Established Evidence Results

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Telephone Support, Parent Engagement, Patient Reminder/Invitation

Intervention Description: This study aims to test the acceptability and feasibility of SmokefreeMOM, a national smoking cessation text-messaging program for pregnant smokers.

Intervention Results: Results indicate that the SmokefreeMOM program was highly rated overall and rated more favorably than the control condition in its helpfulness at 3-month follow-up (P<.01) and in its frequency of messaging at both 1-month and 3-month follow-ups (P<.001, P<.01, respectively). Despite the presence of technical problems, the vast majority of intervention participants read all program messages, and few participants unsubscribed from the program. There were no significant differences between groups on the use of extra treatment resources or on smoking-related outcomes. However, at the 3-month follow-up, some outcomes favored the intervention group.

Conclusion: SmokefreeMOM is acceptable for pregnant smokers. It is recommended that SmokefreeMOM be further refined and evaluated.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Obstetrics-gynecology clinics

Population of Focus: Women who are currently pregnant, English proficient, with a mobile phone and unlimited text messaging, that are currently smoking or smoked in the past 2 weeks

Data Source: Surveys and saliva sample

Sample Size: 99 participants (55 in SmokefreeMOM intervention group and 44 in control group)

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Patient Reminder/Invitation, Educational Material, Telephone Support, Parent Engagement, Incentives

Intervention Description: The study aimed to demonstrate the feasibility and acceptability of Quit4baby for women currently enrolled in Text4baby, a perinatal health text messaging program.

Intervention Results: Most participants responded to the program favorably. Highly rated aspects included the content of the program, skills taught within the program, and encouragement and social support provided by the program. Participants reported that the program was helpful in quitting, that the program gave good ideas on quitting, and that they would recommend the program to a friend. Suggestions for improvement included increasing the message dose and making the quitpal more interactive.

Conclusion: This pilot test provides support for the feasibility and acceptability of Quit4baby. Future studies are needed to assess whether Quit4baby is effective for smoking cessation during pregnancy.

Study Design: Single group pre-post test evaluation pilot

Setting: Electronic phone application

Population of Focus: Women over 18 years of age who are currently pregnant, English proficient, that are currently smoking or smoked in the past 2 weeks

Data Source: Telephone surveys, retrospective computer records review of engagement with the technology

Sample Size: 20

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Patient Reminder/Invitation, Educational Material, Parent Engagement, Telephone Support

Intervention Description: The study tests whether an interactive and intensive text messaging program, Quit4baby, can promote smoking cessation for pregnant women already enrolled in a health text messaging program, Text4baby.

Intervention Results: Using an intention-to-treat analysis, 28.80% of the intervention group and 15.79% of the control group reported not smoking in the past 7 days at 1 month (p<0.01), and 35.20% of the intervention group and 22.67% of the control group reported not smoking in the past 7 days at 3 months (p<0.01). Biochemical verification of smoking status at 3 months indicated no significant differences between groups (15.60% in the intervention group and 10.93% in the control group [p=0.13]), although significant differences favoring the intervention were found for older smokers (p<0.05) and for those who enrolled in their second or third trimester of pregnancy (p<0.05). Self-report of late pregnancy 7- and 30-day point prevalence abstinence favored the intervention group (p<0.001, p<0.01). No significant differences were observed at the 6-month follow-up or in the postpartum period.

Conclusion: Results provide limited support of the efficacy of the Quit4baby text messaging program in the short term and late in pregnancy, but not in the postpartum period.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Electronic phone application

Population of Focus: Women over 14 years of age who are currently pregnant, English proficient, that are currently smoking or smoked in the past 2 weeks, who were signed up for Text4Baby message

Data Source: Surveys and saliva sample

Sample Size: 497

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, PARENT/FAMILY, Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, CLASSROOM, Adult-led Curricular Activities/Training, SCHOOL, Assembly, Reporting & Response System

Intervention Description: This study is an evaluation of a systemic, two-year, whole-school bullying intervention initiative that was implemented in a US public high school.

