Established Evidence Results

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Educational Material (caregiver), Provision of Safe Sleep Item, COMMUNITY, Presentation

Intervention Description: This study assessed the feasibility, acceptability and initial outcomes of Safe Sleep Community Baby Showers for women who speak Spanish. The Safe Sleep Baby Showers use the culture and tradition of celebratory group events to connect pregnant or recently delivered women with perinatal community resources, build social support networks, and learn about the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) safe sleep recommendations. The baby showers include a crib demonstration facilitated by a safe sleep instructor or board member from the Kansas Infant Death and SIDS (KIDS) Network. All education and materials are in Spanish, and include a safe sleep PowerPoint presentation and a video on the ABCs of Safe Sleep (alone, back, clutter-free crib; available at KIDSKS.org). For this study, 106 pregnant or recently delivered women who spoke Spanish completed pre- and post-assessments after attending at least one of six Safe Sleep Community Baby Showers held in Sedgwick County, Kansas. Participants who complete the post-assessment received a free safety-approved portable crib and wearable blanket, as well as infant safe sleep education handouts and materials (eg, door hangers) in Spanish.

Intervention Results: Participants had a high school diploma/General Educational Diploma (GED) or less (75.3%), and were uninsured (52.1%) or had Medicaid (n = 49; 33.6%). The majority reported being very satisfied (n = 130; 89.0%) or satisfied (n = 8; 5.5%). Compared to baseline, significant increases in intentions and confidence to follow the AAP Safe Sleep Recommendations were observed following the events. The majority of participants reported intending to place their infant on the back to sleep (98.6%), use only a safe surface (crib, portable crib, bassinet; 99.3%), and only include safe items (firm mattress, fitted sheet; 93.5%) (all p < .001).

Conclusion: Study findings support both feasibility and acceptability of modifying Safe Sleep Community Baby Showers to provide culturally and linguistically appropriate education for women who speak Spanish. Initial outcomes suggest increased intentions to follow safe sleep recommendations.

Setting: Community baby showers in Sedgwick County, Kansas

Population of Focus: Pregnant women and recently delivered mothers

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Provision of Safe Sleep Item, COMMUNITY, Presentation

Intervention Description: With the support of the Kansas Infant Death SIDS (KIDS) Network, safe sleep instructors in four rural counties (Geary, Cloud, Harvey, and Shawnee) held virtual Safe Sleep Community Baby Showers in 2020. Safe sleep, breastfeeding, and tobacco cessation/avoidance education was provided to participants regardless of education format. In-person events were interactive by nature, using presentation and demonstration, but also included video components. For virtual events, Geary and Cloud counties chose to provide educational videos and prerecorded presentations to participants (passive). Harvey and Shawnee counties held real-time interactive education over a virtual platform. Data was collected via pre- and postsurveys. Those who completed both surveys received a portable crib and wearable blanket.

Intervention Results: Based on data from 145 in-person and 74 virtual participants, virtual participants were more likely to be married (P<.001) and have private insurance (P<.001), and were less likely to report tobacco use (P<.001). Both event formats significantly increased knowledge and intentions regarding safe sleep and avoidance of secondhand smoke (all P≤.001). Breastfeeding intentions did not change. Differences were observed between in-person and virtual meetings regarding confidence in the ability to avoid secondhand smoke (in-person: 121/144, 84% vs virtual: 53/74, 72%; P=.03), intention to breastfeed ≥6 months (in-person: 79/128, 62% vs virtual: 52/66, 79%; P=.008), and confidence in the ability to breastfeed ≥6 months (in-person: 58/123, 47% vs virtual: 44/69, 64%; P=.02).

Conclusion: Although both event formats demonstrated increased knowledge/intentions to follow safe sleep recommendations, virtual events may further marginalize groups who are at high risk for poor birth outcomes. Strategies to increase technology access, recruit priority populations, and ensure disparities are not exacerbated will be critical for the implementation of future virtual events.

Setting: Four rural counties in Kansas

Population of Focus: Pregnant or postpartum women

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Provider Training/Education, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), COMMUNITY, Presentation

Intervention Description: This study assessed the impact of the two-day Kansas Infant Death and SIDS (KIDS) Network Safe Sleep Instructor (SSI) train-the-trainer program on CPS staffs' knowledge of the American Academy of Pediatrics safe sleep recommendations. Training was attended by 43 participants, 27 (63%) of whom were employed by CPS. All participants completed a 10-item pre- and post-training knowledge assessment at the beginning of the training and immediately following the training, respectively. Following training, SSIs were certified to educate parents/caregivers, childcare providers, health care providers, and other members of their communities about safe sleep practices. SSIs were tasked with providing safe sleep training to at least 10 professionals and with hosting one Safe Sleep Community Baby Shower or Crib Clinic within 9 months of certification.

Intervention Results: Following SSI certification, CPS SSIs provided more safe sleep training to professionals than other SSIs (1051 vs. 165, respectively), and both groups of SSIs were able to significantly increase the knowledge of their trainees.

Conclusion: Overall, the KIDS Network SSI training was successful. The innovative partnership with CPS allowed for provision of training to a group not historically targeted for safe sleep education.

Setting: Kansas Department of Children and Families Child Protective Services (CPS)

Population of Focus: Child Protective Services staff

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Education/Training (caregiver), Enabling Services, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, PATIENT_CONSUMER

Intervention Description: The goal of this project was to optimize team work and access to primary care services among publicly insured adolescents and young adults attending an urban primary care clinic, using a previsit screening checklist to identify patient needs and delegate tasks within a care team to coordinate access to health services at the time of the visit.

Intervention Results: The majority of patients were receptive to the previsit screening checklist; 85% of services requested were provided; nonclinician staff felt more involved in patient care; and providers’ satisfaction increased.

Conclusion: We conducted an interventional quality improvement initiative in a PDSA (Plan-Do-Study-Act) cycle format; 291 patients, 13 to 25 years old were included in the study over an 8-months period. The majority of patients were receptive to the previsit screening checklist; 85% of services requested were provided; nonclinician staff felt more involved in patient care; and providers’ satisfaction increased.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PAYER, Expanded Insurance Coverage, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Public Insurance (Health Care Provider/Practice), Collaboration with Local Agencies (State), Collaboration with Local Agencies (Health Care Provider/Practice), CLASSROOM_SCHOOL, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Outreach (caregiver), Communication Tools, Distribution of Promotional Items (Classroom/School)

Intervention Description: In Michigan, a school-based outreach effort was piloted using existing school communication tools to identify children who are currently uninsured and may be eligible for state-subsidized health insurance. School districts were provided with two health insurance status collection forms to be included with the free and reduced school lunch application, and as part of the student registration packet and welcome materials for school. Completed forms were sent to a state registered application-assisting agency to ensure families can access the coverage and services they need. A final step in the process is outreach to eligible respondents by the Michigan Primary Care Association to help ensure that they receive information and access to the healthcare coverage and services they need.

Intervention Results: As a result of the survey, 156 children were identified as not having health insurance. This represents more than 44% of the 358 children who are eligible for State subsidized health insurance, in the participating school districts, but are uninsured. Integrating the collection of health insurance status into routine school communication channels is an effective way to identify children who do not have health insurance and may be eligible for state subsidized benefits.

Conclusion: 1. The Michigan Department of Community Health should lead the effort to work with the Michigan Department of Education to modify the Free and Reduced Lunch Application to capture whether or not the applicant has health insurance. 2. The Michigan Department of Community Health should lead the effort to incorporate into the direct certified free and reduced lunch eligibility process a systematic check as to whether or not the applicant has State subsidized health insurance. 3. The Michigan Department of Community Health should provide resources from the expected performance bonus to work with schools across the State to implement these changes.

Study Design: Cross-sectional pilot study

Setting: Schools (School districts in Van Buren County, Michigan)

Population of Focus: Uninsured children

Data Source: Survey data

Sample Size: 8,999 children

Age Range: School-aged children

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT_CONSUMER, Peer Counselor, Educational Material, Telephone Support, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver)

Intervention Description: In efforts to improve breeastfeeding rates, WIC established the Breastfeeding peer Counselor program (BFPC) model to improve breastfeeding rates among participants. The Upstate New York WIC BFPC program (UNYWIC BFPC) began with volunteers who provided support to WIC participants referred to BFPC services. The BFPCs completed Loving Support training. BFPC contacts included telephone, in-person (WIC clinic or home), and mailings.

