Established Evidence Results

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Telephone Support, Parent Engagement, Patient Reminder/Invitation

Intervention Description: This study aims to test the acceptability and feasibility of SmokefreeMOM, a national smoking cessation text-messaging program for pregnant smokers.

Intervention Results: Results indicate that the SmokefreeMOM program was highly rated overall and rated more favorably than the control condition in its helpfulness at 3-month follow-up (P<.01) and in its frequency of messaging at both 1-month and 3-month follow-ups (P<.001, P<.01, respectively). Despite the presence of technical problems, the vast majority of intervention participants read all program messages, and few participants unsubscribed from the program. There were no significant differences between groups on the use of extra treatment resources or on smoking-related outcomes. However, at the 3-month follow-up, some outcomes favored the intervention group.

Conclusion: SmokefreeMOM is acceptable for pregnant smokers. It is recommended that SmokefreeMOM be further refined and evaluated.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Obstetrics-gynecology clinics

Population of Focus: Women who are currently pregnant, English proficient, with a mobile phone and unlimited text messaging, that are currently smoking or smoked in the past 2 weeks

Data Source: Surveys and saliva sample

Sample Size: 99 participants (55 in SmokefreeMOM intervention group and 44 in control group)

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Patient Reminder/Invitation, Educational Material, Telephone Support, Parent Engagement, Incentives

Intervention Description: The study aimed to demonstrate the feasibility and acceptability of Quit4baby for women currently enrolled in Text4baby, a perinatal health text messaging program.

Intervention Results: Most participants responded to the program favorably. Highly rated aspects included the content of the program, skills taught within the program, and encouragement and social support provided by the program. Participants reported that the program was helpful in quitting, that the program gave good ideas on quitting, and that they would recommend the program to a friend. Suggestions for improvement included increasing the message dose and making the quitpal more interactive.

Conclusion: This pilot test provides support for the feasibility and acceptability of Quit4baby. Future studies are needed to assess whether Quit4baby is effective for smoking cessation during pregnancy.

Study Design: Single group pre-post test evaluation pilot

Setting: Electronic phone application

Population of Focus: Women over 18 years of age who are currently pregnant, English proficient, that are currently smoking or smoked in the past 2 weeks

Data Source: Telephone surveys, retrospective computer records review of engagement with the technology

Sample Size: 20

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Patient Reminder/Invitation, Educational Material, Parent Engagement, Telephone Support

Intervention Description: The study tests whether an interactive and intensive text messaging program, Quit4baby, can promote smoking cessation for pregnant women already enrolled in a health text messaging program, Text4baby.

Intervention Results: Using an intention-to-treat analysis, 28.80% of the intervention group and 15.79% of the control group reported not smoking in the past 7 days at 1 month (p<0.01), and 35.20% of the intervention group and 22.67% of the control group reported not smoking in the past 7 days at 3 months (p<0.01). Biochemical verification of smoking status at 3 months indicated no significant differences between groups (15.60% in the intervention group and 10.93% in the control group [p=0.13]), although significant differences favoring the intervention were found for older smokers (p<0.05) and for those who enrolled in their second or third trimester of pregnancy (p<0.05). Self-report of late pregnancy 7- and 30-day point prevalence abstinence favored the intervention group (p<0.001, p<0.01). No significant differences were observed at the 6-month follow-up or in the postpartum period.

Conclusion: Results provide limited support of the efficacy of the Quit4baby text messaging program in the short term and late in pregnancy, but not in the postpartum period.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Electronic phone application

Population of Focus: Women over 14 years of age who are currently pregnant, English proficient, that are currently smoking or smoked in the past 2 weeks, who were signed up for Text4Baby message

Data Source: Surveys and saliva sample

Sample Size: 497

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Parent Engagement, Educational Material,

Intervention Description: The interventions in the reviewed trials involved face-to-face communication aimed at providing information or education to parents or expectant parents about childhood vaccination. The content of the interventions focused on increasing children’s vaccination status, knowledge, understanding of vaccination, attitudes, and intention to vaccinate. The interventions varied in length, with some being single-session discussions and others being multi-session interventions. Additionally, the majority of the interventions focused on immunization alone, while some also included information about other child health topics such as breastfeeding ,[object Object],.