Intervention Results: Except for a reduction in victimization, all goals were achieved in some measure. Self-reported bullying decreased 50% or more. Students' reporting that peers intervened in bullying increased. Staff-reported reductions in student aggression, and staff's belief that the school's efforts to address bullying were adequate increased.

Conclusion: This evaluation points to the possible success of a whole-school, systemic approach to managing bullying at the high school level. (Contains 1 figure and 2 tables.)

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest

Setting: US

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Victimization: Pretest (n=874); Posttest (n=817) Perpetration: Pretest (n=870); Posttest (n=818)

Age Range: 14-18

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Assessment, Consultation (Parent/Family), Outreach (School Staff),

Intervention Description: The study examined the effectiveness of an ambulatory behavioral health urgent care pilot project, the Urgent Evaluation Service (UES), in reducing emergency department (ED) visits and improving collaborations with schools in the local community. The UES model involved same-day, ambulatory psychiatric evaluation and care coordination for school-aged children experiencing behavioral health crises.

Intervention Results: The UES model was effective in reducing preventable ED visits and meeting the mental health needs of students in crisis. The study found a decrease in the volume of school referrals to the ED during UES hours of operation, dropping from 80 to 45 pre- and post-pilot, a decrease of 44%. The admission rate of school referrals to the ED during the day shift increased from 4% in 2013 to 11% in 2014, suggesting an increase in the proportion of clinically appropriate ED referrals, with subacute referrals being diverted to the UES.

Conclusion: The study suggests that urgent psychiatric evaluation and care coordination may be an effective model for reducing preventable ED visits and meeting the mental health needs of students in crisis. The authors recommend further analysis of a more fully developed UES with attention to utilization, cost-effectiveness, and the experiences and outcomes for patients, families, and school personnel to justify the model.

Study Design: Observational

Setting: The study was conducted at a large urban hospital in Brooklyn, New York.

Population of Focus: The target audience for the study is mental health professionals, educators, and policymakers interested in improving access to mental health services for school-aged children.

Sample Size: The sample size for the study was 72 students referred to the Urgent Evaluation Service (UES) from January 1 to June 30, 2014.

Age Range: This article focuses on school-age children and adolescents who were referred for behavioral health evaluations and crisis management. This typically encompasses individuals between the ages of 5 to 18 years old.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Quality Improvement/Practice-Wide Intervention, Family-Based Interventions, Consultation (Parent/Family),

Intervention Description: During infancy, the American Academy of Pediatrics Bright Futures fourth edition health supervision guidelines recommend frequent well-child visits (WCVs) in which providers are expected to screen for and address maternal depression, intimate partner violence (IPV), and health-related social needs (HRSN). We spread an evidence-based approach that implements these recommendations (Developmental Understanding and Legal Collaboration for Everyone; DULCE) with 3 aims for 6-month-old infants and their families: 75% receive all WCVs on time, 95% are screened for 7 HRSNs, and 90% of families with concrete supports needs and 75% of families with maternal depression or IPV receive support. Between January 2017 and July 2018, five DULCE teams (including a community health worker, early childhood system representative, legal partner, clinic administrator, pediatric and behavioral health clinicians) from 3 communities in 2 states participated in a learning collaborative. Teams adapted DULCE using Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles, reported data, and shared learning monthly. Run charts were used to study measures. The main outcome was the percent of infants that received all WCVs on time.

Intervention Results: The percentage of families who completed all WCVs on time increased from 46% to 65%. More than 95% of families were screened for HRSNs, 70% had ≥1 positive screen, and 86% and 71% of those received resource information for concrete supports and maternal depression and IPV, respectively.

Conclusion: Quality improvement-supported DULCE expansion increased by 50% the proportion of infants receiving all WCVs on time and reliably identified and addressed families' HRSNs, via integration of existing resources.