Intervention Results: Mothers who accepted BFPC referrals and had at least 1 phone conversation or in-person contact had a significant 35% to 164% increased odds of positive BF outcomes. Mailings did not significantly improve outcomes.

Conclusion: The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children may need to identify barriers to BF duration and implement interventions in communities with low BF rates. Future studies may benefit from evaluating the impact of combined in-person support and phone contacts during the prenatal and postpartum periods on BF outcomes.

Study Design: Secondary data analysis

Setting: The Upstate New York WIC Breastfeeding Peer Counselor program

Population of Focus: WIC-enrolled mothers with live singleton births who accepted a Breastfeeding Peer Counselor program referral

Sample Size: 2,149 mothers

Age Range: 5 day old infants (prenatal and postnatal contact with mothers)

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Patient-Centered Medical Home, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Outreach (caregiver), PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, PARENT_FAMILY, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE

Intervention Description: The 2016–2018 National Surveys of Children’s Health dataset was used to identify associations among preventive care, unmet health care needs, medical home access, and emergency department (ED) use among children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Intervention Results: Results indicated that youth with ASD had higher odds of using ED services if they had unmet mental health care needs (OR = 1.58, CI: 1.04–2.39) and lower odds of using ED services if they had access to a medical home (OR = 0.79, CI: 0.63–0.98).

Conclusion: Findings suggest the importance of access to coordinated, comprehensive, and patient-centered care to address health care needs and prevent ED utilization among children and adolescents with ASD.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PROVIDER, Training/Education, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Educational Material (caregiver)

Intervention Description: A quality improvement project was implemented at a pediatric primary care practice to improve screening for infant safe sleep practices. The screening form was updated to include questions from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) that better capture actual sleeping practices and allow for a more targeted response from providers. Based on individual survey responses, the providers offered and documented their specific educational feedback. Any changes/improvements reported during a 2-week callback were also documented. Study participation was encouraged by offering a chance to win a $50 Amazon gift card and a free board book, Sleep Baby, Safe and Snug, covering the basics of safe sleep in a format that can be read to the child (Charlie's Kids Foundation, 2017).

Intervention Results: This updated screening better captured actual sleeping practices, allowing for more targeted education.

Conclusion: This article describes a quality improvement project implemented at a pediatric primary care practice to improve screening for infant safe sleep.

Setting: A single pediatric primary care practice

Population of Focus: Parents/caregivers of infants 0-6 months

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Provider Training/Education, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver)

Intervention Description: Research staff from a single maternity ward recruited 184 mothers and their term newborns to participate in this randomized controlled trial to assess whether a patient portal could be used to provide personalized safe sleep care. The portal is capable of supporting two-way information sharing and communication between providers and families. Feasibility of the study was measured by a) the proportion of consenting mothers who enrolled in the portal and b) maternal adherence to prompts to submit photographs of their infant sleeping to the research team through the patient portal. Efficacy was determined via research assistant review of submitted photographs. The assistants were trained to detect sudden unexplained infant death risk factors, including sleep position, based on AAP guidelines. Standardized feedback was returned to mothers through the patient portal.

Intervention Results: One hundred nine mothers (59%) enrolled in the patient portal and were randomized to intervention (N = 55) and control (N = 54) groups. 21 (38, 95% CI 25-52%) intervention group participants sent photographs at 1 month and received personalized feedback. Across both groups at 2 months, 40 (37, 95% CI 28-46%) sent photographs; 56% of intervention group participants who submitted photographs met all safe sleep criteria compared with 46% of controls (difference 0.10, 95% CI - 0.26 to 0.46, p = .75). Common reasons for guideline non-adherence were sleeping in a room without a caregiver (43%), loose bedding (15%) and objects (8%) on the sleep surface.

Conclusion: Utilizing the patient portal to individualize safe infant sleep is possible, however, we encountered numerous barriers in this trial to assess its effects on promoting safe infant sleep. Photographs of infants sleeping showed substantial non-adherence to AAP guidelines, suggesting further needs for improvement to promote safe infant sleep practices.

Setting: Single maternity ward, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center

Population of Focus: Mothers and their term newborns

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Educational Material (caregiver)

Intervention Description: This study evaluated the effectiveness of behavioral skills training (BTS) to teach safe infant sleep practices to “typically developing adults.” The BTS included instruction, modeling of safe sleep practices, rehearsal, and feedback. Prior to the training, participants received a folder with pamphlets, including one on safe sleep, found through the NJ Department of Health. The study included an evaluation of participant responses to both safe and unsafe infant sleeping practices before, during, and after training.

Intervention Results: BST significantly improved appropriate arrangement of a safe sleep environment for infants for all 8 participants.

Conclusion: Replications are necessary to demonstrate effective BST procedures under the most relevant circumstances, which could result in manualized trainings used to teach healthcare personnel and parents across a number of training sites (e.g., hospitals, private clinics, public support programs). Perhaps discharge policies could include safe arrangement of an infant sleep environment similar to requiring an appropriate car seat for a newborn prior to discharge.

Setting: Private suburban university

Population of Focus: College students

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Provider Training/Education, Home Visit (caregiver), PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE

Intervention Description: This study evaluated the efficacy of a program to train home visitors to talk to clients about infant safe sleep using Motivational Interviewing and cultural sensitivity.

Intervention Results: Home visitors showed significant improvement in MI skill use and cultural sensitivity from pre- to post-test. Regarding client outcomes, our results indicate a significant group by time interaction when predicting changes in client knowledge such that the treatment group showed larger gains than the control group. There were no significant differences between groups when predicting changes in client attitudes or behavior.

Conclusion: MI may be an effective technique for home visitors to help increase families' safe sleep knowledge. Additional research is needed to examine whether such training can translate to changes in families' safe sleep behavior.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Provider Training/Education, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Home Visit (caregiver)

Intervention Description: This study evaluated the efficacy of a program to train home visitors to talk to clients about infant safe sleep using Motivational Interviewing and cultural sensitivity. Conducted as part of the initiative by Cradle Kalamazoo initiative to decrease racial disparities in infant mortality, home visitors attended a 2-day training that incorporated MI skills, cultural sensitivity, and safe sleep information. The MI training was conducted by a licensed Ph.D.-level psychologist as well as a second-year doctoral student in clinical psychology with 1 year of experience conducting clinical work. Home visitor outcomes were assessed using a pre-post design that included self reporting (based on a 16-question safe sleep knowledge questionnaire) and an observational rating by a paid “community mother.” When assessing client outcomes, a quasi-experimental design was used to examine changes in knowledge, attitudes, and safe sleep practices (Fig. 1). The home visitors administered the safe sleep survey to two different groups. The intervention group included 31 clients of home visitors who completed the training. The control group included 44 clients of home visitors who had not completed the training.

Intervention Results: Home visitors showed significant improvement in MI skill use and cultural sensitivity from pre- to post-test. Regarding client outcomes, our results indicate a significant group by time interaction when predicting changes in client knowledge such that the treatment group showed larger gains than the control group. There were no significant differences between groups when predicting changes in client attitudes or behavior.

Conclusion: MI may be an effective technique for home visitors to help increase families' safe sleep knowledge. Additional research is needed to examine whether such training can translate to changes in families' safe sleep behavior.

Setting: Cradle Kalamazoo initiative in Kalamazoo, Michigan

Population of Focus: Home visitors and their clients

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PAYER, Expanded Insurance Coverage, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Public Insurance (Health Care Provider/Practice), Educational Material (Provider), Collaboration with Local Agencies (State), Collaboration with Local Agencies (Health Care Provider/Practice), Nurse/Nurse Practitioner, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Patient Navigation (Assistance), Care Coordination, STATE, Multicomponent Approach

Intervention Description: The Healthy Beginnings system of care in Atlanta, GA connects children and their families to health insurance and a medical home model of care to support children’s health and development. The main components are care management + education and parent engagement + collaborative partnerships. A registered nurse, known as the health navigator, supports parents and helps them learn how to work with health care professionals on behalf of their children; they also connect parents to the Center for Working Families to ensure that they receive public benefits for which they are eligible.

Intervention Results: Healthy Beginnings coordinated care approach has ensured that participating children and families have health insurance (97%) and receive regular immunizations (92%), ongoing health care from a primary care physician and dental health provider, and regular developmental screenings (98%) and follow-up care. Healthy Beginnings has dramatically increased children’s access to health care and forms the basis for a cost-effective approach that can be replicated in other communities.