Intervention Results: The results of the reviewed trials suggest that face-to-face information or education delivered to parents or expectant parents may improve children’s vaccination status, parents’ knowledge or understanding of vaccination, and parents’ intention to vaccinate. However, the certainty of the evidence was low for all outcomes except for parents’ knowledge or understanding, which had a moderate certainty of evidence. The interventions may lead to little or no difference in parental attitudes or anxiety related to the intervention ,[object Object],.

Conclusion: Information or education about childhood vaccination delivered through face-to-face communication may improve vaccination coverage and parents' knowledge. This practice is likely already taking place in the majority of clinical encounters related to childhood vaccination, and supports the key role of the health-care provider in communicating about vaccines with parents.

Study Design: The reviewed trials used various study designs, including randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental designs. The interventions were delivered in a face-to-face format to parents or expectant parents, and the control groups received neither education, printed materials, general routine vaccination information, nor an educational video covering the same topic as the face-to-face intervention ,[object Object],. The authors of the review excluded multi-component interventions, where the impact of the face-to-face communication elements could not be isolated ,[object Object],.

Setting: The review included trials conducted in various settings, including both high-income countries and low- or middle-income countries such as Nepal and Pakistan ,[object Object],. Additionally, the interventions were delivered in different settings, including individual sessions and group sessions ,[object Object],. This diversity in settings provides a broad perspective on the effects of face-to-face interventions for informing or educating parents about early childhood vaccination.

Population of Focus: The target audience for the face-to-face interventions in the reviewed trials was parents or expectant parents. The interventions aimed to provide information or education to this specific audience to increase children’s vaccination status, knowledge, understanding of vaccination, attitudes, and intention to vaccinate ,[object Object],.

Sample Size: The sample sizes in the reviewed trials varied, with half of the studies involving 100–250 participants and the other half involving more than 400 participants. Additionally, three trials were conducted in low- or middle-income countries, and two trials delivered the intervention to a group, while the rest were delivered to individuals ,[object Object],. This variation in sample sizes and settings provides a diverse perspective on the effects of face-to-face interventions for informing or educating parents about early childhood vaccination.

Age Range: The reviewed trials focused on interventions aimed at parents or expectant parents to increase children’s vaccination status. Therefore, the age range of the target audience was not explicitly mentioned in the information provided in the document. However, it can be inferred that the interventions were targeted at parents or expectant parents of young children who would be receiving vaccinations according to the childhood immunization schedule.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Parent Engagement, Family-Based Interventions,

Intervention Description: Adapt and pilot test a parenting intervention for homeless families in transitional housing.

Intervention Results: Feasibility data indicate an intervention spanning several weeks may be difficult to implement in the context of transitional housing. Yet, acceptability of the adapted intervention among participants was consistently high.

Conclusion: The findings of this pilot work suggest several implications for informing continued parenting intervention research and practice with homeless families in transitional housing.

Setting: Transitional Housing Units

Population of Focus: researchers, public health, social workers,

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Parent Engagement, PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Maintenance of Certification Credits, Provider Training/Education, Patient-Centered Medical Home, Quality Improvement/Practice-Wide Intervention

Intervention Description: The Florida Pediatric Medical Home Demonstration Project, funded through the Children's Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act (CHIPRA) Quality Demonstration Grant, aimed to implement and evaluate a Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH) model in selected pediatric practices. The project was carried out in two rounds, with Round 1 practices participating from 2011-2014 and Round 2 practices from 2013-2014. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) provided quality improvement activities to the practices, which included learning sessions, monthly calls, quarterly reports, and listserv communication. Practices were eligible if they accepted Medicaid and CHIP and served at least 100 children with special health care needs.

