), Educational Material (caregiver), Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Pharmacotherapy (Nicotine), Home Visits, Educational Material, Motivational Interviewing, Peer Counselor, Telephone Support

Intervention Description: We tested a combined intervention to reduce children's secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) and help parents quit smoking.

Intervention Results: Parents’ reports of their smoking and children’s exposure showed moderate and significant correlation with children’s urine cotinine levels and home air nicotine. 13 intervention group mothers and 4 controls reported quitting smoking for 7 days prior to 1 or more study measurements without biochemical contradiction. Results of generalized estimating equations showed significantly greater decrease in reported SHSe and mothers’ smoking in the counseled group compared with controls. Reported indoor smoking and children’s urine cotinine decreased, yet group differences for changes were not significant.

Conclusion: Nicotine contamination of the home and resulting thirdhand exposure may have contributed to the failure to obtain a differential decrease in cotinine concentration. Partial exposure to counseling due to dropouts and lack of full participation from all family members and measurement reactivity in both conditions may have constrained intervention effects. Secondhand smoke exposure counseling may have been less powerful when combined with smoking cessation.

Study Design: Two-group, repeated measures RCT

Setting: Community (home)

Population of Focus: WIC clients in San Diego, California

Data Source: 3 weekly baseline child urine cotinine measures collected before trial randomization then reported and urine cotinine measures at 3 (midintervention), 6 (post-intervention), 12, and 18 months

Sample Size: 150 families

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner, YOUTH, Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, PARENT/FAMILY, Training (Parent/Family), Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Educational Material (caregiver), Home Visit (caregiver)

Intervention Description: A 2-year randomized, controlled trial involving 95 children measured the impact of a comprehensive home and ambulatory program for pediatric asthma management using objective outcome measures.

Intervention Results: There were no significant differences in medical visits, theophylline levels, or records of asthma symptomsOne year after discontinuing the intervention, a marked "washout" effect was observed.

Conclusion: Comprehensive ambulatory programs of childhood asthma management can improve objective measures of illness severity but must be sustained.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Homes and well-child clinics

Population of Focus: Patients admitted to the Izaak Walton Killam Children’s Hospital with a diagnosis of asthma in the preceding 5 years

Data Source: Medical personnel

Sample Size: 95 children

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, Training (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Home Visit (caregiver), Motivational Interviewing/Counseling

Intervention Description: We tested the effectiveness of a program consisting of motivational interviewing (MI) and feedback of urine cotinine to stop passive smoking (PS) in children at risk for asthma.

Intervention Results: After 6 months, a significant group difference was observed for the unverified parental report of stopping PS in children: 27% of parents in the intervention group versus 7% in the control group. For the verified parental report, the difference was similar (23% versus 7%) but was not statistically significant.

Conclusion: Despite a limited sample size, the results suggest that the intervention program is probably an effective strategy to stop PS in children. A program longer than 6 months might be necessary for a longer lasting intervention effect.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Home-based (6 sessions)

Population of Focus: Families with children ages 0-13 with a high risk of asthma and passive smoking exposure

Data Source: Parental self-report, urine cotinine in children

Sample Size: 58 families

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Motivational Interviewing, Counseling (Parent/Family), Training (Parent/Family),

Intervention Description: Contraception and Alcohol Risk Reduction Internet Intervention (CARRII). CARRII is a fully automated, interactive, and tailored Internet intervention designed to reduce the risk of alcohol-exposed pregnancies. It included motivational interviewing techniques, open questioning, reflection, and goal setting. Participants completed online diaries that provided graphical feedback of their progress during each week of the intervention period. The intervention aimed to address risky drinking and contraception use, and it was based on the successful CHOICES paradigm for reducing alcohol-exposed pregnancy risk

Intervention Results: CARRII participants showed significant reductions in rate of unprotected sex from pretreatment (88.9%) to posttreatment (70.6%) (p < 0.04) and to 6-M follow-up (51.5%) (p = 0.001); rate of risky drinking from pretreatment (75.0%) to posttreatment (50.0%) (p < 0.02), but insignificant change from pretreatment to 6-M follow-up (57.6%) (p < 0.09); and rate of AEP risk from pretreatment (66.7%) to posttreatment (32.4%) (p = 0.001) and to 6-M follow-up (30.3%) (p = 0.005). PE participants demonstrated no significant changes on all 3 variables across all time points. Intent-to-treat group-by-time tests were not significant, but power was limited by missing diaries. Over 72% of CARRII participants completed all 6 Cores. Exploratory analyses suggest that higher program utilization is related to change.