Study Design: Program evaluation

Setting: Three communities from the Early Childhood Learning and Innovation Network for Communities recruited clinics serving predominantly Medicaid-insured patients

Population of Focus: Families with newborns up to 8 weeks of age

Sample Size: Five local DULCE site teams and 692 families with infants

Age Range: Families with infants 0-6 months

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Other Person-to-Person Education, Peer Counselor, Motivational Interviewing, Telephone Support, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Consultation (Parent/Family)

Intervention Description: The goals were to describe a smoking cessation intervention, the Tennessee Intervention for Pregnant Smokers program, and examine the impact on quit rates compared to usual care. Additionally we sought to examine reduction in smoking levels and number of quit attempts related to the intervention and finally to examine the impact of the intervention on birth outcomes.

Intervention Results: Over 28% of intervention group women quit smoking, compared to 9.8% in the control group. Two thirds of intervention group women significantly reduced smoking by delivery, with 40%+ attempting to quit at least once. Compared to controls, intervention group women saw significantly better birth outcomes, including newborns weighing 270g more and 50% less likely to have a neonatal intensive care unit admission. Among intervention group participants, those who quit smoking had significantly better birth outcomes than those who did not quit smoking.

Conclusion: Findings point to the potential for appropriately tailored pregnancy smoking interventions to produce substantial improvements in birth outcomes within populations with health disparities.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Prenatal care clinics

Population of Focus: Pregnant women smokers who receive Medicaid and prenatal care

Data Source: Self-report of smoking behavior, exhaled CO, urine cotinine

Sample Size: 1486

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Training (Parent/Family), Family-Based Interventions, Patient-Centered Medical Home,

Intervention Description: In collaboration with veteran parents’ focus groups, we created an experienced co-designed care bundle including IFDC mobile application, which together with staff training programme comprised the IFDC programme. Infant outcomes were compared with retrospective controls in a prepost intervention analysis.

Intervention Results: Infants in the IFDC group were discharged earlier: median corrected GA (36+0 (IQR 35+0–38+0) vs 37+1 (IQR 36+3–38+4) weeks; p=0.003), with shorter median LOS (41 (32–63) vs 55 (41–73) days; p=0.022)

Conclusion: This is the first reported study from a UK tertiary neonatal unit demonstrating significant benefits of family integrated care programme. The IFDC programme has significantly reduced LOS, resulted in the earlier achievement of full enteral and suck feeds

Study Design: Implemented the Integrated Family Delivered Care (IFDC) program to a subset of infants while also having a control group. Compared infant outcomes.

Setting: NICU - London

Population of Focus: Families of NICU patients - healthcare providers and professionals working in neonatal intensive care units, as well as parents of preterm infants who are receiving care in these units.

Sample Size: 89 families - 89 infants who were admitted to the neonatal units of the participating healthcare facility. However, for the purpose of the outcome analysis, infants were included if they were less than 34 weeks gestational age, admitted for at least 14 days, and received the entire period of care in the neonatal units. This resulted in a sample size of 37 infants .

Age Range: Parents of infants

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, PARENT/FAMILY, Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), CLASSROOM, Adult-led Curricular Activities/Training, Enforcement of School Rules, SCHOOL, Assembly, Reporting & Response System, Bullying Committee, Teacher/Staff Meeting, Teacher/Staff Training, School Rules, Identification and Monitoring of/Increased Supervision in Targeted Areas, POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS, COMMUNITY, Media Campaign (Print Materials, Radio, TV)

Intervention Description: To examine the effectiveness of a widely disseminated bullying prevention program.

Intervention Results: Regression analyses controlling for baseline prevalence and school characteristics showed no overall effect on student victimization. However, when stratified by ethnicity/race, reports of relational and physical victimization decreased by 28% (RR = .72, 95% CI: .53-.98) and 37% (RR = .63, 95% CI: .42-.97), respectively, among white students relative to those in comparison schools. No similar effect was found for students of other races/ethnicities; there were no differences by gender or by grade. Students in intervention schools were more likely to perceive other students as actively intervening in bullying incidents, and 6th graders were more likely to feel sorry and want to help victims.