Intervention Results: The evaluation results showed that over the course of the project, the Medical Home Index (MHI) scores increased for both Round 1 and Round 2 practices, indicating progress towards becoming PCMHs. Practices reported being able to make changes, improve teamwork, and enhance efficiency. However, staff turnover, communication with specialists, and maintaining parent partner relationships remained challenging. Physician-reported outcomes such as job satisfaction were higher than those reported by non-physician staff. Community stakeholders indicated room for improvement in communication with the practices. A cost study component with Round 2 practices revealed that the perceived costs of PCMH transformation varied greatly due to differences in activities undertaken by practices.

Conclusion: The Florida Pediatric Medical Home Demonstration Project evaluation showed that participating pediatric practices made significant progress in their PCMH transformation, as evidenced by increased MHI scores. Practices experienced successes in implementing changes, improving teamwork, and increasing efficiency. However, challenges persisted in areas such as staff turnover, specialist communication, and parent partnerships. Physician staff reported more positive outcomes compared to non-physician staff. Opportunities exist to further improve communication between practices and community stakeholders. Finally, the cost study highlighted the varying perceptions and experiences of practices regarding the financial implications of PCMH transformation.

Study Design: Not specified

Setting: Not specified

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Not specified

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Parent Engagement, Care Coordination, Provider Training/Education,

Intervention Description: This study evaluates the impact of a 6-month care management intervention for 206 children diagnosed with comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) from a sample of 321 five- to 12-year-old children recruited for treatment of behavior problems in 8 pediatric primary care offices. Practices were cluster-randomized to Doctor Office Collaboration Care (DOCC) or Enhanced Usual Care (EUC). Chart reviews documented higher rates of service delivery, prescription of medication for ADHD, and titration in DOCC (vs EUC).

Intervention Results: Based on complex conditional models, DOCC showed greater acute improvement in individualized ADHD treatment goals and follow-up improvements in quality of life and ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder goals. Medication use had a significant effect on acute and follow-up ADHD symptom reduction and quality of life. Medication continuity was associated with some long-term gains.

Conclusion: A collaborative care intervention for behavior problems that incorporated treatment guidelines for ADHD in primary care was more effective than psychoeducation and facilitated referral to community treatment.

Study Design: Cluster-randomized trial

Setting: Eight pediatric primary care practices in the United States, including seven Children's Community Pediatric practices and one general academic pediatric practice affiliated with Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh

Population of Focus: Children with behavior problems who were receiving care in pediatric primary care practices

Sample Size: 321 children

Age Range: Children ages 5-12 years

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Patient-Centered Medical Home, Parent Engagement, Provider Training/Education,

Intervention Description: All participants completed a one-time recorded semistructured interview in a private area on the hospital campus or by phone with either a trained clinical research coordinator or the study lead

Intervention Results: Parent and clinician perspectives were organized into three themes, each paired with an innovative tool to promote family-centered care. Themes and corresponding tools included: (1) continuity of decision-making conversations and the decision roadmap tool, (2) maintaining family communication preferences and the relational handoff tool, and (3) recognizing the abilities of each individual child and the developmental inventory tool.

Conclusion: Family-centered care for parents of children with SNI may be bolstered by continuity in decision making, maintaining parents’ communication preferences, and appreciating the child’s individual abilities. Clinical tools may provide opportunities to promote these concepts.

Study Design: data analysis included three steps: (1) inductive thematic analysis to determine themes related to familycentered care; (2) identification of ideas for tools to promote family-centered care volunteered by parents and clinicians during interviews; and (3) interpretive deductive analysis of the potential opportunities and limitations of each proposed tool by the study team

Setting: CMC: single tertiary pediatric hospital in the Northwestern United States - single tertiary children's hospital in the United States.

Population of Focus: Parents and providers of children with severe neurological impairment - parents of children with severe neurological impairment and interprofessional clinicians at a single tertiary children's hospital in the United States.