Conclusion: These data show that CARRII was acceptable, feasible, promising to reduce AEP risk, and merits further testing in a fully powered RCT.

Study Design: pilot randomized clinical trial (RCT). The participants were randomly assigned to either the CARRII intervention group or the patient education (PE) control group

Setting: internet-based platform (CARRII)

Population of Focus: women who were at risk for alcohol-exposed pregnancies due to risky drinking and ineffective contraception use

Sample Size: 71 women

Age Range: 18-44

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Educational Material, Training (Parent/Family), Education on Disease/Condition,

Intervention Description: The 5-component intervention included an HPV fact sheet library, a tailored parent education website, a set of HPV-related disease images, an HPV vaccine decision aid, and 2½ hours of communication training on using a presumptive vaccine recommendation, followed by motivational interviewing if parents were resistant to vaccination

Intervention Results: Adolescents in the intervention practices had significantly higher odds of HPV vaccine series initiation and completion than those in the control practices

Conclusion: The study concluded that there were substantial and sustained increases in HPV vaccine series initiation in intervention practices compared with controls over time

Study Design: The study was a cluster randomized clinical trial using covariate-constrained randomization to assign study arms and an intent-to-treat protocol

Setting: The study was conducted in 16 primary care practices in the Denver, Colorado, metropolitan area

Population of Focus: The target audience included 188 medical professionals and 43,132 adolescents

Sample Size: The final sample size was 16,000 adolescents (8000 per arm)

Age Range: The study included adolescents aged 11 to 17 years

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Training (Parent/Family), PARENT_FAMILY

Intervention Description: We ask whether improving early childhood parenting can reduce subsequent bullying behavior by the children.

Intervention Results: Adolescent children are significantly less likely to bully their peers if their parents received the parenting training when their children were in preschools. The effects are stronger for boys and for aggressive forms of bullying such as 'beating' and 'threatening'. Treatment-on-the-treated effects are greater in magnitude and more significant than intent-to-treat effects, suggesting that the effects are driven by program participants. No effect is found for cyberbullying and for victimization. The results were robust to using multiple imputation and inverse probability weighting. We also find suggestive evidence that the effects on bullying are not explained by changes in externalizing behavior.

Conclusion: We show that improving early childhood parenting can have important public health benefits through reduction in adolescent bullying behavior.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Peer Counselor, Telephone Support, Other Education, Motivational Interviewing, CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Educational Material (caregiver), Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Consultation/Counseling (Parent/Family), Counseling (Parent/Family)

Intervention Description: We hypothesized that a multilevel treatment model integrating pediatric clinic-level AAR with individual-level, telephone counseling would promote greater long-term (12-month) child TSE reduction and parent smoking cessation than clinic-level AAR alone.

Intervention Results: Child TSE (urine cotinine) declined significantly in both intervention and control groups from baseline to 12-months with no between-group differences. There was s statistically significant effect on 12-month bioverified quit status-intervention group participants were 2.47 times more likely to quit smoking than those in the control group.

Conclusion: Pediatrician advice alone may be sufficient to increase parent protections of children from TSE. Integrating clinic-level intervention with more intensive individual-level smoking intervention is necessary to promote parent cessation.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Telephone counseling

Population of Focus: Parents/caregivers

Data Source: Self-reported interview data

Sample Size: 327 were randomized (164-control and 163-intervention)

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Education/Training (caregiver), Training (Parent/Family), PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, PARENT_FAMILY

Intervention Description: A few behavior analytic studies have examined behavioral skills training to teach adults to arrange safe infant sleeping environments. These studies were conducted in an analogue environment, and no data were collected outside the training setting. The purpose of the current study was to replicate and extend the extant literature.

Intervention Results: As in previous studies, behavioral skills training resulted in positive outcomes, and follow-up data suggested that the technology-based contingency management procedure may be a promising approach to promoting adherence with infant sleeping environment recommendations.

Conclusion: The researchers provided a 4-week long education and counseling service to mothers in the experimental group via direct phone calls and text messages. It was determined that the tele-education given to mothers about breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic increased breastfeeding success and perceived breastfeeding self-efficacy.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Group Education, Sleep Environment Modification, Training (Parent/Family)

Intervention Description: Eighty-three mothers participated in focus groups or individual interviews. Questions probed reasons for infant sleep position decisions and influences on decision making.