Conclusion: The program had some mixed positive effects varying by gender, ethnicity/race, and grade but no overall effect. Schools implementing the program, especially with a heterogeneous student body, should monitor outcomes and pay particular attention to the impact of culture, race and family influences on student behavior. Future studies of large-scale bullying prevention programs in the community must be rigorously evaluated to ensure they are effective.

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group

Setting: US

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Intervention (n=4959) Relational Victimization: Pretest (n=4607); Posttest (n=4480) Physical Victimization: Pretest (n=4531); Posttest (n=4419) Control (n=1559) Relational Victimization: Pretest (n=1408); Posttest (n=1456) Physical Victimization: Pretest (n=1373); Posttest (n=1448)

Age Range: NR

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Parent Mentors, Training (Parent/Family), Education on Disease/Condition,

Intervention Description: NAMI Basics is a six-class manualized curriculum offered in English and Spanish. Classes occur weekly and are approximately 2.5 hours long. The curriculum covers the following content: an introduction to mental disorders and how they affect families, information about treatment of mental illness, communication skills, managing difficult child behaviors, crisis management, information about systems of care, and self-care and advocacy. NAMI-trained peer parents describe their own experiences parenting a child with mental health concerns to frame content and foster sharing of personal stories (see online supplement for more details). NAMI Basics peer parents are caregivers of a child who experienced mental health symptoms before age 13. NAMI relies on a referral process for identifying peer parents, and those who are trained to lead the course have typically taken a course previously. Training to become a peer parent takes approximately 15 hours. Training is led by NAMI state trainers, who have undergone this training previously, have experience observing and leading NAMI Basics classes, and have been recommended by their local affiliate. This study included 33 separate NAMI Basics courses across the five study sites. Nine of these courses occurred at affiliate 1, five at affiliate 2, six at affiliate 3, nine at affiliate 4, and four at affiliate 5. NAMI Basics courses were considered part of the study if at least one study participant attended any of the six classes. Classes were led by one or two peer parents; most were female (79%); half were Caucasian (50%), followed by Hispanic/Latinx (34%), and African American (16%). Fidelity was assessed by NAMI Basics–trained individuals who attended one randomly selected class for each study course and completed an adherence checklist indicating presence or absence of prescribed content (see online supplement). Class 3 was excluded from fidelity monitoring, because this session has a focus on sharing personal experiences. Fidelity to the intervention ranged from 79% to 100% (mean±SD=94.27±6.13).

Intervention Results: Compared with caregivers in the waitlist condition, NAMI Basics participants reported significant increases in parent engagement and activation, as well as intentions to engage with mental health services. NAMI Basics participants also reported significant decreases in their child’s intrapersonal and interpersonal distress, compared with those in the waitlist group. No significant differences were noted on measures of parenting stress, attitudes toward mental health services, or stigma.

Conclusion: NAMI Basics is a peer-parent support program that is readily available to support caregivers of children with mental health concerns, particularly those who experience barriers to service engagement. NAMI Basics significantly increased caregiver activation and engagement, as well as intentions to engage in services, and the children of participants showed decreases in some symptoms. Future research should examine the effects of NAMI Basics on outcomes over a longer duration and assess pathways that may result in child-level changes. Given well-documented barriers to mental health services engagement (1–3, 7–9), peer-parent support is an important resource to be leveraged.

