Established Evidence Results

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Provider Reminder/Recall Systems, Education/Training (caregiver), Social Media,

Intervention Description: Based on the concerns parents expressed through the survey, a program was designed and implemented that included reminder calls, parent education, proactive appointment scheduling, and social media reminders.

Intervention Results: After implementing a parent-driven quality-improvement program for 6 months during influenza season, the health center's pediatric influenza immunization rates rose to 57% compared with 44% during the year before.

Conclusion: Childhood immunization is a critical priority to protect the health and wellness of children. Increasing parent engagement in discussions about increasing immunization rates not only promotes awareness surrounding vaccines but also allows primary care providers to learn from parents to create a patient-centered immunization program. Programs that specifically target immunization efforts toward parental concerns have the potential for increased vaccine acceptance and improved health outcomes.

Study Design: The study utilized a randomized sampling method and conducted open-ended telephone surveys with parents of young children to identify key barriers to influenza immunization

Setting: a diverse, urban family health center

Population of Focus: The target audience for the study is parents of children aged 6 through 24 months at the urban family health center

Sample Size: The sample size is not explicitly mentioned in the provided text

Age Range: The age range of the children involved in the study is 6 through 24 months

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Provider Training/Education, Provider Reminder/Recall Systems, Quality Improvement/Practice-Wide Intervention,

Intervention Description: The study used a bundled measure that includes immunizations, lead screening, and use of screening tools to improve preventative care service delivery. The interventions included staff education on measure components, introduction of exam room-based phlebotomy to address lead screening completion rates, and population management strategies, including development of a patient registry and use of reminders and visit tracking to increase attendance at well-child visits.

Intervention Results: The percent of bundle completion by 14 months of age increased from a baseline of 58% to 77% following implementation of the QI initiatives. A mean shift was identified after the population manager began proactive targeted outreach for the 12-month visit.

Conclusion: Targeted systems for outreach aimed at bringing patients into the clinic and patient-centred strategies for visit completion are effective at ensuring timely delivery of comprehensive preventative care to an underserved paediatric population.

Study Design: The study is a quality improvement (QI) study that used plan-do-study-act (PDSA) cycles to optimize results.

Setting: The study was conducted at a community-based academic primary care clinic.

Population of Focus: Underserved pediatric patients under 2 years old.

Sample Size: The study does not provide a specific sample size.

Age Range: The target audience is pediatric patients under 2 years old.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Patient Reminder/Invitation, Educational Material, PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Provider Reminder/Recall Systems, Quality Improvement/Practice-Wide Intervention, Designated Clinic/Extended Hours, Female Provider, Needs Assessment, PATIENT_CONSUMER, HOSPITAL

Intervention Description: Translational research (TR) and continuous quality improvement (CQI) processes used to identify and address barriers and facilitators to Pap smear screening within an urban Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Service (ACCHS).

Intervention Results: There was a statistically significant increase in Pap smear numbers during Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles, continuing at 10 months follow up.

Conclusion: he use of TR with CQI appears to be an effective and acceptable way to affect Pap smear screening. This model is transferrable to other settings and other health issues.

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest

Setting: An urban Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Service (ACCHS)

Population of Focus: All women within eligible age range

Data Source: Electronic medical records

Sample Size: Total (N=213)

Age Range: 18-70

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Provider Training/Education, Provider Reminder/Recall Systems,

Intervention Description: The multi-level, multi-component intervention included provider education, electronic health record (EHR) modifications, patient education, and reminder/recall systems. The intervention was designed to be practical and scalable, and strategies were implemented at multiple levels.

Intervention Results: The intervention was associated with a significant increase in HPV vaccine initiation (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.47-3.21) and completion (aOR = 2.23, 95% CI = 1.47-3.38) compared to the non-equivalent comparison group.

Conclusion: The multi-level, multi-component intervention was effective in improving HPV vaccine initiation and completion rates in a FQHC setting.

Study Design: The study used a quasi-experimental design with a non-equivalent comparison group.

Setting: The study was conducted in a Federally Qualified Health Center (FQHC) in Los Angeles, California, USA.

Population of Focus: The target audience of the study was primary care providers, nurses/medical assistants, and parents/patients.