Intervention Results: All of the mothers in this study were aware of the recommendation to place infants supine for sleep. Mothers largely chose infant sleep position for either safety or comfort reasons. Many mothers who chose the prone position did so because they perceived it to be safer than supine. Sleep position decisions were influenced by parental needs (largely the need for sleep), perception of SIDS risk and biological plausibility, and trusted sources of information. Mothers sought information from multiple trusted sources before making any decision. Even if mothers had trust in their pediatrician, they were comfortable making decisions counter to their pediatrician's recommendations if they felt it to be in the best interests of their infant.

Conclusion: African American mothers are generally aware of the Back to Sleep recommendation. However, many may not believe that the supine position is the safest position. Other mothers may use the prone position because of infant comfort or parent's need for longer sleep. Trust in the pediatrician may not be sufficient reason for parents to use the supine position.

Study Design: N/A

Setting: Washington, DC, and Maryland

Data Source: Mother interview

Sample Size: 83 mothers

Age Range: parents with infants 0 to 6 months of age

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Training (Parent/Family), CLASSROOM, Adult-led Curricular Activities/Training, SCHOOL, Teacher/Staff Meeting, Media Campaign (Print Materials, Public Address System, Social Media)

Intervention Description: An evaluation of the success of the evidence-based ConRed program, which addresses cyberbullying and other emerging problems linked with the use of the internet and seeks to promote a positive use of this new environment.

Intervention Results: The results of the mixed repeated measures ANOVAs demonstrate that ConRed contributes to reducing cyberbullying and cyber-dependence, to adjusting the perception of information control, and to increasing the perception of safety at school.

Conclusion: The results of the mixed repeated measures ANOVAs demonstrate that ConRed contributes to reducing cyberbullying and cyber-dependence, to adjusting the perception of information control, and to increasing the perception of safety at school.

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group

Setting: Spain

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Total (n=893) Intervention (n=595); Control (n=296)

Age Range: 11- 19

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Care Coordination, Training (Parent/Family), Nurse/Nurse Practitioner,

Intervention Description: Hospital discharge offers an opportunity to initiate coordination of follow-up care, preventing readmissions or emergency department (ED) recidivism. We evaluated how revisits and costs of care varied in a 12-month period between children in a care coordination program at our center (enrolled after hospital discharge with a tracheostomy or on a ventilator) and children with complex chronic condition discharges who were not enrolled.

Intervention Results: Seventy patients in the program were compared with 56 patients in the control group. On bivariate analysis, the median combined number of hospitalizations and ED visits in 2018 was lower among program participants (0 vs 1; P 5 .033), and program participation was associated with lower median total costs of care in 2018 ($700 vs $3200; P 5 .024). On multivariable analysis, care coordination program participation was associated with 59% fewer hospitalizations in 2018 (incidence rate ratio: 0.41; 95% confidence interval: 0.23 to 0.75; P 5 .004) but was not significantly associated with reduced ED visits or costs.

Conclusion: The care coordination program is a robust service spanning the continuum of patient care. We found program participation to be associated with reduced rehospitalization, which is an important driver of costs for children with medical complexity.

Study Design: The study design is a retrospective cohort study. The study aimed to compare the outcomes of children with complex chronic conditions who were enrolled in the C5 program with a similar group of children who were not enrolled in the program. The study used electronic medical records to assess hospital revisits and total costs of care for both groups over a 12-month period. The study also analyzed patient characteristics, including age, gender, race, and insurance status, to compare the two groups.

Setting: The study was conducted at a rural tertiary-care academic medical center in the southeastern United States. The Center for Children with Complex and Chronic Conditions (C5) program was established at this university-affiliated medical center to provide care coordination for children with complex chronic conditions.

Population of Focus: The target audience for the study is healthcare professionals and policymakers who are involved in the care of children with complex chronic conditions. The study provides evidence regarding the effectiveness of a care coordination program for children with complex chronic conditions, which can inform the development of similar programs in other healthcare settings. The study's findings can also be used to guide healthcare policies aimed at improving care coordination for children with complex chronic conditions, particularly in rural areas where access to care may be limited.

Sample Size: The sample size for the study consisted of 70 patients in the C5 program and 56 patients in the control group.