Sample Size: 50 participants: 25 parents/legal guardians of children with SNI and 25 clinicians - 50 participants, including 25 parents/legal guardians of children with severe neurological impairment and 25 interprofessional clinicians.

Age Range: children - The age range of the children with severe neurological impairment included in the study was 6 months to 25 years old.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Parent Engagement, Educational Material (caregiver), Provider Reminder/Recall Systems,

Intervention Description: - Intervention description: Culturally tailored evidence-based HPV vaccine educational intervention, including community outreach, education sessions, and personalized reminders

Intervention Results: - Results: HPV vaccine initiation and completion rates increased significantly after the intervention, with higher completion rates among children compared to adults. Psychosocial factors such as knowledge, awareness, and intention to vaccinate also improved significantly after the intervention.

Conclusion: - Conclusion: The Tiempo de Vacunarte program was successful in improving HPV vaccination rates and psychosocial factors in a predominantly Hispanic community. Culturally tailored educational interventions and community outreach can be effective in increasing vaccination rates in underserved populations.

Study Design: - Study design: Prospective community-based intervention utilizing a pre-post design

Setting: - Setting: El Paso County, Texas, located on the US-Mexico border

Population of Focus: - Target audience: Individuals aged 18-26 years or parents/guardians of children aged 9-17 years who had not completed the HPV vaccine series

Sample Size: - Sample size: 2,380 participants were eligible and recruited into the program, with 1,796 unique surveys included in the analysis

Age Range: - Age range: 9-26 years

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Parent Engagement, Educational Material,

Intervention Description: - Intervention description: The multicomponent intervention included providing Vaccine Information Statement (VIS) forms to parents in advance, screening for needed immunizations during all visit types, and incorporating provider performance feedback.

Intervention Results: - Results: The intervention was highly effective in reducing missed opportunities for HPV vaccination, with adjusted risk ratios ranging from 0.41 to 0.51. The intervention also had a positive impact on missed opportunities for MenACWY and influenza vaccinations during nonconfidential visits. The study found that strong provider recommendations were already in place before the intervention, and that improving the immunization process workflow and incorporating provider performance feedback were key to reducing missed opportunities. Yes, the study reported a significant reduction in missed opportunities for HPV vaccination, indicating an increased uptake of the HPV vaccine among adolescents visiting the school-based health centers. The intervention was found to be highly effective in improving the delivery of HPV vaccination, as evidenced by the decrease in missed opportunities for HPV vaccination during all visit types. Additionally, the study also observed a positive impact on missed opportunities for MenACWY and influenza vaccinations during nonconfidential visits, suggesting an overall improvement in the uptake of adolescent vaccinations in the school-based health center setting ,[object Object],, ,[object Object],.

Conclusion: - Conclusion: The study supports addressing missed opportunities for HPV vaccination in school-based health centers and demonstrates that practice-level changes and performance feedback can be effective strategies for decreasing missed opportunities. The study also supports bundling adolescent immunizations as a strategy to reduce missed opportunities and improve coverage rates for other indicated vaccines.

Study Design: - Study design: The study used a mixed-methods design with a pre-post intervention comparison.

Setting: - Setting: The study was conducted in two school-based health centers located on separate public high school campuses within the same school district in the Los Angeles area.

Population of Focus: - Target audience: The target audience was adolescents between the ages of 11 and 18 who were eligible for Vaccines for Children (VFC) and had an available California Immunization Registry (CAIR) record.

Sample Size: - Sample size: The study included a total of 1,423 patient visits (892 in the baseline period and 531 in the intervention period) across both school-based health centers.

Age Range: - Age range: The study included adolescents between the ages of 11 and 18.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, Parent Engagement, Education/Training (caregiver),

Intervention Description: The mentoring program described in the study was the Big Brothers Big Sisters (BBBS) community-based program, where volunteer mentors were matched with youth in one-on-one relationships. The unique aspect of this mentoring program was the emphasis on regular support and coaching provided by a program staff person (PSP) throughout the duration of the mentoring relationship.