Sample Size: The study included a total of 1,200 patients aged 9-26 years who were eligible for the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine.

Age Range: The study included patients aged 9-26 years

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Provider Reminder/Recall Systems,

Intervention Description: The intervention involved centralized reminder/recall (C-R/R) systems, including autodialer, mail, and text message C-R/R modalities, aimed at increasing HPV vaccination rates. Messages were kept at an eighth-grade reading level and were addressed from the State Health Department. The study used a single vendor for sending autodialer and text messages, and messages were sent in both English and Spanish. The primary outcomes were IIS-based documentation of HPV vaccine initiation or completion within the study timeframe

Intervention Results: The results showed that there were small positive impacts on HPV vaccine completion rates observed in the autodialer arm of one state, with no increases in vaccination rates from mail or text message C-R/R

Conclusion: The study concluded that the evidence for the role of IIS-initiated C-R/R in increasing HPV vaccination rates was limited, with only small positive impacts observed in the autodialer arm of one state

Study Design: The study utilized a randomized clinical trial (RCT) design, specifically a three-armed pragmatic RCT

Setting: The study was conducted in Colorado and New York, targeting practices in urban counties along the Front Range in Colorado and all 57 counties outside of New York City in New York

Population of Focus: Pediatric, Family Medicine, and Community/Rural Health Center practices were targeted, and patients aged 11-14 years who had not completed their HPV vaccination series at baseline were randomly selected within each practice

Sample Size: The specific sample size is not explicitly mentioned in the provided excerpts. However, the study targeted practices in eight urban counties along the Front Range in Colorado and all 57 counties outside of New York City in New York, indicating a substantial number of practices and patients were included in the study

Age Range: The study targeted patients aged 11-14 years who had not completed their HPV vaccination series at baseline

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Patient Reminder/Invitation, Educational Material, PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Provider Reminder/Recall Systems, Financial Incentives, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner

Intervention Description: Before-and-after comparisons of the time-appropriate delivery rates of cervical and breast cancer screening using the automated and NP-augmented strategies of the P-PROMPT reminder and recall system.

Intervention Results: Before-and-after comparisons of time-appropriate delivery rates (< 30 months) of cancer screening showed the rates of Pap tests and mammograms for eligible women significantly increased over a 1-year period by 6.3% (P < .001) and 5.3% (P < .001), respectively. The NP-augmented strategy achieved comparable rate increases to the automated strategy alone in the delivery rates of both services.

Conclusion: The use of provider and patient reminders and pay-for-performance incentives resulted in increases in the uptake of Pap tests and mammograms among eligible primary care patients over a 1-year period in family practices in Ontario.

Setting: Eight primary care network practices and 16 family health network practices in southwestern Ontario

Population of Focus: Practicing physicians from the participating primary care network and family health network groups

Data Source: CytoBase (consortium of main laboratories in Ontario), combined with rosters of eligible patients

Sample Size: Total (N=246) Analysis (n=232) N=physicians

Age Range: N/A

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Provider Reminder/Recall Systems,

Intervention Description: The intervention in the study was centralized reminder/recall (C-R/R) for childhood influenza vaccination. The C-R/R messages were sent using different modalities, including autodialer calls, text messages, and mailed reminders. The content of the messages was similar across modalities, and up to three reminders were sent to eligible patients approximately every 4-6 weeks. Patients who received an influenza vaccine according to the Immunization Information System (IIS) were removed from the calling list between reminder rounds, and phone numbers and addresses were updated if they were updated in the IIS. The primary outcome measure was receipt of one or more influenza vaccine doses within 6 months of the start of the study. ,[object Object], [,[object Object],], ,[object Object], [,[object Object],], ,[object Object], [,[object Object],]

Intervention Results: The study found that centralized reminder/recall (C-R/R) for childhood influenza vaccination was most effective via autodialer calls, less effective via mailed reminders, and not effective via text messages. In New York, the post-intervention influenza vaccination rates in the autodialer arm were 1.4 percentage points higher than the control arm, but the rates for text and mail arms were not different from controls. In Colorado, the post-intervention influenza vaccination rates for the autodialer and mail arms were 3.0 and 1.6 percentage points higher than the control arm, respectively. The incremental cost per additional vaccine delivered was $20 for autodialer messages in New York and $16 for autodialer messages in Colorado. The impact of each modality was modest, and the incremental cost per additional vaccine delivered was also modest for autodialer messages compared to no reminders. ,[object Object], [,[object Object],], ,[object Object], [,[object Object],]