Age Range: The study included children aged under 1-17 years.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Educational Material (caregiver), PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Training (Parent/Family)

Intervention Description: The purpose of this project was to determine the impact of brief THS intervention on smoking behaviors of caregivers of children seen in an urban pediatric ED. A convenience sample of children < 36 months with caregivers who smoke brought to a pediatric ED was recruited. Consented caregivers were randomized to a control group who received routine education or intervention group who received brief THS education.

Intervention Results: Results revealed the treatment group was more likely to change smoking policies (OR 2.0, 95% CI 0.166–24.069), reduce the number of cigarettes (OR 4.88, 95% CI 0.785–30.286), or quit smoking (OR 1.12, 95% CI 0.346–3.590). This study demonstrated that a brief THS intervention in our sample influenced smokers to change smoking behaviors. These changes would ultimately decrease ETS exposure to children and its adverse health effects.

Conclusion: These changes would ultimately decrease ETS exposure to children and its adverse health effects. With the limitations of small sample size and high loss to follow-up, the study does not show statistical significance for generalizability.

Study Design: RCT; pilot study. This was a prospective 6-month follow-up pilot study of a convenience sample

Setting: Urban pediatric Emergency Department

Population of Focus: Children under 36 months with caregivers who smoke brought to a pediatric ED

Data Source: Parent self-report.

Sample Size: 40 randomized families

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Training (Parent/Family), Group Education,

Intervention Description: examine the impact of parental involvement, peer relationships, and adult mentors on the character development of adolescents during their high school years

Intervention Results: The study found that parental involvement significantly predicted youth’s self-assessed character at each of the freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior years. Peer relationships were predictive at the freshman, sophomore, and senior years, while adult mentors were predictive at only the freshman year. The hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed parental involvement to be significant across all four years in the study. Peer relationships were significant during three of the four years, specifically freshman, junior, and senior years. However, adult mentors were negatively significant for the sophomore and junior years, and not significant for the senior year . These results suggest that parental involvement has a more enduring impact on character development compared to peer relationships and adult mentors .

Conclusion: The study concluded that parental involvement significantly predicts youth’s self-assessed character across all four years of high school, while peer relationships are predictive at the freshman, sophomore, and senior years. In contrast, adult mentors were only predictive at the freshman year and were negatively significant for the sophomore and junior years. The results suggest that parental involvement in predicting character is more enduring than peer relationships, which is consistent with previous research. However, the study also highlighted the need for additional research to understand the specific role of adult mentors in character development, as well as other developmental areas of high school adolescents .

Study Design: longitudinal design, drawing data from Waves 5 through 8 of the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development

Setting: Community-based: 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development in US - 40 cities/towns in 13 states

Population of Focus: high school students

Sample Size: small sample size

Age Range: mean age of 15.11 years

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Telemedicine Systems (Hospital), Training (Parent/Family), Enhanced Equitable Access

Intervention Description: N/A

Intervention Results: Of 1206 respondents, 1054 reported a usual source of care for their children. Of these respondents, 301 of 1054 (weighted percentage 28%) reported primary care telemedicine visits for their children. Factors associated with primary care telemedicine use versus nonuse included having a child with a chronic medical condition (87/301, weighted percentage 27% vs 113/753, 15%, respectively; P=.002), metropolitan residence (262/301, weighted percentage 88% vs 598/753, 78%, respectively; P=.004), greater internet connectivity concerns (60/301, weighted percentage 24% vs 116/753, 16%, respectively; P=.05), and greater health literacy (285/301, weighted percentage 96% vs 693/753, 91%, respectively; P=.005).

Conclusion: n a national sample of respondents with a usual source of care for their children, approximately one-quarter reported use of primary care telemedicine for their children as of 2022. Equitable access to primary care telemedicine may be enhanced by promoting access to primary care, sustaining payment for primary care telemedicine, addressing barriers in nonmetropolitan practices, and designing for lower health-literacy populations.

Study Design: We first compared sociodemographic factors among respondents who did and did not report a usual source of care for their children. Among those reporting a usual source of care, we used Rao-Scott F tests to examine factors associated with parent-reported use versus nonuse of primary care telemedicine for their children.