Conclusion: By building upon the partnerships formed through the foundation’s community change effort, Healthy Beginnings has dramatically increased neighborhood children’s access to health care and forms the basis for a cost-effective approach that can be replicated in other communities.

Study Design: Program evaluation

Setting: Community (Community-based organizations in Atlanta, Georgia)

Population of Focus: Low-income young children and families

Data Source: Questionnaire data

Sample Size: 279 children

Age Range: 0-10 years

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Educational Material (caregiver), Assessment (caregiver), PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, PARENT_FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide)

Intervention Description: To evaluate formative evaluation, a pedagogic method that sensitizes mothers to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), as a new way to improve prevention of SIDS.

Intervention Results: At follow-up, 91.9% and 86.8% of the mothers reported practicing supine sleep position in the intervention and control group respectively (p=0.16; OR=1.7, 95% CI: 0.7-4.0).

Conclusion: Formative evaluation using an educative questionnaire could improve maternal awareness on SIDS risk factors and their compliance with recommendations about SIDS prevention.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Maternity department of the Rennes University Hospital

Population of Focus: Mothers hospitalized during the immediate postpartum period between Jun 19 and Aug 28, 2005 who were not hospitalized for abnormal or high-risk pregnancies and did not have newborns hospitalized in neonatology

Data Source: Mother report

Sample Size: Baseline (n=320) Follow-up (n=292)  Intervention (n=148)  Control (n=144)

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Home Visit (caregiver), Training (Parent/Family), , PARENT_FAMILY, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER

Intervention Description: This evaluation examined the rates of safe infant sleep practices and associated factors among 1985 participants enrolled in Florida Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting (FL MIECHV) programs during 2017-2019.

Intervention Results: Most caregivers (70%) reported always placing their babies to sleep on their back, alone, and without soft bedding. Factors such as primary language, race, education, housing situation, and year the Safe Baby™ curriculum implemented were significantly associated with safe infant sleep practices.

Conclusion: Bearing this in mind, FL MIECHV can tailor safe sleep education, messaging, and strategies to support participants at highest risk. Recent adoption of the Safe Baby™ curriculum, and associated staff training, was an important factor influencing parents' infant sleep practices.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Training/Education, Educational Material (provider), Audit/Attestation (provider), PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), HOSPITAL, Quality Improvement, Crib Card

Intervention Description: This quality improvement project used an interprofessional, multimodal approach to improve sleep safety for hospitalized infants. The working group for this project included the Director of Quality Improvement for the Department of Pediatrics, a Pediatric Hospitalist, a Senior Advanced Practice Nurse in Pediatrics, Senior Associate Counsel for the Office of Counsel, and a medical student with a background in social work. The interdisciplinary group met to review and discuss improvements to communication and facilitated the development of five family interventions: a designated safe sleep web page, a clear bedside guide to safe sleep, additional training for nursing staff in motivational interviewing, a card audit system, and electronic health record smart phrases. A short survey was conducted to assess how the safe sleep toolkit has been useful to care providers in the Children’s Hospital. 

Intervention Results: With the initial pilot implementation of the K-cards, staff reported increased ease of audits. Adherence to recommended safer sleep measures was a major barrier in previous attempts to improve institutional sleep safety (1). By making adherence easier, providers may be more likely to both participate in quality improvement tracking measures and follow-up with families directly.

Conclusion: These coordinated interventions reflect advantages of an interprofessional and family-centered approach: building rapport and achieving improvements to infant sleep safety.

Setting: Golisano Children’s Hospital

Population of Focus: Hospital healthcare providers

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Home Visit (caregiver), Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, Educational Material, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, PATIENT_CONSUMER, YOUTH

Intervention Description: This article reports methods and results of Alabama's continuous quality improvement (CQI) project and lessons learned in developing CQI capabilities among state and local public health practitioners.

Intervention Results: On the basis of CQI interventions, Alabama reached its goal; 12 of 20 primary caregivers in 2 home visiting programs made quit attempts. Alabama utilized multiple CQI tools to reach an ambitious, behavior-based aim;

Conclusion: these same concepts could be broadly applied to quality improvement initiatives in any federal or state public health program to guide process- and outcomes-based improvement efforts.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PAYER, Expanded Insurance Coverage, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Public Insurance (Health Care Provider/Practice), Educational Material (Provider), PARENT_FAMILY, Training (Parent/Family), PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Outreach (caregiver), PATIENT_CONSUMER, Peer Counselor, Parent Mentors

Intervention Description: The aim of the Kids’ Health Insurance by Educating Lots of Parents (Kids’ HELP) study was to evaluate the effects of parent mentors – Latino parents with children covered by Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) – on insuring Latino children in a community-based trial of uninsured children from 2011-2015. Parent mentors were trained to assist families in getting insurance coverage, accessing health care, and addressing social determinants of health. The intervention group was assigned parent mentors – trained, fluently bilingual Latino parents who had at least one child insured by Medicaid or CHIP for at least one year. Parent mentors attended a two-day training and received training manuals in English and Spanish with 9 training topics and one on sharing experiences. Parents mentors provided 8 services to intervention children and families (e.g., teaching about types of insurance programs and application processes; helping parents complete and submit children’s insurance applications; acting as family advocates by liaising between families and Medicaid or CHIP agencies; and helping parents complete and submit applications for coverage renewal).

Intervention Results: The study found that parent mentors were more effective than traditional methods in insuring children (95% vs. 69%), achieving faster coverage and greater parental satisfaction, reducing unmet health care needs, providing children with primary care providers, and improving the quality of well-child and subspecialty care. Children in the parent-mentor group had higher quality of overall and specialty care, lower out-of-pocket spending, and higher rates of coverage two years after the end of the intervention (100% vs. 70%). Parent mentors are highly effective in insuring uninsured Latino children and eliminating disparities. Parent mentors, as a special category of community health workers, could be an excellent fit with and complement to current state community health worker models. This RCT documented that the Kids’ HELP intervention is significantly more efficacious than traditional Medicaid and CHIP methods of insuring Latino children. Kids’ HELP eliminates coverage disparities for Latino children, insures children more quickly and with greater parental satisfaction than among control parents, enhances health care access, reduces unmet needs, improves the quality of well-child and subspecialty care, reduces out-of-pocket spending and family financial burden, empowers parents, ad creates jobs.

Conclusion: Parent mentors are highly effective in insuring uninsured Latino children and eliminating disparities.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (Communities in Dallas County, Texas with the highest proportions of uninsured and low-income minority children)

Population of Focus: Uninsured children 0-18 years old whose primary caregiver identified them as Latino and uninsured and reported meeting Medicaid/CHIP eligibility criteria for the child

Data Source: Kids’ HELP trial data; questionnaires

Sample Size: 155 subjects (children and parents); 75 in the control group and 80 in the intervention group

Age Range: 0-18 years

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PAYER, Expanded Insurance Coverage, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Public Insurance (Health Care Provider/Practice), Educational Material (Provider), PARENT_FAMILY, Training (Parent/Family), PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Outreach (caregiver), PATIENT_CONSUMER, Peer Counselor, Parent Mentors

Intervention Description: This study examined the effects of parent mentors on insuring minority children in the Kids’ Health Insurance by Educating Lots of Parents (Kids’ HELP) program. Parent mentors were experienced parents with ≥1 Medicaid/CHIP-covered child who received 2 days of training, then assisted families for 1 year with insurance applications, retaining coverage, medical homes, and social needs; controls received traditional Medicaid/CHIP outreach. Parent mentors received monthly stipends for each family mentored. Parents mentors and intervention participants were matched by race/ethnicity and zip code, whenever possible. Latino families were matched with fluently bilingual Latino parent mentors. Session content for the 2-day training was based on training provided to community case managers in the research team’s previous successful RCT and addressed 9 topics (e.g., why health insurance is so important; being a successful parent mentor; parent mentor responsibilities; Medicaid and CHIP programs and the application process; the importance of medical homes).