Study Design: Randomized controlled trial

Setting: 5 NAMI affiliate locations in a southwestern U.S. state

Population of Focus: Caregivers of children under age 22 with mental health concerns

Sample Size: 111 caregivers

Age Range: Children were ages 3-22

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Counseling (Parent/Family), Patient Reminder/Invitation,

Intervention Description: Patient navigators reviewed the electronic medical records and immunization registry records of eligible postpartum women to determine whether they needed to initiate or complete the human papillomavirus vaccine series. Eligible women were counseled and offered the human papillomavirus vaccine during their hospital stay. Patient navigators scheduled follow-up injections in addition to the mother's postpartum or her infant's well-child visits, made reminder phone calls, and rescheduled missed appointments

Intervention Results: Both the initial and expanded programs achieved vaccine completion rates above 70%. The detailed results are provided in the excerpt

Conclusion: Human papillomavirus vaccination on the postpartum unit is an effective way to increase catchup rates and is well accepted by healthcare providers. High completion rates can be achieved if adequate support is provided, even among patients residing in rural or underserved areas who need extensive support to access primary healthcare services. Although this particular program may be considered costly, it is overall effective because the vaccine prevents 5 different types of cancer in women. The inclusion of human papillomavirus vaccination in routine postpartum care is a relatively easy way to reach many adults not vaccinated at a younger age and could help address low vaccination rates among young women in the United States, including hard-to-reach populations.

Study Design: The study utilized a quantitative and qualitative evaluation to examine the success and limitations of the program when expanded from 1 county to 36 counties.

Setting: The setting of the study is not explicitly mentioned in the provided excerpts.

Population of Focus: The target audience includes postpartum women aged ≤26 years who delivered an infant at the public hospital.

Sample Size: The initial program enrolled 2631 eligible postpartum women, and the expanded program enrolled 4330 eligible postpartum women.

Age Range: The study targeted women aged ≤26 years.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Education on Disease/Condition, Assessment, Consultation (Parent/Family),

Intervention Description: "The whole health care model embedded monitoring of overall health and wellness education within the center’s outpatient mental and substance use disorder treatment services, and it improved care coordination with primary care providers."

Intervention Results: "For the first two-and-a-half years of the program, Medicare expenditures decreased by $266 per month on average for each enrolled beneficiary in the intervention group relative to the comparison group (p,.01). Intervention clients had .02 fewer hospitalizations, .03 fewer emergency department (ED) visits, and .13 fewer office visits per month relative to the comparison group (p,.05 for all estimates)."

Conclusion: "Overall, the whole health model reduced Medicare expenditures, ED visits, and hospitalization rates. These results may be due in part to the availability of more comprehensive medical data and staff’s improved awareness of client’s overall health needs."

Study Design: The study design was a difference-in-differences model using fee-for-service Medicare administrative claims and enrollment data.

Setting: The setting for the study was a community mental health center.

Population of Focus: The target audience for the study would include healthcare providers, mental health professionals, policymakers, and researchers interested in integrated care models and their impact on service utilization and expenditures.

Sample Size: he sample size for the intervention group was N=846, and the matched comparison group was N=2,643.

Age Range: The age range of the participants was not explicitly mentioned in the provided excerpts.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Policy/Guideline (State), Social Supports, Counseling (Parent/Family), Housing Prescriptions

Intervention Description: supportive housing program called Housing Prescriptions as Health Care

Intervention Results: the Housing Prescriptions as Health Care intervention led to improvements in child health and parental mental health over a six-month period for medically complex families in Boston who had experienced homelessness and housing instability. Specifically, there were decreases in the share of children in fair or poor health and in average anxiety and depression scores among parents in the intervention group compared to the control group

Conclusion: a population-specific model integrating health, housing, legal, and social services, such as the Housing Prescriptions as Health Care intervention, can improve health-related outcomes at the household level for medically complex families experiencing homelessness and housing instability. The findings suggest that addressing housing instability through a multifaceted supportive housing intervention can positively impact the health of both children and parents in these families

Study Design: pilot randomized controlled trial.