Conclusion: Centralized reminder/recall for childhood influenza vaccine was most effective via autodialer, less effective via mail, and not effective via text messages. The impact of each modality was modest. Compared with no reminders, the incremental cost-per-additional vaccine delivered was also modest for autodialer messages.

Study Design: The study design was a randomized trial that aimed to assess the effectiveness of different modalities of centralized reminder/recall for childhood influenza vaccination. Children aged 6 months to 17.9 years old in New York and Colorado were randomized to different reminder/recall modalities, including autodialer calls, text messages, mailed reminders, and usual care. The study assessed the vaccination rates 8 weeks after the start of the study and compared the rates between the different modalities. ,[object Object], [,[object Object],], ,[object Object], [,[object Object],]

Setting: The setting of the study included 57 counties (2.3 million children) outside of the 5 New York City boroughs in New York State, and 10 urban counties encompassing the Denver Metro area (total child population of about 660,000) plus several urban counties in northern and southern Colorado. ,[object Object], [,[object Object],]

Population of Focus: The target audience for the study included children aged 6 months to 17.9 years old in New York and Colorado. The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of different modalities of centralized reminder/recall for childhood influenza vaccination in this population. ,[object Object], [,[object Object],]

Sample Size: The sample size for the study included 61,931 children in New York and 23,845 children in Colorado who were randomized to different centralized reminder/recall modalities. The sample sizes in both states were sufficient to provide over 80% power to detect improvements in vaccination rates. ,[object Object], [,[object Object],], ,[object Object], [,[object Object],]

Age Range: The age range of the children included in the study was 6 months to 17.9 years old. ,[object Object], [,[object Object],]

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Quality Improvement/Practice-Wide Intervention, Education/Training (caregiver), Provider Reminder/Recall Systems,

Intervention Description: The interventions included an educational seminar covering HPV prevalence, morbidity, clinic-specific obstacles, dosing intervals, and vaccine recommendation messaging. Subsequent interventions provided targeted feedback to providers, individualized audits, and monthly trend monitoring

Intervention Results: The study showed a significant increase in HPV vaccination rates after educational and reminder interventions, with the mean percentage of vaccinated adolescents increasing from 77.5% to 89.4% of eligible visits

Conclusion: Quality improvement methods were found to be effective in improving HPV vaccine delivery in a primary care center, leading to better protection against HPV-associated disease

Study Design: The study utilized quality improvement methods to improve HPV vaccine delivery in a primary care center, employing educational seminars, targeted feedback, and manual review of patient visits

Setting: The setting for the study was a single mid-size academic-based pediatric health center

Population of Focus: Physicians, residents, nurses, and medical assistants were the target audience for the educational seminar and subsequent interventions

Sample Size: The study involved a total of 975 visits for adolescents aged 13 to 17 years

Age Range: The study focused on adolescents aged 13 to 17 years

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Provider Reminder/Recall Systems,

Intervention Description: The first intervention was a mailing to the parent(s) of all patients 11-12 years of age during the time period of the intervention 4. The mailing was likely a reminder to parents to schedule an appointment for their child to receive the HPV vaccine. The second intervention was an in-office reminder system for both patients and physicians at the time of an office encounter 4. This intervention was likely a reminder to both the patient and physician that the patient was due for the HPV vaccine. The goal of these interventions was to improve HPV vaccination rates in the practice

Intervention Results: The results of the intervention to increase human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in a family medicine practice showed that after each of the interventions, the immunization rate for one injection was significantly greater than baseline. However, while slightly higher than baseline, the rate for those receiving both injections was not statistically different for either intervention 5.