Intervention Results: In the Kids’ HELP trial, the intervention was more effective than traditional outreach/enrollment in insuring uninsured minority children, resulting in 95% of children obtaining insurance vs. 68% of controls. The intervention also insured children faster, and was more effective in renewing coverage, improving access to medical and dental care, reducing out-of-pocket costs, achieving parental satisfaction and quality of care, and sustaining insurance after intervention cessation. This is the first RCT to evaluate the effectiveness of parent mentors in insuring uninsured children. Kids’ HELP could possibly save $12.1 to $14.1 billion. Parent mentors were more effective in improving access to primary, dental, and specialty care; reducing unmet needs, achieving parental satisfaction with care, and sustaining long-term coverage. Parent mentors resulted in lower out-of-pocket costs for doctor and sick visits, higher well-child care quality ratings, and higher levels of parental satisfaction and respect from children’s physicians.

Conclusion: PMs are more effective than traditional Medicaid/CHIP methods in insuring uninsured minority children, improving health care access, and achieving parental satisfaction, but are inexpensive and highly cost-effective.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (Communities in Dallas County, Texas with the highest proportions of uninsured and low-income minority children)

Population of Focus: Primary caregiver had ≥1 child 0 to 18 years old who lacked health insurance but was Medicaid/CHIP eligible, and the primary caregiver self-identified the child as Latino/Hispanic or African-American

Data Source: Kids’ HELP trial data; questionnaires; national, state, and regional surveys

Sample Size: 237 participants; 114 in the control group and 123 in the intervention group

Age Range: 0-18 years

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PAYER, Expanded Insurance Coverage, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Public Insurance (Health Care Provider/Practice), PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Collaboration with Local Agencies (State), Educational Material (caregiver), STATE, Multicomponent Approach

Intervention Description: In New York, to maximize comprehensive insurance coverage for CYSHCN, a Service Integration Model was formed between the Office of Health Insurance Services and the Early Intervention Program. The 3 key components include educational messaging (jointly prepared messages about health insurance benefits and enrollment assistance offered by the Office of Health Insurance Services through the Early Intervention Program) + data from program databases (data matching with the Early Intervention Program) + individual counseling using program staff (incorporation of the Office of Health Insurance Services program staff—child benefit advisors—to work directly with parents of children in the Early Intervention Program to facilitate enrollment and renewal. The model overcomes enrollment barriers by using consumer friendly enrollment materials and one-on-one assistance, and shows the benefits of a comprehensive and collaborative approach to assisting families with enrollment into public health insurance.

Intervention Results: Since 2008, more than 5,000 children in the Early Intervention Program have been successfully enrolled and coverage renewed in Medicaid through the Service Integration Model. In 2008, the study team found that children in the Early Intervention Program had a 34% churning rate for Medicaid because of enrollment barriers and misconception of the Early Intervention Program as a replacement for Medicaid. By 2010, the churning rate for clients assisted through Office of Health Insurance Services was reduced from 34% to 8%. The Office of Health Insurance Services will modify the Service Integration Model to respond to New York State’s implementation of the Health Insurance Exchange required by the 2010 ACA. Partnerships across government programs and agencies offer opportunities to enroll hard-to-reach populations into public health insurance. The model reflects how government programs can work together to improve rates of enrollment and retention in public health insurance. The key elements of integration of program messages, data matching, and staff involvement allow for the model to be tailored to the specific needs of other government programs.

Conclusion: The model overcomes enrollment barriers by using consumer-friendly enrollment materials and one-on-one assistance, and shows the benefits of a comprehensive and collaborative approach to assisting families with enrollment into public health insurance.

Study Design: Program evaluation

Setting: Community (New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene's Office of Health Insurance Services and the Early Intervention Program)

Population of Focus: Uninsured and underinsured young children with special health care needs in New York City participating in the Early Intervention Program

Data Source: Evaluation data

Sample Size: 6,500 children in early intervention with a Medicaid number

Age Range: 0-3 years

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Collaboration with Local Agencies (State), Referrals, Education/Training (caregiver), STATE, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, PATIENT_CONSUMER

Intervention Description: We aimed to identify and describe the contextual factors that influence implementation of PNCC.

Intervention Results: Our findings support the need to study the implementation of perinatal public and community health interventions and consider “health in all policies.” Several changes would maximize PNCC's impact on maternal health: increased collaboration among policy stakeholders would reduce barriers; increased reimbursement would enable PNCC providers to better meet the complex needs of clients; and expansions in postpartum Medicaid coverage would extend the PNCC eligibility period.

Conclusion: Nurses who provide PNCC have unique insights that should be leveraged to inform maternal–child health policy.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT_CONSUMER, Home Visits, Other Education, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver)

Intervention Description: Illinois develped an innovative model in which programs utilizing evidence-based home-visiting models incorporate community doulas who focus on childbirth education, breastfeeding, pregnancy health, and newborn care. They serve as specialized home visitors, providing home-based education and support during the last half of pregnancy and for 6 weeks postpartum. The doula worked with the mother more intensively during pregnancy and the first weeks postpartum, while the home visitor became the primary provider by 6 weeks postpartum. The goal of this randomized controlled trial is to examine whether young, low-income families receiving doula-home visiting services, compared to families receiving lower-intensity case management services, have improved maternal and child health outcomes during the period between birth and 3 months of age.

Intervention Results: Intervention-group mothers were more likely to attend childbirth-preparation classes (50 vs. 10%, OR = 9.82, p < .01), but there were no differences on Caesarean delivery, birthweight, prematurity, or postpartum depression. Intervention-group mothers were less likely to use epidural/pain medication during labor (72 vs. 83%; OR = 0.49, p < .01) and more likely to initiate breastfeeding (81 vs. 74%; OR = 1.72, p < .05), although the breastfeeding impact was not sustained over time. Intervention-group mothers were more likely to put infants on their backs to sleep (70 vs. 61%; OR = 1.64, p < .05) and utilize car-seats at three weeks (97 vs. 93%; OR = 3.16, p < .05).

Conclusion: The doula-home-visiting intervention was associated with positive infant-care behaviors. Since few evidence-based home-visiting programs have shown health impacts in the postpartum months after birth, incorporating doula services may confer additional health benefits to families.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Doula-home visiting programs in high-poverty IL communities

Population of Focus: Women under 26 years of age, less than 34 weeks gestation, living in the program geographic catchment area

Sample Size: 312 young, pregannt woman across four communities

Age Range: Pregnant women under 26 years old

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PAYER, Expanded Insurance Coverage, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Public Insurance (Health Care Provider/Practice), PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Educational Material (caregiver), Patient Navigation (Assistance), Outreach (Provider), Enrollment Assistance

Intervention Description: Community Health Centers (CHCs) serving low-income populations are well-positioned to support patients navigating the complexities of the public health insurance application process and prevent lapses in coverage. Specialized staff, called enrollment assistants, can help to determine insurance eligibility and/or guide patients through application processes, including assistance with completing application forms, understanding requirements, and providing appropriate documentation.

Intervention Results: Enrollment assistants are valuable resources, and CHCs are effective at helping patients with public health insurance. The enrollment assistants helped families understand the process and avoid mistakes and delays while patients valued their advice and their pragmatic, hands-on application assistance.

Conclusion: Patients’ understanding of eligibility status, reapplication schedules, and how to apply, were major barriers to insurance enrollment. Clinic staff addressed these barriers by reminding patients when applications were due, assisting with applications as needed, and tracking submitted applications to ensure approval. Families trusted clinic staff with insurance enrollment support, and appreciated it. CHCs are effective at helping patients with public health insurance. Access to insurance expiration data, tools enabling enrollment activities, and compensation are needed to support enrollment services in CHCs.

Study Design: Observational cross-case comparison

Setting: Community (Community-health centers in Oregon)

Population of Focus: Practice members (e.g., managers, clinical and non-clinical staff, enrollment assistants) and families using community health centers

Data Source: Observations and interviews

Sample Size: 4 Community Health Centers (CHCs) in Oregon; 26 practice members; 18 adult family members who had at least one pediatric patient

Age Range: Parents and children; specific ages not stated

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Outreach (caregiver), Enabling Services, PATIENT_CONSUMER, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER

Intervention Description: To examine effects of maternity care coordination (MCC) on perinatal health care utilization among low-income women.

Intervention Results: Maternity care coordination recipients were more likely to receive first-trimester prenatal care (p < .01) and averaged three more prenatal visits and two additional primary care visits during pregnancy; they were also more likely to participate in WIC and to receive postpartum family planning services (p < .01). Medicaid expenditures were greater among mothers receiving MCC.