Setting: Boston, Massachusetts

Sample Size: seventy-eight homeless or housing-unstable families defined as "medically complex"; Sixty-seven families completed a six-month follow-up assessment

Age Range: mean age of the index child in the study was 2.8 years

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, CLASSROOM, Enforcement of School Rules, SCHOOL, Bullying Committee, Assembly, Reporting & Response System, Teacher/Staff Meeting, Teacher/Staff Training, School Rules, Identification and Monitoring of/Increased Supervision in Targeted Areas, POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS, COMMUNITY, Media Campaign (Print Materials, Radio, TV)

Intervention Description: This intervention study examined the prevalence of bullying in an urban/suburban middle school and the impact of the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program (OBPP).

Intervention Results: Statistically significant findings were found for 7th grade female students who received 1 year of the OBPP on reports of prevalence of bullying (p = .022) and exclusion by peers (p = .009). In contrast, variability in statistical findings was obtained for 8th grade females and no statistical findings were found for males. Following 1 year of the OBPP, teachers reported statistically significant improvements in their capacity to identify bullying (p = .016), talk to students who bully (p = .024), and talk with students who are bullied (p = .051). Other substantial percentile changes were also noted.

Conclusion: Findings suggest a significant positive impact of the OBPP on 7th grade females and teachers. Other grade and gender findings were inconsistent with previous literature. Recommendations for further research are provided along with implications for school health prevention programming.

Study Design: QE: time-lagged age-equivalent control group

Setting: US

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Intervention (n=112); Control (n=158)

Age Range: NR

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Social Supports, Policy/Guideline (State), Counseling (Parent/Family),

Intervention Description: spotlights hardships and supportive factors for unhoused families led by single mothers who have successfully graduated from two transitional housing programs, one rural and one urban.

Intervention Results: Binary logistic regression results indicated education and social support as significant predictors of successful program completion. Qualitative findings further illustrate narratives surrounding supportive factors and program supports (i.e., assistance securing employment, education courses, sense of community), as well as policy implications.

Conclusion: Implications stress the need for enhancing supportive factors (i.e., education and social capital) in early prevention efforts (e.g., schools and community centers), as well as an intentional integration of addressing socio-emotional needs and resources within housing programs and services unique to rural and urban communities.

Study Design: mixed method study

Setting: Urban and Rural

Sample Size: entry and exit surveys (n = 241) as well as qualitative interviews (n = 11).

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Training (Parent/Family), Extra-Curricular Activities, PARENT_FAMILY, CLASSROOM_SCHOOL, Family-Based Interventions

Intervention Description: This was an 11-week, two group, randomized feasibility study. Participants were children and their parents at one OOSP on a rural American Indian reservation. Children, ages 6–9, were randomized to receive the Generations Health (GH) intervention or comparison condition. The GH group received daily activities focused on physical activity (PA), nutrition, sleep, and reducing TV/screen time, and frequently engaged parents. The comparison group received usual OOSP activities. To assess intervention feasibility, we measured recruitment and participation rates and program satisfaction. We assessed pre- to posttest changes in body composition, PA and sleep patterns, dietary intake and Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010) scores, TV/screen time, and nutrition knowledge. We report recruitment and participation rates as percentages and participants’ program satisfaction as means. Two-tailed paired t tests and 95% confidence intervals were used to detect changes in behavioral and health outcome variables.

Intervention Results: Forty-six children met age eligibility criteria; following screening, 52% (24/46) met the inclusion criteria and 96% (23/24) were randomized to the study. Overall, 91% of the children participated in the intervention and 100% participated in at least some of the posttest assessments. Parents reported high program satisfaction (mean rating of 4, on a 1–5 scale). Our outcome measure for child adiposity, zBMI, was reduced by 0.15 in the GH group, but increased by 0.13 in the comparison condition. Meaningful changes were evident for total kilocalories, HEI-2010 scores, PA, TV/screen time, and nutrition knowledge.

Conclusion: High recruitment, participation and program satisfaction and positive health and behavioral outcomes at 11 weeks provide encouraging indications of the feasibility and potential effectiveness of the intervention.