Conclusion: The results suggest that the interventions were effective in increasing the initiation of the HPV vaccination series, but did not significantly impact the completion of the series. The study was conducted at the Center for Family Medicine in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, and aimed to improve HPV vaccination rates in their practice

Study Design: a quality improvement effort undertaken at the Center for Family Medicine in Sioux Falls, South Dakota 5, 2. The study involved implementing two interventions a month apart: a mailing to the parent(s) of all patients 11-12 years of age and an in-office reminder system for both patients and physicians at the time of an office encounter 2. The goal was to assess and improve HPV vaccination rates in their practice

Setting: a family medicine practice is the Center for Family Medicine in Sioux Falls, South Dakota

Population of Focus: The target audience for the simple intervention to increase human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in a family medicine practice is the parent(s) of all patients 11-12 years of age who visit the Center for Family Medicine in Sioux Falls, South Dakota

Age Range: all patients 11-12 years of age

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Parent Engagement, Educational Material (caregiver), Provider Reminder/Recall Systems,

Intervention Description: - Intervention description: Culturally tailored evidence-based HPV vaccine educational intervention, including community outreach, education sessions, and personalized reminders

Intervention Results: - Results: HPV vaccine initiation and completion rates increased significantly after the intervention, with higher completion rates among children compared to adults. Psychosocial factors such as knowledge, awareness, and intention to vaccinate also improved significantly after the intervention.

Conclusion: - Conclusion: The Tiempo de Vacunarte program was successful in improving HPV vaccination rates and psychosocial factors in a predominantly Hispanic community. Culturally tailored educational interventions and community outreach can be effective in increasing vaccination rates in underserved populations.

Study Design: - Study design: Prospective community-based intervention utilizing a pre-post design

Setting: - Setting: El Paso County, Texas, located on the US-Mexico border

Population of Focus: - Target audience: Individuals aged 18-26 years or parents/guardians of children aged 9-17 years who had not completed the HPV vaccine series

Sample Size: - Sample size: 2,380 participants were eligible and recruited into the program, with 1,796 unique surveys included in the analysis

Age Range: - Age range: 9-26 years

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Provider Reminder/Recall Systems, Provider Education

Intervention Description: A three‐year intervention targeting Vietnamese physicians in solo practice in California.

Intervention Results: After the intervention, performance rates increased significantly for smoking cessation counseling (p = 0.02), Pap testing (p = 0.004), and pelvic examinations (p = 0.01).

Conclusion: The results demonstrate the efficacy of an intervention targeting Vietnamese primary care physicians in promoting smoking cessation counseling, Pap testing, and pelvic examinations, but not other cancer prevention activities.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Private practices with physicians who were members of the Vietnamese Physicians’ Associations in Northern and Southern CA

Population of Focus: Physicians in solo practice who had received their medical training in Vietnam

Data Source: Physicians’ medical records

Sample Size: Total (N=48) Analysis (n=20) Intervention (n=9); Control (n=11) N=physicians

Age Range: N/A

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Community-Based Group Education, Patient Navigation, Enabling Services, PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Provider Reminder/Recall Systems, Provider Education, Designated Clinic/Extended Hours, Female Provider, COMMUNITY, Television Media, Other Media, POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS

Intervention Description: Development and implementation of a multifaceted intervention using community-based participatory research (CBPR) methodology and evaluated with a quasi-experimental controlled design with cross-sectional pre-intervention (2000) and post-intervention (2004) telephone surveys. Data were analyzed in 2005.

Intervention Results: Significantly greater odds of Pap smear for women in intervention county than in control county (OR=2.02, 95% CI: 1.37-2.99)

Conclusion: A multifaceted community-based participatory research (CBPR) intervention was associated with increased Pap test receipt among Vietnamese-American women in one community.

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group

Setting: Santa Clara County, CA and Harris County, TX

Population of Focus: Vietnamese women living in either county

Data Source: Computer-assisted telephone interviewing system

Sample Size: Baseline(n=1,566) Intervention (n=798); Control (n=768) Follow-up (n=2,009) Intervention (n=1,004); Control (n=1,005)

Age Range: ≥18

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Provider Training/Education, Provider Reminder/Recall Systems,

Intervention Description: The intervention included a Systems and Strategies Inventory, provider-focused training, and implementation of evidence-based strategies to increase HPV vaccination rates, such as client reminders and recall, provider prompts, standing orders, and provider assessment and feedback.