Conclusion: Maternity care coordination facilitates access to health care and supportive services among Medicaid-covered women. Increased maternal service utilization may increase expenditures in the short run; however, improved newborn health may reduce the need for costly neonatal care, and by implication the need for early intervention and other supports for at-risk children.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): HOSPITAL, Organizational Changes, Hospital Laborist, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Consensus Guideline Implementation

Intervention Description: Cesarean delivery is a key performance metric with maternal health implications and significant financial impact. Our hypothesis is that the initiation of a full-time dedicated laborist staff decreases cesarean delivery.

Intervention Results: The cesarean delivery rate for no laborist care was 39.2%, for community physician laborist care was 38.7%, and for full-time laborists was 33.2%. With adjustment via logistic regression, full-time laborist presence was associated with a significant reduction in cesarean delivery when contrasted with no laborist (odds ratio, 0.73; 95% confidence interval, 0.64-0.83; P < .0001) or community laborist care (odds ratio, 0.77; 95% confidence interval, 0.67-0.87; P < .001). The community laborist model was not associated with an effect upon cesarean delivery.

Conclusion: A dedicated full-time laborist staff model is associated with lower rates of cesarean delivery. These findings may be used as part of a strategy to reduce cesarean delivery, lower maternal morbidity and mortality, and decrease health care costs.

Study Design: Retrospective cohort

Setting: 1 tertiary hospital in Nevada

Population of Focus: Nulliparous women who gave birth between October 2006 and October 2011

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Total (n=6,206) Intervention (n=2,654) Modified intervention (n=1,722) Control (n=1,830)

Age Range: Not Specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PAYER, Expanded Insurance Coverage, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Public Insurance (Health Care Provider/Practice), Provider Training/Education, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner, CLASSROOM_SCHOOL, Teacher/Staff Training, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Outreach (caregiver), Outreach (School Staff)

Intervention Description: Healthy and Ready to Learn is a targeted, school-based CHIP and Medicaid outreach initiative for identifying and enrolling eligible and uninsured children entering kindergarten in North Carolina’s highest need counties. School nurses and administrative staff attend regional trainings on how to use a required health assessment form, submitted at school entry, to identify uninsured children who could be eligible but are not enrolled in public insurance. Continuous community-based outreach (e.g., attending community events, providing outreach materials in various languages, contacting local organizations and leaders to help inform families about CHIP and Medicaid) is also utilized.

Intervention Results: With increased enrollment rates and well-child exam rates, findings demonstrate the potential benefits of using schools as a point of intervention in enrolling young children in public health insurance and as a source of trusted information for parents from low-income backgrounds. The initiative increased enrollment rates by 12.2% points and increased well-child exam rates by 8.6% points in the regression discontinuity design models, but not differences-in-differences, and did not significantly increase well-child visits. Findings demonstrate the potential benefits of using schools as a point of intervention in enrolling young children in public health insurance and as a source of trusted information for low-income parents.

Conclusion: Findings demonstrate the potential benefits of using schools as a point of intervention in enrolling young children in public health insurance and as a source of trusted information for low-income parents.

Study Design: Quasi-experimental difference-in-difference and regression discontinuity

Setting: Schools (Elementary schools in North Carolina)

Population of Focus: Uninsured kindergarten-aged children in high economic need counties in North Carolina

Data Source: Medicaid and CHIP administrative data, focus groups, key informant interviews

Sample Size: 300 children; 16 counties were selected as intervention sites that included 278 elementary schools in 22 districts; in the second year, expanded to 32 counties

Age Range: 4-6 years

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Home Visit (caregiver), Collaboration with Local Agencies (Health Care Provider/Practice), Continuity of Care (Caseload), HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER

Intervention Description: This report describes priority populations for home visiting programs, the capacity of programs to enroll more families, common sources of referrals to home visiting, and sources from which programs want to receive more referrals.

Intervention Results: Programs prioritized enrollment of pregnant women; parents with mental health, substance abuse or intimate partner violence concerns; teen parents; and children with developmental delays or child welfare involvement. Most respondents reported capacity to enroll more families in their programs. Few reported receiving any referrals from pediatric providers, child welfare, early care and education, or TANF/other social services. Most desired more referrals, especially from healthcare providers, WIC, and TANF/other social services.

Conclusion: Given that most programs have the capacity to serve more families, this study provides insights regarding providers with whom home visiting programs might strengthen their referral systems.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Referrals, Provider Training/Education, Outreach (caregiver), PATIENT_CONSUMER, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE

Intervention Description: This invited article is one of several comprising part of a special issue of Child Abuse and Neglect focused on child trafficking and health. The purpose of each invited article is to describe a specific program serving trafficked children.

Intervention Results: Serving 62 youth during its first year, the medical home has begun to improve access to high-quality healthcare to a very vulnerable population.

Conclusion: Featuring these programs is intended to raise awareness of innovative counter-trafficking strategies emerging worldwide and facilitate collaboration on program development and outcomes research.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Telephone Support, Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, Educational Material (caregiver), PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, PATIENT_CONSUMER, YOUTH

Intervention Description: Using data from a dissemination study in collaboration with five 2-1-1 call centers in Ohio, Florida, Oklahoma, and Alabama (n = 2,345 households), this article examines key dimensions of scalability, including effectiveness by subpopulation, secondary outcomes, identification of core elements driving effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness.

Intervention Results: Creating a smoke-free home was associated with a new smoke-free vehicle rule (odds ratio [OR] = 3.38, confidence interval [CI 2.58, 4.42]), decreased exposure to secondhand smoke among nonsmokers (b = -2.33, p < .0001), and increased cessation among smokers (OR = 5.8, CI [3.81, 8.81]). Use of each program component was significantly associated with success in creating a smoke-free home. Using an intent-to-treat effect size of 40.1%, program benefits from 5 years of health care savings exceed program costs yielding a net savings of $9,633 for delivery to 100 households.

Conclusion: Cost effectiveness, subpopulation analyses, and identification of core elements can help in assessing the scalability potential of research-tested interventions such as this smoke-free homes program.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Provision of Safe Sleep Item, Educational Material (caregiver), HOSPITAL, Sleep Environment Modification

Intervention Description: This was a multicenter prospective study in which exposed/unexposed mothers answered questionnaires (by telephone and online) one month after giving birth. The exposed group consisted of mothers who had given birth in a maternity hospital of the ELENA perinatal network in which an embroidered sleeping bag with a safe-sleep message was used as a preventive action; the unexposed group of mothers gave birth in a maternity hospital of the RP2S network, without this specific preventive action. Devised by the perinatal network to promote and encourage back sleeping, the embroidered “I sleep on my back” (baby) sleeping bags are systematically used in postpartum recovery rooms.

Intervention Results: A total of 540 mothers participated in the study: 245 in the exposed group and 295 in the unexposed group. In the exposed group, 87.3% of infants slept exclusively on their back versus 75.9% in the unexposed group (P<0.001); 91% of the mothers reported having actually used the sleeping bag. Except for room-sharing, compliance with the other sleeping recommendations was higher in the exposed group.

Conclusion: Sleeping practices when infants were 1 month old were not optimal in our study population. A simple preventive initiative in maternity hospitals, using the embroidered "I sleep on my back" sleeping bags, is relevant and effective in improving compliance with the sleeping recommendations for infants at home.

Setting: Three maternity hospitals in the ELENA perinatal network in France

Population of Focus: Mothers of newborns

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Educational Material (caregiver), HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Provider Training/Education, Home Visit (caregiver), Audit/Attestation

Intervention Description: The Maternal Infant Health Outreach Worker (MIHOW) program is an early-childhood home visiting program that uses community health workers (CHWs) to improve health outcomes in underserved communities. To be a MIHOW home visitor, women must be from the target community, be of the same culture and/or language group of families served, have completed all MIHOW training, and use the MIHOW curriculum. This randomized clinical trial evaluated the impact of MIHOW’s use of CHWs on selected maternal/infant outcomes up to 15 months postpartum. All study participants received the minimal education intervention (MEI), which consisted of printed educational materials about health and child development, compared to the intervention group that also received MIHOW home visitation services. Data was collected during interviews conducted by trained data collectors who were fluent in Spanish, also spoke English, and were from the same community.

Intervention Results: Enrolled women (N = 132) were randomly assigned, with 110 women completing the study (MEI = 53; MIHOW = 57). Positive and statistically significant (p < .01) effects of MIHOW were observed on breastfeeding duration, safe sleep practices, stress levels, depressive symptoms, emotional support, referral follow through, parental confidence, and infant stimulation in the home.