Setting: AmeriSpeak panel survey

Population of Focus: Families using telemedicine

Sample Size: 1206

Age Range: 0-17

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT_FAMILY, Training (Parent/Family), Electronic PA, Family-Based Interventions, Media Campaign (Print Materials, Radio, TV), COMMUNITY

Intervention Description: Social media is an important communication tool during times of crisis because of its vast reach. Understanding the effectiveness of sharing public health guidance and promoting school children's physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic can inform dissemination best practices. We classified 418 posts from parent/community members of a school-based physical activity Facebook group by content type, and used concurrent mixed methods to examine (1) differences in dissemination effectiveness (reactions, shares, and comments) between two pandemic phases and (2) themes and sentiments of comments. Phase I included school closures through the release of national school re-entry guidelines (March 1, 2020 – May 15, 2020) and Phase II extended through the school year start (May 16, 2020 – August 1, 2020).

Intervention Results: Policy and guidance posts prompted more comments while feel-good stories produced more reactions compared to other content types. Members reacted more during Phase II, which mainly consisted of policy and guidance (86%). Four major themes of information and resources, personal disclosures, questions and concerns, and support for educators emerged.

Conclusion: Sharing public health guidance for schoolchildren on social media was an effective strategy to disseminate information when in-person discourse was limited. Creating social media spaces where discussion is encouraged can provide social and emotional support for parents/community members.

Study Design: Concurrent Mixed Methods

Setting: Social media (public Facebook group in a large metropolitan area in the southwest US)

Population of Focus: Parents of school-aged children

Sample Size: 418 posts to a public Facebook group with approximately 1,500 members

Age Range: N/A

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Online Material/Education/Blogging, , PATIENT_CONSUMER, PARENT_FAMILY, Training (Parent/Family)

Intervention Description: This study examined effective strategies to communicate with parent smokers about the risks of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure to children.

Intervention Results: Parent smokers who viewed either message recommendation reported greater harm perceptions (p <.001), self-efficacy (p <.001), and help-seeking intentions (p <.05) than the no-message control group. Cessation+exposure reduction recommendations elicited greater quit intentions than the no-message control (p <.05). Compared to text-only, videos elicited greater reduce-exposure intentions (p <.05) and interpersonal communication intentions (p <.05). Only videos elicited greater quit intentions (p <.01) and help-seeking intentions (p <.01) than the no-message control.

Conclusion: Communication about this topic can be optimized by recommending both cessation and exposure-reduction behaviors (versus cessation only), and by using videos (versus traditional print/text-based materials).

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Educational Material (caregiver), Training (Parent/Family),

Intervention Description: The intervention used in the study "An Educational Intervention to Improve HPV Vaccination: A Cluster Randomized Trial" ,[object Object], involved parents of adolescents watching a digital video outlining the risks and benefits of the HPV vaccine using a tablet in the examination room. The video aimed to educate and engage parents in making informed decisions about HPV vaccination for their adolescent children. The primary outcome was a change in HPV vaccine status 2 weeks after the clinic visit. The study found that adolescents whose parents watched the video had a 3-times greater odds of receiving a dose of the HPV vaccine ,[object Object],.

Intervention Results: The study "An Educational Intervention to Improve HPV Vaccination: A Cluster Randomized Trial" 6 found that the proportion of adolescents with an observed change in vaccine status was higher for those attending an intervention clinic (64.8%) versus control clinic (50.1%). Adolescents whose parents watched the video had a 3-times greater odds of receiving a dose of the HPV vaccine (78.0%). The study concluded that educational interventions delivered within a clinical setting hold promise to improve vaccination behaviors

Conclusion: The study "An Educational Intervention to Improve HPV Vaccination: A Cluster Randomized Trial" ,[object Object], concluded that educational interventions delivered within a clinical setting hold promise to improve vaccination behaviors. The findings indicated that the intervention, which involved parents watching a digital video outlining the risks and benefits of the HPV vaccine, was associated with a higher proportion of adolescents receiving the HPV vaccine. This suggests that educational interventions targeting parents within the clinical setting can positively impact HPV vaccination rates among adolescents ,[object Object],.

Study Design: The study "An Educational Intervention to Improve HPV Vaccination: A Cluster Randomized Trial" ,[object Object], utilized a cluster randomized trial design. In this design, the intervention was implemented at the level of pediatric clinics within an urban health system, and the impact on HPV vaccination behaviors among adolescents was evaluated. This study design allowed for the assessment of the effectiveness of the educational intervention within a real-world clinical setting ,[object Object],.

Setting: The setting for the study "An Educational Intervention to Improve HPV Vaccination: A Cluster Randomized Trial" 5 is pediatric clinics within an urban health system.