Intervention Results: The intervention led to a significant increase in HPV vaccination rates, with a 25.9% increase in the proportion of adolescents who received at least one dose of the vaccine.

Conclusion: The multilevel intervention using national partnerships was effective in improving HPV vaccination rates among adolescents in FQHCs. - Primary outcomes: HPV vaccination rates among adolescents aged 13 years

Study Design: Multilevel quality improvement intervention using national partnerships

Setting: Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) in Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas

Population of Focus: Adolescents aged 13 years

Sample Size: 488 FQHCs and their active 13-year-old medical patient population

Age Range: 13 years

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Outreach (Provider), Provider Reminder/Recall Systems, Quality Improvement/Practice-Wide Intervention,

Intervention Description: We empaneled patients to PCPs, reduced provider floating, implemented continuity-promoting scheduling guidelines, scheduled future WCC visits for patients ≤15 months during check-in for their current one, and encouraged online scheduling.

Intervention Results: Patient empanelment increased from 0% to >90% (P < .001). Patient-provider WCC continuity increased from 25.6% to 54.7% (P < .001). A 20.5% decrease in ED utilization rate was associated with continuity project initiation. Empaneled patients demonstrated higher show rates (76.9%) versus unempaneled patients (71.4%; P < .001). WCC completion rates increased from 52.6% to 60.7%.

Conclusion: WCC continuity more than doubled after interventions and was associated with decreased ED utilization, higher show rates, and increased timely WCC completion.

Study Design: Nationwide Children's Hospital Primary Care Network cares for >120,000 mostly Medicaid-enrolled patients across 13 offices. Before 2017, patients were empaneled to an office, not individual PCPs. We empaneled patients to PCPs, reduced provider floating, implemented continuity-promoting scheduling guidelines, scheduled future WCC visits for patients ≤15 months during check-in for their current one, and encouraged online scheduling. We tracked the percentage of all WCC visits that were scheduled with the patient's PCP and the percentage of subsequent WCC visits for patients ≤15 months that were scheduled during the current visit, and provided feedback to schedulers. We followed emergency department (ED) utilization and visit show rates. WCC visit completion rates were tracked using HEDIS metrics.

Setting: Nationwide Children's Hospital Primary Care Network; United States

Population of Focus: Medicaid enrollees

Sample Size: >120,000 across 13 offices

Age Range: 15 month olds and younger

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Provider Reminder/Recall Systems,

Intervention Description: The intervention involved centralized reminder/recall (C-R/R) by health departments using immunization information systems (IIS) to increase childhood influenza vaccination rates. Within the randomized controlled trials conducted in Colorado and New York, the intervention arms received 1, 2, or 3 autodial reminders, while the control arm received usual care. The autodial reminders were aimed at increasing childhood influenza vaccination rates and were implemented through a centralized approach using immunization information systems. The reminders were sent to patients who had not received an influenza vaccine prior to the intervention. Patients who became up-to-date with influenza vaccine were no longer sent reminder/recall calls in future reminder rounds. The study also included a post hoc survey to better understand the results and assess potential reasons for variations in vaccination rates. ,[object Object],

Intervention Results: The study found very small effects of the intervention in both Colorado and New York. Post hoc analyses were conducted to assess potential factors that could have diluted or masked a potential intervention effect, including reminders being conducted by practices in addition to the C-R/R, problems with uploading influenza vaccination information into the IIS, and decreased demand for influenza vaccination during the 2016 to 2017 season. However, these issues did not change the results. The study used mixed-effects multivariable logistic regression models with the primary outcome of receipt of ≥1 influenza vaccination adjusted for child’s age, practice type, urban/rural status, and influenza vaccine in the prior year. The study was powered to detect an absolute difference of ≥2 percentage points in influenza vaccination rates at the end of the 6-month period in comparisons of control versus any intervention arm. The results showed very small effects of the intervention in both states, and the post hoc analyses did not change the findings. ,[object Object],

Conclusion: C-R/R for influenza vaccine using autodial had low-level effects on increasing influenza rates in 2 states. Given the feasibility and low cost of C-R/R in previous trials, its utility for influenza should be re-examined using different modalities.