Conclusion: Findings provided strong evidence of the effectiveness of MIHOW for improving health outcomes in this sample. Using trained CHWs makes programs such as MIHOW a viable option for providing services to immigrant and underserved families.

Population of Focus: Pregnant Hispanic women living in middle Tennessee

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Training/Education, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), HOSPITAL, Quality Improvement, Promotional Event, Audit/Attestation (Provider)

Intervention Description: Physicians from various units within the hospital system created and led multidisciplinary safe sleep teams. After attending a kickoff event to learn more about infant mortality and sleep related deaths, safe sleep champions from four teams were encouraged to work with their teams to tailor interventions, both specific to the needs of their areas and to address the global aim of county-wide sleep-related death reduction. The teams collaborated and produced a hospital-wide key driver diagram, highlighting the importance of screening, family education, staff education, and hospital reporting interventions. They were encouraged to complete as many Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles as necessary to improve safe sleep practices in both hospital and home settings.

Intervention Results: Our teams have significantly increased compliance with safe sleep practices in the inpatient and neonatal intensive care unit settings (P < 0.01). We have also increased screening and education on appropriate safe sleep behaviors by ED and primary care providers (P < 0.01). Our county's sleep-related death rate has not significantly decreased during the collaborative.

Conclusion: Our collaborative has increased American Academy of Pediatrics-recommended safe sleep practices in our institution, and we decreased sleep-related deaths in our primary care network. We have created stronger ties to our community partners working to decrease infant mortality rates. More efforts will be needed, both within and outside of our institution, to lower our community's sleep-related death rate.

Setting: Nationwide Children’s Hospital and delivery hospitals throughout Columbus Ohio

Population of Focus: Hospital healthcare providers

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Provider Training/Education, Audit/Attestation (provider), PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), HOSPITAL, Quality Improvement

Intervention Description: This study evaluates a quality improvement program to improve compliance with appropriate safe sleep practices in both children’s and birthing hospitals. Hospitalists from both settings were recruited to join the Ohio American Academy of Pediatrics’ EASE (Education and Sleep Environment) injury prevention collaborative to increase admitted infant safe sleep behaviors. The collaborative leadership team required hospitalist physician champions at each institution to form and lead multidisciplinary groups composed of other physicians and trainees, nursing leadership, hospital administrators, child life specialists, and other health care providers as deemed necessary. The leadership team educated participating hospital teams about safe sleep evidence-based guidelines, local statistics, quality improvement principles, and the use of Plan Do-Study-Act cycles within their institutions via interactive exercises. Multidisciplinary interventions in the areas of physician and/or nursing staff education, environmental management strategies, policy creation/revisions, and parental support and education were among the interventioned encourages. The Ohio AAP chapter instructed teams to collect data by conducting random audits, using a standardized tool (available by request).

Intervention Results: A total of 37.0% of infants in children's hospitals were observed to follow the current American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations at baseline; compliance improved to 59.6% at the project's end (P < .01). Compliance at birthing centers was 59.3% and increased to 72.5% (P < .01) at the collaborative's conclusion.

Conclusion: This study demonstrates that a quality improvement program in different hospital settings can improve safe sleep practices. Infants in birthing centers were more commonly observed in appropriate sleep environments than infants in children's hospitals.

Setting: 3 Children's hospitals and 6 birthing hospitals in Ohio

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Education/Training (caregiver), Training (Parent/Family), PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, PARENT_FAMILY

Intervention Description: A few behavior analytic studies have examined behavioral skills training to teach adults to arrange safe infant sleeping environments. These studies were conducted in an analogue environment, and no data were collected outside the training setting. The purpose of the current study was to replicate and extend the extant literature.

Intervention Results: As in previous studies, behavioral skills training resulted in positive outcomes, and follow-up data suggested that the technology-based contingency management procedure may be a promising approach to promoting adherence with infant sleeping environment recommendations.

Conclusion: The researchers provided a 4-week long education and counseling service to mothers in the experimental group via direct phone calls and text messages. It was determined that the tele-education given to mothers about breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic increased breastfeeding success and perceived breastfeeding self-efficacy.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Provider Training/Education, Residents/Medical Students, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver)

Intervention Description: This study consisted of two experiments: 1) Medical students were taught safe sleep practices using behavioral skills training (BST) with an emphasis on sleep positioning (supine), surface, and items in the crib). The training included instruction, modeling, rehearsal, and feedback. 2) Using a pyramidal BST, medical students were trained to teach others safe sleep practices.

Intervention Results: Results indicated high procedural integrity scores following training and generalization of skills.

Conclusion: Pyramidal BST participants were provided with a training manual that included a written protocol of the training procedures, a checklist of the training components, data sheets, a safe infant sleep brochure, and a list of common questions about safe infant sleep with corresponding answers. Responses were examined pre- and post-training using a multiple-baseline design.

Setting: Urban university

Population of Focus: Medical students

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Provider Training/Education, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Provision of Safe Sleep Item, HOSPITAL, Quality Improvement, Sleep Environment Modification, Policy/Guideline (Hospital), Audit/Attestation

Intervention Description: The hospital’s safe sleep task force (SSTF) implemented targeted interventions using the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) policy statement as the gold standard and based on hospital data/crib audits to address areas of greatest nonadherence to recommendations. The SSTF created a standalone Infant Safe Sleep Policy for all infants admitted to the hospital; provided education on safe sleep to health care providers; created a patient education video for parents of all hospitalized infants; increased its Halo sleep sack allotment; and revised the room set-up to encourage adherence to AAP’s safe sleep guidelines. A safe sleep audit tool was used by clinical assistant or nurse (per hospitalized sleeping session) to assess adherence to safe sleep guidelines. The overall aim of the initiative was to increase the average weekly adherence to the AAP-recommended safe sleep practices for hospitalized infants to ≥95% over 12 months.

Intervention Results: There was a significant improvement in overall adherence to safe sleep recommendations from baseline (M = 70.8%, SD 21.6) to end of study period (M = 94.7%, SD 10.0) [t(427) = -15.1, P ≤ 0.001]. Crib audits with 100% adherence increased from a baseline (M = 0%, SD 0) to the end of the study period M = 70.4%, SD = 46) [t(381)= -21.4, P ≤ 0.001]. This resulted in two trend shifts on the p-chart using Institute for Healthcare Improvement control chart rules.

Conclusion: Targeted interventions using QI methodology led to significant increases in adherence to safe sleep guidelines. Notable improvements in behavior indicated significant changes in safe sleep culture. We also noted continued adherence in follow-up audits reflecting sustainability.

Setting: Tertiary children's hospital

Population of Focus: Hospital healthcare providers

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Home Visits, Home Visit (caregiver), PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, PATIENT_CONSUMER

Intervention Description: The Team for Infants Exposed to Substance abuse (TIES) Program provides a holistic, multi-disciplinary, community-based model to address the complex needs of families with young children affected by maternal substance use.

Intervention Results: A multi-year implementation study of the model yielded results that indicate the effectiveness of this home-based family support intervention. The model focuses on reducing maternal alcohol and other drug use, increasing positive parenting, promoting child and maternal health, and improving family income and family housing. A key component of the model is establishing a mutual, trusting relationship between the home visiting specialists and the family. Foundational to the TIES model is a family-centered, culturally competent, trauma-informed approach that includes formal interagency community partnerships

Conclusion: This article describes elements of the model that lead to high retention and completion rates and family goal attainment for this unique population.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Provider Training/Education, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), HOSPITAL, Quality Improvement, Crib card, Audit/Attestation

Intervention Description: A multidisciplinary team developed a quality improvement initiative to create a hospital-based safe sleep environment for all newborns and infants prior to discharge. The safe sleep initiative included two key elements: (1) parent education about safe infant sleep that included verifying their understanding of safe sleep, and (2) modeling of safe infant sleep environment by hospital staff. To monitor compliance, documentation of parent education, caregiver surveys, and hospital crib check audits were tracked monthly. A visual safe sleep “crib ticket”—a checklist of safe sleep guidelines-- was placed at the bedside of newborns who were ready for supine positioning. Investigators used Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles to evaluate the impact of the initiative from October 2015 through February 2018.