Population of Focus: The target audience for the study "An Educational Intervention to Improve HPV Vaccination: A Cluster Randomized Trial" 7 is parents of adolescents (11-17 years) who are eligible for a dose of the HPV vaccine. The intervention aimed to educate and engage parents in making informed decisions about HPV vaccination for their adolescent children

Sample Size: The study "An Educational Intervention to Improve HPV Vaccination: A Cluster Randomized Trial" ,[object Object], observed a total of 1596 eligible adolescents during the 7-month trial. This sample size was used to evaluate the impact of the educational intervention on HPV vaccination behaviors within the pediatric clinic setting ,[object Object],.

Age Range: The age range of the adolescents included in the study "An Educational Intervention to Improve HPV Vaccination: A Cluster Randomized Trial" ,[object Object], was 11-17 years. The intervention targeted parents of adolescents within this age range who were eligible for a dose of the HPV vaccine, aiming to improve vaccination behaviors in this specific population ,[object Object],.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Technology-Based Support, Training (Parent/Family),

Intervention Description: 1. Motivational interviewing techniques to help women identify and change their substance use and sexual risk behaviors. 2. Education on the risks associated with substance use and risky sex during pregnancy. 3. Skills training on how to negotiate safer sex practices and use condoms effectively. 4. Personalized feedback on substance use and sexual risk behaviors. 5. Booster sessions to reinforce the intervention content and provide additional support.

Intervention Results: There were consistently very high ratings of acceptability of the intervention, ranging between 6.3 and 6.8 on a 1-7 scale. At the 4-month follow-up, participants in the intervention arm reported a significantly larger reduction (54%) in any marijuana or alcohol use compared with participants in the control group (16%) (p = 0.015) based on two-group clustered logistic regression using a generalized estimating equations approach. There was a higher reduction in condomless vaginal sex at follow-up in the health checkup for expectant moms (HCEM) arm than control (27% vs. 5%), although this was not significant (p = 0.127).

Conclusion: The results of this pilot study are encouraging with respect to the acceptability and preliminary efficacy of an intervention in reducing alcohol/marijuana use and condomless sex during pregnancy, supporting the next step of testing the intervention in a larger sample.

Study Design: The study design was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) . The study randomized 50 pregnant women who met specific inclusion criteria into either the computer-delivered brief intervention group or the control group

Setting: prenatal clinic in a large inner-city hospital

Population of Focus: pregnant women who met specific inclusion criteria, including those who endorsed condomless vaginal or anal sex at least once in the past 30 days, had an unplanned pregnancy, and reported current alcohol or drug use or were at risk for prenatal alcohol/drug use.

Sample Size: 50 women

Age Range: average age 24 years old

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Care Coordination, Training (Parent/Family),

Intervention Description: Despite the importance of practice-based care coordination, only 42.3% of children with special health care needs (CYSHCN) met all needed components of care coordination as defined by the Maternal Child Health Bureau. Recognizing that children with medically complex conditions often have lower rates of achieving care coordination within a medical home, the Region 4 Midwest Genetics Collaborative worked with families to develop a training to empower families in care coordination. The Care Coordination: Empowering Families(CCEF) training provides families with the knowledge, tools, and resources to engage with health, education and family support systems.

Intervention Results: The results of the study suggest that the Care Coordination: Empowering Families (CCEF) training program is a promising practice for facilitating medical home use among children and youth with special health care needs (CYSHCN). The findings indicate that families who attended the training report being the primary source of care coordination for their children, and 83.7% see their role in their child’s healthcare changing as a result of the training. The data suggest that the training impacted how the family interacts with the child’s doctor, including initiating conversations to prepare their child for transition to adult health care. Further, families report system-level improvements 1 year later compared to the pre-training assessment. The study also found that the CCEF training shows promise for improving care coordination-related skills among caregivers of CYSHCN from diverse backgrounds. While Hispanic participants scored lower on the English version of post-training quiz items, African American participants were more likely to endorse a role in their child’s healthcare changing as a result of the training. All other evaluation findings seem to indicate similar benefit across race and ethnicity.

Conclusion: The CCEF training shows promise for improving care coordination-related skills among caregivers of CYSHCN from diverse backgrounds. While Hispanic participants scored lower on the English version of post-training quiz items, African American participants were more likely to endorse role in their child’s healthcare changing as a result of the training. All other evaluation findings seem to indicate similar benefit across race and ethnicity. By empowering caregivers with knowledge and skills related to care coordination, these caregivers are more able to affect positive change within their child’s healthcare systems. By partnering with HRSA funded programs and family and disease specific organizations in the recruitment of training participants, the training curriculum shows promise for use by these initiatives and others in addition to genetic services and the regional genetic networks. With a pilot expansion effort already underway, CCEF may become an evidenced-based training that certified facilitators from other HRSA grantees can use to improve core outcomes for clients they serve.