Intervention Results: The results of the study indicated that some mentors and program staff held deficit views of the youth and their family, which appeared to be at least partially rooted in negative social class-based assumptions about attitudes and behaviors. These deficit perspectives contributed to the minimization of parent/caregiver voice in the mentoring process and negative interpretations of parent/caregiver and, in some cases, youth attitudes and behaviors.

Conclusion: The conclusion drawn from the study was that social class bias can influence youth mentoring relationships, leading to negative interpretations of the attitudes and behaviors of the youth and their families.

Study Design: narrative thematic analysis of qualitative interviews conducted with the participants.

Setting: community-based youth mentoring relationships, specifically within the Big Brothers Big Sisters (BBBS) affiliated agencies

Population of Focus: mentors, mentees' parents/caregivers, and program staff

Sample Size: 36 matches

Age Range: 9/15/2024

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Parent Engagement, Patient-Centered Medical Home, Quality Improvement/Practice-Wide Intervention,

Intervention Description: This youth panel consists of adolescents with a chronic condition, who contributed with ideas and suggestions to several projects aiming to improve social engagement in health care. All representative users were involved in all phases of the design process—from writing the project plan to the final version of the game.

Intervention Results: In total, 15 adolescents (mean age: 15.0 years, range 12–18 years, 60% female) participated in four focus groups and four interviews (Table 1). Ten major themes for adolescents regarding their illness, treatment and hospital care were identified: visiting the hospital, participating, disease and treatment, social environment, feelings, dealing with staff, acceptation, autonomy, disclosure and chronically ill peers (Table 2). The opinion of 13 adolescents (mean age: 15.5 years, range: 13–18 years, 61.5% female, Table 1) was asked about the draft version (Figure 2) of the engagement game in three focus groups and five interviews. Overall, the adolescents were positive about the game as it gave them the opportunity to get involved and it helped them to express their views. The pilot version (Figure 2) of the game was tested for usability by four patients (mean age: 14.5 years, range: 13–16 years, 50% female; Table 1) in clinical practice. At the end of the workshop, the adolescents gave their opinion about the engagement game. All adolescents were enthusiastic about the game and enjoyed giving their opinion.

Conclusion: In conclusion, we developed a patient engagement game called All Voices Count, working together with all stakeholders. This game lowers the barrier to include the voice of adolescents in decision‐making about hospital care, research and policy.

Study Design: A user‐centred design, as described in the literature by Gulliksen et al.,25 was used. Key principles of an user‐centred design include user‐focused and active user involvement throughout the entire development process. These principles were guaranteed by actively involving all representative users, including adolescents with a chronic condition, clinicians, researchers, the Patient Alliance for Rare and Genetic Diseases (VSOP), the Dutch Childhood Cancer Organization (VKN) and a youth panel of Fonds NutsOhra (FNO).

Setting: e Emma Children's Hospital Amsterdam UMC

Population of Focus: Adolescents with chronic conditions - adolescents aged 12-18 years with a chronic condition who were under treatment at the Emma Children's Hospital Amsterdam UMC in the Netherlands.

Sample Size: 23 adolescents

Age Range: aged 12-18 years

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Home Visits, Parent Engagement,

Intervention Description: The intervention described in the article to increase healthcare access is the integration of evidence-based home visiting services, particularly the Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP), into the provision of primary care. The NFP program involves home visits by nurses to provide support and guidance to young, first-time mothers and their families. By integrating this evidence-based home visiting service into primary care, the NFP nurse becomes part of the care team, working collaboratively with primary care providers to address the social determinants of health, avoid child maltreatment, and improve child preventive care utilization . This intervention aims to enhance healthcare access by leveraging the expertise of nurse home visitors to provide comprehensive support to families, particularly those facing adversity. The integration of evidence-based home visiting services into primary care allows for shared care planning with patients, families, and support systems, which can lead to better anticipation of needs, improved accountability, and support for patient self-management. This collaborative approach can help address barriers to healthcare access and promote the overall well-being of families .