Intervention Results: Safe sleep education was documented for all randomly checked records (n = 440). A survey (n = 348) revealed that almost all caregivers (95.4%) reported receiving information on safe infant sleep. Initial compliance with all criteria in WBN (n = 281), NICU (n = 285), and general pediatric inpatient units (n = 121) was 0%, 0%, and 8.3%, respectively. At 29 months, WBN and NICU compliance with all criteria was 90% and 100%, respectively. At 7 months, general pediatric inpatient units' compliance with all criteria was 20%.

Conclusion: WBN, NICU and general pediatric inpatient unit collaboration with content experts led to unit-specific strategies that improved safe sleep practices.

Setting: Well-baby nursery (WBN) and NICU in an academic, quaternary care, regional referral center

Population of Focus: Hospital staff

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PAYER, Expanded Insurance Coverage, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Collaboration with Local Agencies (State), PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Outreach (caregiver), PATIENT_CONSUMER, Referrals, STATE, Mini Grants, Public Insurance (State)

Intervention Description: Small grants to community-based organizations have been shown to be effective in garnering the involvement of the local community in health promotion efforts. The Georgia Utilization Mini-grant Program leveraged modest funding and resources to promote community involvement to improve enrollment and utilization of Medicaid and CHIP services for children. It demonstrates how a state Medicaid agency can step outside its usual administrative role to play an important part in supporting local outreach and marketing efforts to promote Medicaid/CHIP enrollment and utilization.

Intervention Results: Funded community-based organizations improved utilization of children’s health services by developing innovative staffing patterns, creating new data systems for scheduling appointments and maintaining records, and forging new collaborative relationships to leverage financial support. Responses suggest that the program improved levels of enrollment, appointment-setting and referrals for social and other services. Common facilitators and barriers to success and ways to address them were also identified.

Conclusion: Elaboration on each of the facilitators of success led to the development of several recommendations as guidance for future outreach funding programs such as: staffing, data systems, collaboration and how to address incentives and barriers.

Study Design: Participatory approach

Setting: Community (Community-based organizations)

Population of Focus: Children enrolled in Medicaid and PeachCare

Data Source: Questionnaires, telephone interviews, one-on-one counseling, application assistance, home visits

Sample Size: 6 organizations

Age Range: Children; specific ages not stated

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Home Visit (caregiver), Enabling Services, Outreach (Provider), PATIENT_CONSUMER, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER

Intervention Description: The purpose of this study was to describe how each practice operationalized clinical–community linkage strategies that best suited their setting and to determine if efforts resulted in improved MIHP participation and other service use.

Intervention Results: When compared with similar women from the rest of the state, the Federally Qualified Health Center observed a 9.1 absolute percentage points (APP; 95% confidence interval [CI], 8.1–10.1) increase in MIHP participation and 12.5 APP (95% CI, 10.4–14.6) increase in early first trimester enrollment. The obstetrics and gynecology residency practice experienced increases of 4.4 APP (95% CI, 3.3–5.6) in overall MIHP participation and 12.5 APP (95% CI, 10.3–14.7) in first trimester enrollment. Significant improvements in adequate prenatal care, emergency department use, and postpartum visit completion were also observed.

Conclusion: Clinical–community linkages can significantly improve participation of Medicaid-insured women in an evidence-based home visiting program and other prenatal services. This work is important because health providers are looking for ways to create clinical–community linkages.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PAYER, Expanded Insurance Coverage, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Collaboration with Local Agencies (State), Public Insurance (Health Care Provider/Practice), PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Outreach (caregiver), STATE, Data Collection System

Intervention Description: Florida Covering Kids & Families (FL-CKF) is dedicated to developing outreach methods for enrolling and retaining eligible children in the state’s CHIP. FL-CKP developed a strong data system that allows it to evaluate the effectiveness and success of statewide enrollment and retention efforts. Community and school outreach partners enter data each month on all completed CHIP applications via a secure interface, and data are then transmitted to the state. The data system is an outreach method for enrolling and retaining coverage; it can also monitor outcomes and provide feedback to community outreach partners. Organizations helping uninsured children apply for health insurance may benefit from creating data collection systems to monitor project efficacy and modify outreach and enrollment strategies for greater effectiveness.

Intervention Results: The highest number of application submissions were through outreach at a child’s school or childcare facility, through a community-based organization, or through targeted outreach events. However, even though those strategies resulted in the largest number of application, approval and denial rates show which of these strategies (through a CHIPRA grant partner site or government agency) yielded the highest enrollments. This information can be further stratified by individual project partner to show which strategies are working best in that region. The improved data collection system of Cycle II enables FL-CKF to better monitor the efforts of project partners by tracking monthly progress toward grant deliverable goals.

Conclusion: Organizations helping uninsured children apply for health insurance may benefit from creating data collection systems to monitor project efficacy and modify outreach and enrollment strategies for greater effectiveness.

Study Design: Evaluation assessment

Setting: Community (Community-based organizations and schools in Florida)

Population of Focus: Eligible children in Florida's CHIP

Data Source: Checkbox Survey Solutions data system

Sample Size: 502,866 children in Florida who are uninsured

Age Range: 0-17 years

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Assessment (Provider), Provider Training/Education, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Crib Card, HOSPITAL, Quality Improvement, Policy/Guideline (Hospital)

Intervention Description: This was a pre/post quality improvement study conducted at a single quaternary care medical center from 2015 to 2019. Infants <12 months were observed in their sleeping environment pre- and post-implementation of multiple hospital-wide interventions to improve the sleep safety of hospitalized infants. Following baseline data collection, a multidisciplinary team reviewed the hospital’s infant sleep practices and developed and implemented a care bundle that included the following: A new safe sleep hospital policy; online-learning modules for all hospital staff who interact with infants; educational updates to physicians; an educational handout for volunteers; infant safe sleep education in the nursing admission and/or discharge education for infants; infant safe sleep education in the electronic health record; and various forms of education for families/caregivers in English and Spanish. The primary outcome measure was adherence to the ABCs of safe sleep (Alone in the sleep environment, on their Back on a firm sleep surface, and in an empty Crib).

Intervention Results: Only 1.3% of 221 infants observed preintervention met all ABCs of safe sleep; 10.6% of 237 infants met the ABCs of safe sleep postintervention. Significant improvements in the post-intervention cohort included sleeping in a crib (94% versus 80% preintervention; P < 0.001), avoidance of co-sleeping (3% versus 15% preintervention; P < 0.001), absence of supplies in the crib (58% versus 15% preintervention; P < 0.001), and presence of an empty crib (13% versus 2% preintervention; P < 0.001).

Conclusion: Most infants hospitalized at our institution do not sleep in a safe environment. However, the implementation of a care bundle led to improvements in the sleep environment in the hospital. Further research is necessary to continue improving in-hospital safe sleep and to assess whether these practices impact the home sleep environment.

Setting: A single quaternary care medical center

Population of Focus: Hospital healthcare providers

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Provider Training/Education, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Provision of Safe Sleep Item

Intervention Description: The Georgia state department of public health trained facilitators at 28 sites across the state to facilitate a group safe sleep education and crib distribution program. The program consisted of a one-time educational session (approximately 30-45 minutes) using a PowerPoint presentation that included talking points for the session facilitator. At the end of the education session, participants received a portable crib—which also served as a cue to action—and instructions for and demonstration of crib set-up and take-down. A prospective, matched pre- and post-test cohort design with follow-up was used to evaluate changes in self-reported knowledge, intentions, and practices.

Intervention Results: The final sample included 615 matched pre- and post-test surveys, and 66 matched follow-up surveys. The proportion of correct responses on all knowledge and intended practice items increased significantly from pre- to post-test. When asked where their babies would have slept if they had not received the portable crib, 66.1% of participants planned to use a recommended sleep location (e.g., crib or bassinet). At post-test, 62.3% planned to change something about their infant's sleep based on what they learned. At follow-up, knowledge was maintained for all but two items and practices and for half of practice items. The results suggest that participating in the education program was associated with increased knowledge and intended adherence, but that these changes were not maintained at follow-up.

Conclusion: These results are in line with the research literature that finds a difference in intentions and actual practices after the baby is born.

Setting: Multiple facilities in Georgia

Population of Focus: Expectant and new parents demonstrating financial need

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Provider Training/Education, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Training/Education (caregiver) , Audit/Attestation, Audit/Attestation (Provider)

Intervention Description: Pediatricians were recruited to participate in a a virtual quality improvement learning collaborative (QILC) that promoted screening for safe sleep practices in the home and counseling families on the ABCs of safe sleep during visits. Monthly hour-long learning collaborative webinars allowed practices to view their progress, share current plan-do-study-act cycles, review safe sleep best practices, and learn about quality improvement topics. Participants collected data on safe sleep documentation in a newborn discharge or well-child visit note, which was submitted at baseline and in subsequent phases.