Study Design: The study utilized a longitudinal design to evaluate the impact of the Care Coordination: Empowering Families (CCEF) training program. Data were collected from training participants at three time points: pre-assessment, post-training (immediately after training), and 1-year follow-up. The pre-assessment and 1-year follow-up surveys were designed to mirror each other to evaluate the long-term training impact. The study was approved by the Michigan Public Health Institute Institutional Review Board, and participants were asked to create a personal identification code to link surveys across time without accessing identifiable information.

Setting: The setting for the study was seven pilot states within the Midwest region of the United States.

Population of Focus: The target audience for the study is family caregivers of children and youth with special health care needs (CYSHCN).

Sample Size: The sample size of the study was 190 caregivers who participated in one of ten Care Coordination: Empowering Families (CCEF) trainings in 2013. All training participants completed the pre and post-training assessments, and 80 participants (a response rate of 42%) completed the 1-year follow-up assessment.

Age Range: The age range of the children and youth with special health care needs (CYSHCN) in this study is not explicitly stated. However, the mean age of the children in the study was 8.9 years at the pre-assessment and 9.6 years at the 1-year follow-up assessment. The range of child age was 0-27 years at the pre-assessment and 1-28 years at the 1-year follow-up assessment.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Motivational Interviewing, Other Education, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Counseling (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Educational Material (caregiver), Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, Education/Training (caregiver)

Intervention Description: To examine the long-term maintenance of a previously reported behavioral counseling intervention to reduce asthmatic children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS).

Intervention Results: The originally reported analysis of baseline to 12 months was reanalyzed with a more robust restricted maximum likelihood procedure. The 2-year follow-up period was analyzed similarly. Significantly greater change occurred in the counseling group than the control groups and was sustained throughout the 2 years of follow-up. Further exploratory analyses suggested that printed counseling materials given to all participants at month 12 (conclusion of the original study) were associated with decreased exposure in the control groups.

Conclusion: Such long-term maintenance of behavior change is highly unusual in the general behavioral science literature, let alone for addictive behaviors. We conclude that ETS exposure can be reduced and that a clinician-delivered treatment may provide substantial benefit.

Study Design: Three-group RCT

Setting: Ill-child healthcare setting (pediatric allergy clinic)

Population of Focus: Families of children with asthma (6 to 17 years) including at least one parent who smoked in the home

Data Source: Interview data, pulmonary function testing, daily peak flow measures, symptom diary recordings, urinary cotinine, environmental air sampling, and permanent product (e.g., cigarette butt counts).

Sample Size: 91 families

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Counseling (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Educational Material (caregiver), Education/Training (caregiver)

Intervention Description: To determine the effectiveness of a cotinine-feedback, behaviorally based education intervention in reducing environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and health-care utilization of children with asthma.

Intervention Results: The intervention was associated with a significantly lower odds ratio (OR) for more than one acute asthma medical visit in the follow-up year, after adjusting for baseline visits (total visits, 87; OR, 0.32; p = 0.03), and a comparably sized but nonsignificant OR for one or more hospitalization (OR, 0.34; p = 0.14). The follow-up CCR measurement and the determination of whether smoking was prohibited inside the home strongly favored the intervention group (n = 51) (mean difference in CCR adjusted for baseline, −0.38; p = 0.26; n = 51) (60; OR [for proportion of subjects prohibiting smoking], 0.24; p = 0.11; n = 60).

Conclusion: This intervention significantly reduced asthma health-care utilization in ETS-exposed, low-income, minority children. Effects sizes for urine cotinine and proportion prohibiting smoking were moderate to large but not statistically significant, possibly the result of reduced precision due to the loss of patients to active follow-up. Improving ETS reduction interventions and understanding their mechanism of action on asthma outcomes requires further controlled trials that measure ETS exposure and behavioral and disease outcomes concurrently.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (pediatric pulmonary service of a pediatric hospital)

Population of Focus: Parents of children 3 to 12 years of age with asthma who were ETS exposed

Data Source: Interview data, pulmonary function, urine cotinine, asthma medications, health care utilization.

Sample Size: 87 parents

Age Range: Not specified