Intervention Results: The integration of evidence-based home visiting services into primary care, particularly the Nurse-Family Partnership program, can help address social determinants of health, avoid child maltreatment, and improve child preventive care utilization. By collaborating with nurse home visitors, primary care providers can promote shared care planning with patients, families, and support systems, which can lead to better anticipation of needs, improved accountability, and support for patient self-management. This collaborative approach can help address barriers to healthcare access and promote the overall well-being of families . Additionally, the exploratory case study presented in the PDF file found that healthcare providers interacted with home visiting nurses mainly during the referral process, while social workers provided more specific examples of service coordination. The study also found mutual awareness, cooperation, and collaboration to serve families with high needs. However, even in this case, there were opportunities to enhance coordination to improve the health and social needs of young families experiencing adversity

Conclusion: In this case study, we saw mutual awareness, co-operation and collaboration to serve families with high needs. Even in this case, purposefully selected to represent strong collaboration, there were opportunities to enhance co-ordination to improve the health and social needs of young families experiencing adversity.

Study Design: The study used in-depth qualitative interviews with 22 PCPs, including nurses, physicians, social workers, and non-direct care professionals, to explore topics of referral processes and collaborative activities, with subtopics of outreach, communication, and care coordination . The study used a thematic interview guide to conduct the interviews and implemented a practical approach to conducting thematic analysis for this single case study by first familiarizing with the data. The researchers used NVivo11 to code inductively, assigning meaning to data and identifying segments that related to the research questions. They participated in coding consistency meetings, utilizing the kappa statistic to assess inter-rater reliability and to facilitate discussions to reach a common consensus regarding code definitions. Two coders wrote memos for each coded transcript to synthesize participant perspectives and used analytical notes to explain thought patterns in relation to the codes used and emerging themes

Setting: The study presented in the PDF file was conducted in one Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP) site in the USA, serving two counties. The study aimed to explore the collaborative dynamics between primary care providers (PCPs) and NFP nurses in this specific site. The study was not bound by time, meaning that providers were asked about their past and current collaboration with NFP nurses, but was bound by geography, within the two counties served by NFP nurses in this NFP site . The study setting includes various healthcare and social service providers, such as hospitals, family medicine clinics, obstetrics clinics, federally qualified health centers, and private practices, serving a population that PCPs described as underserved and often publicly insured, including single mothers and families experiencing economic adversity who were largely covered by Medicaid, the national public health insurance program in the USA for people .

Population of Focus: The target audience for the study presented in the PDF file includes professionals and researchers in the fields of public health, primary care, maternal and child health, social work, and healthcare administration. Specifically, the study is relevant to those interested in understanding the collaborative dynamics between primary care providers (PCPs) and Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP) nurses in serving families with high needs, particularly low-income, first-time mothers and their families. Additionally, policymakers and organizations involved in developing and implementing programs aimed at improving healthcare access and addressing social determinants of health for young families experiencing adversity may also find the study's findings and insights valuable.

Sample Size: The sample size for the study presented in the PDF file was 22 primary care providers (PCPs) who had worked with Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP) nurses in one NFP site in the USA. The study aimed to explore the experiences of seven unique data sources, including nurse supervisors, obstetricians and midwives, pediatricians, family medicine practitioners, clinical social workers, clinical nurses, and other non-direct care professionals. The estimated sample size was 20, and the participation rate was 59%

Age Range: The PDF file does not explicitly mention the specific age range of the individuals or families involved in the study. However, the study focuses on the collaboration dynamics between primary care providers (PCPs) and Nurse-Family Partnership (NFP) nurses to meet family needs in one NFP site. The NFP program typically serves low-income, first-time mothers and their families from pregnancy until the child reaches two years of age . Therefore, the age range of the families involved in the NFP program and, by extension, the focus of the study, would likely encompass prenatal care and early childhood development, typically from pregnancy through the first two years of the child's life.