Intervention Results: Thirty-four pediatricians from 4 inpatient and 9 outpatient practices participated in the QILC. At baseline, documentation of safe sleep practices varied greatly (0%-98%). However, by the end of the QILC, all participating practices were documenting safe sleep guidance in over 75% of patient encounters. Aggregate practice data show a significant, sustained improvement. The 12-month follow-up data were submitted from 62% of practices, with sustainment of improvement in 75% of practices.

Conclusion: A facilitated, virtual QILC is an effective methodology to improve safe sleep counseling among a diverse group of pediatric practices. It is one step in improving consistent messaging around safe sleep by healthcare providers as pediatricians work to decrease sleep-related infant deaths.

Setting: Online community of practice

Population of Focus: Inpatient and outpatient pediatricians

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Educational Material (caregiver), Provision of Safe Sleep Item, HOSPITAL, Quality Improvement, Crib Card, Policy/Guideline (Hospital), HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Educational Material (Provider), Nurse/Nurse Practitioner, Audit/Attestation, Audit/Attestation (Provider)

Intervention Description: This hospital quality improvement initiative performed a series of Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles designed to increase the proportion of infants placed in a “perfect sleep” environment that met all of the American Academy of Pediatrics’ infant safe sleep guidelines. The initiative took place while the hospital was preparing for Baby Friendly certification, with increased emphasis on rooming in and skin to skin at the same time. Initial cycles targeted nurse and parental education, while later cycles focused on providing sleep sacks/wearable blankets for the infants. The goal was to achieve 70% “perfect sleep” compliance among infants cared for in the hospital.

Intervention Results: While we did not meet our goal, the percentage of infants with 'perfect sleep' increased from a baseline of 41.9% to 67.3%, and we also saw improvement in each of the individual components that contribute to this composite measure. Improvements were sustained over 12 months later, suggesting that QI interventions targeting infant safe sleep in this inpatient setting can have long-lasting results.

Conclusion: This project also suggests that infant safe sleep QI initiatives and preparation towards Baby Friendly Hospital Certification can be complementary.

Population of Focus: Hospital healthcare providers

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Continuing Education of Hospital Providers, Education/Training (caregiver), Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), PARENT_FAMILY, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, HOSPITAL

Intervention Description: The purpose of this study is to determine knowledge of perinatal nurses, nursing assistants, physicians, and ancillary personnel about safe sleep recommendations and implementation of safe sleep practices on the mother-baby unit.

Intervention Results: N = 144 surveys were completed; most participants (86%) were nurses. They had high levels of knowledge about safe sleep recommendations and 74% reported making at least one safe sleep adjustment during one shift per week. The most common modifications at least once per week were removing baby from a sleeping caregiver (30%) and removing items from baby's bassinet (26%). Safe sleep audit findings revealed 32 out of 120 couplets were not fully following safe sleep recommendations, with most common unsafe sleep practice metrics being items in the baby's bassinet (18%) and bassinets propped up (8%).

Conclusion: During the hospitalization for childbirth, new parents can learn about safe sleep practices from the perinatal health care team. Sharing information and role modeling safe sleep practices can promote continuation of safe sleep practices for the newborn at home after hospital discharge.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Home Visit (caregiver), Home Visits, Other Education, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, PATIENT_CONSUMER

Intervention Description: To describe paediatric postdischarge concerns manifesting in the first 96 hr after hospital discharge.

Intervention Results: Overall, nurses documented at least one concern in 56% (N = 367) of visits. Most commonly, they documented concerns about medication safety (15% or 91 visits). Specifically, in 11% (N = 58) of visits nurses were concerned that caregivers lacked a full understanding of medications and in 8% (N = 49) of visits families did not have prescribed discharge medications. Pain was documented as present in 9% of all visits (N = 56). Nurses completed referrals to other providers/services in 12% of visits (N = 78), most frequently to primary care providers. In 13% of visits (N = 85) nurses documented concerns considered beyond the immediate scope of the visit related to social needs such as housing and transportation.

Conclusion: Inpatient and community nurses and physicians should be prepared to reconcile and manage discharge medications, assess families’ medication administration practices and anticipate social needs after paediatric discharge.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Educational Material (caregiver)

Intervention Description: Experimenters and research assistants conducted behavioral skills training (BST) to teach study participants to arrange a safe sleep environment for infants. Participants were eligible for the training if they were expecting a child, had a child in the last year, or shared primary caregiver responsibilities for an infant. The researchers partnered with community-based agencies to recruit participants and deliver a single-session training that included instruction, modeling (using a mannequin and common infant items), rehearsal, and feedback. After an initial group training on the ABCs of safe sleep, which included written materials, a lecture, and a Q & A session, participants were assessed on their ability to replicate a safe sleep environment at baseline and then retested after they had received the BTS training.

Intervention Results: Following training, all participants demonstrated a substantial change in responding and returned favorable social validity ratings.

Conclusion: We discuss these outcomes in light of previous studies, limitations, and future directions.

Setting: Philadelphia community centers

Population of Focus: Pregnant women, mothers, and primary caregivers of infants

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Collaboration with Local Agencies (State), Home Visit (caregiver), Continuity of Care (Caseload), STATE, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE

Intervention Description: This study examined state-level supports and barriers for coordination of home visiting with other entities within the early childhood system of care.

Intervention Results: Forty-two (75%) of the MIECHV administrators participated in the survey. States and territories varied widely within and across the 5 domains of support for coordination. MIECHV leadership was an area of relative strength, whereas data systems and finance showed the most room for improvement. State leadership and shared goals were associated with stronger perceptions of state-level coordination.

Conclusion: The findings indicate opportunities for shared learning among states to enhance coordination infrastructure. Such efforts should include multiple stakeholder perspectives and consideration of local and organizational contexts. This work could be facilitated using the service coordination toolkit developed as part of this project.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Home Visit (caregiver), Outreach (Provider), HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER

Intervention Description: To assess the degree to which nurses in a national public health home visiting program collaborate with interprofessional providers to serve families experiencing adversity.

Intervention Results: Relational coordination scores, which are relative measures, ranged from 1 to 5; highest with supplemental nutrition for Women, Infants & Children (M = 3.77) and early intervention (M = 3.44); and lowest with housing (M = 2.55). The greatest sharing of resources was with supplemental nutrition (sum = 12.95) and mental health providers (sum = 11.81), and least with housing (sum = 7.26); with a range of 1–30 where higher scores indicated greater resource-sharing.

Conclusion: Home visiting nurses collaborate with interprofessional providers with variation in the degree of collaboration between agencies and by provider type within an agency. Collaboration was a function of two interrelated domains: interpersonal relationships supported by organizational and contextual factors at the systems-level.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Guideline Change and Implementation, HOSPITAL, POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS, NATIONAL, Policy/Guideline (National), PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Consensus Guideline Implementation, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Active Management of Labor

Intervention Description: To evaluate the rate of primary cesarean delivery after adopting labor management guidelines.

Intervention Results: Among women delivering after induction or augmentation, the cesarean delivery rate decreased from 35.5% to 24.5% (odds ratio [OR] 0.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.38-0.91). The overall cesarean delivery rate decreased from 26.9% to 18.8% (adjusted OR 0.59, CI 0.38-0.92). Composite maternal morbidity was reduced (adjusted OR 0.66, CI 0.46-0.94). The frequency of cesarean delivery documenting arrest of dilation at less than 6 cm decreased from 7.1% to 1.1% postguideline (n=182 and 176 preguideline and postguideline, respectively, P=.006) with no change in other indications.

Conclusion: Postguideline, the cesarean delivery rate among nulliparous women attempting vaginal delivery was substantially reduced in association with decreased frequency in the diagnosis of arrest of dilation at less than 6 cm.

Study Design: Retrospective cohort

Setting: 1 public university hospital in Pennsylvania

Population of Focus: Nulliparous women who gave birth between September 13, 2013 and February 28, 2014 and between May 1, 2014, to September 28, 2014

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Total (n=567) Pre-intervention (n=275) Post-intervention (n=292)

Age Range: Not Specified