Study Design: The study design was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) with a 4-arm intervention in each state (1, 2, or 3 autodial reminders vs usual care), with randomization at the patient level within practices from October 2016 to January 2017. The study was conducted in Colorado and New York, excluding New York City, and involved a stratified 2-stage cluster sampling approach, with practice as the primary sampling unit and rural/urban location as the strata. The study was approved by the Colorado Multiple IRB and by IRBs at University of California, Los Angeles, the New York State Department of Health, and the Colorado Department of Public Health and the Environment. ,[object Object],

Setting: The setting of the study was two states in the United States, Colorado and New York, excluding New York City. The study involved a stratified 2-stage cluster sampling approach, with practice as the primary sampling unit and rural/urban location as the strata. Once practices were randomly selected from the pool of all eligible practices, a random sample of children was selected from each practice and randomized to 1 of 4 treatment arms. ,[object Object],

Population of Focus: The target audience of the study is healthcare providers, public health officials, and researchers interested in improving influenza vaccination rates, particularly in children. The study provides insights into the effectiveness of centralized reminder/recall systems for increasing influenza vaccination rates and highlights the challenges and limitations of such interventions. The findings of the study may be useful for designing and implementing vaccination campaigns and programs aimed at improving vaccination rates in children. ,[object Object],

Sample Size: The sample size and sampling methods are described in the study. The overall sampling goal was to select a random sample of practices and children within practices generalizable to the overall population of each state, excluding New York City. The study used a stratified 2-stage cluster sampling approach, with practice as the primary sampling unit and rural/urban location as the strata. The study included children 6 months to 17.9 years in both states, and children who had received an influenza vaccine prior to the intervention were excluded from reminder/recall. The

Age Range: The study included children aged 6 months to 17.9 years from both Colorado and New York, excluding New York City. This broad age range allowed for the assessment of influenza vaccination rates across different pediatric age groups, providing valuable insights into the effectiveness of centralized reminder/recall systems for increasing influenza vaccination rates in children. ,[object Object],

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Provider Reminder/Recall Systems,

Intervention Description: The intervention involved centralized reminder/recall (C-R/R) using autodialer calls to improve human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination rates among adolescents

Intervention Results: The study aimed to detect an absolute difference of 2 percentage points in vaccine completion and found that the primary outcomes were HPV vaccine series initiation and series completion

Conclusion: The study concluded that C-R/R interventions could potentially raise vaccination rates and that cost-effectiveness analyses were planned if C-R/R raised vaccination rates

Study Design: The study utilized mixed-effects multivariable Poisson regression models with robust SEs for New York and mixed-effects multivariable log-binomial models for Colorado to obtain unadjusted and adjusted risk ratios

Setting: The study was conducted in New York and Colorado, involving primary care practices and adolescents

Population of Focus: The target audience comprised adolescents aged 11 to <19 years

Sample Size: The study included a sample of adolescents from primary care practices in New York and Colorado

Age Range: The age range of the adolescents included in the study was 11 to <19 years

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Provider Reminder/Recall Systems, Text Messaging,

Intervention Description: - Intervention description: The intervention involved sending SMS reminders to parents/guardians of adolescents who had consented to their child receiving the HPV vaccine. The SMS reminders were either motivational or self-regulatory in nature.

Intervention Results: - Results: The study found that SMS reminders were effective in increasing HPV vaccination rates in school programs. Both motivational and self-regulatory SMS messages were equally effective in increasing vaccination rates.

Conclusion: - Conclusion: The study concluded that SMS reminders are an important tool in school-based vaccine programs and that behaviorally informed messages can have a positive impact on vaccination rates.

Study Design: - Study design: The study was a single-blind multi-arm parallel randomized controlled trial.

Setting: - Setting: The study was conducted in Victoria, Australia, in secondary schools.

Population of Focus: - Target audience: The target audience was parents/guardians of adolescents who had consented to their child receiving the HPV vaccine.

Sample Size: - Sample size: The study included a total of 4,386 participants.

Age Range: - Age range: The average age of participants was 13.19 years.