Study Design: Feasibility RCT

Setting: American Indian Reservation

Population of Focus: Rural students

Data Source: Activity monitors (PA levels), questionnaire (sedentary/screen activity)

Sample Size: 24 students

Age Range: Ages 6-9

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Telephone Support, Consultation (Parent/Family), Access to Provider through Hotline, PARENT_FAMILY, PATIENT_CONSUMER

Intervention Description: This study describes outcome evaluation results from a dissemination and implementation study of a research-tested program to increase smoke-free home rules through US 2-1-1 helplines.

Intervention Results: A total of 2345 households (335-605 per 2-1-1 center) were enrolled by 2-1-1 staff. Most participants were female (82%) and smokers (76%), and half were African American (54%). Overall, 40.1% (n = 940) reported creating a full household smoking ban. Among the nonsmoking adults reached at follow-up (n = 389), days of SHS exposure in the past week decreased from 4.9 (SD = 2.52) to 1.2 (SD = 2.20). Among the 1148 smokers reached for follow-up, 211 people quit, an absolute reduction in smoking of 18.4% (p < .0001), with no differences by gender. Among those reached for 2-month follow-up, the proportion who reported establishing a smoke-free home was comparable to or higher than smoke-free home rates in the prior controlled research studies.

Conclusion: Dissemination of this brief research-tested intervention via a national grants program with support from university staff to five 2-1-1 centers increased home smoking bans, decreased SHS exposure, and increased cessation rates. Although the program delivery capacity demonstrated by these competitively selected 2-1-1s may not generalize to the broader 2-1-1 network in the United States, or social service agencies outside of the United States, partnering with 2-1-1s may be a promising avenue for large-scale dissemination of this smoke-free homes program and other public health programs to low socioeconomic status populations in the United States.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, CLASSROOM, Adult-led Curricular Activities/Training

Intervention Description: The main goal of the current study was to analyze the spillover effects of the cyberbullying prevention program Media Heroes (Medienhelden) on traditional bullying.

Intervention Results: Media Heroes was found to reduce traditional bullying. Effects were larger for the long-version of the program than for the short 1-day version. No effects were found on victimization by either cyberbullying or traditional bullying.

Conclusion: Strategies to complement traditional and cyberbullying prevention efforts are discussed.

Study Design: Cluster RCT: pretest-posttest

Setting: Germany

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Total (n=1075) Analysis sample (n=722) Long-Intervention (n=12 classes); Short-Intervention (n=7 classes); Control (n=16 classes) Cyberbullying (n=709); Traditional Bullying (n=709); Cybervictimization (n=714); Traditional Victimization (n=718)

Age Range: 11/17/2022

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Training (Parent/Family), EMR Reminder, Technology-Based Support,

Intervention Description: The intervention described in the document aligns with a discernible strategy. The specific intervention involved a comprehensive educational in-service for the providers at the clinic, which included an overview of the significance of postpartum depression (PPD), the consequences associated with PPD among women and their children, instruction and directions regarding how to use the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) screening tool, and how to document PPD screening in the electronic health record (EHR) system . This intervention aligns with a strategy of education and training to improve providers' knowledge and skills in PPD screening and documentation. Additionally, the implementation of the EPDS dialog box with a flag in the EHR system was part of the intervention, which aimed to facilitate standardized screening and documentation practices . This aligns with a strategy of integrating technology and standardized tools into clinical practice to improve screening and documentation processes. The study described in the document does analyze a multicomponent intervention. The intervention included multiple components such as the educational in-service, development of the EPDS dialog box in the EHR system, and provider follow-up. The study involved pre- and post-education questionnaire results, electronic health record chart reviews, and data analysis to assess the impact of the multicomponent intervention on PPD screening practices.

Intervention Results: The study found that PPD screening documentation rates increased from 56% to 92.7% after the intervention, indicating a significant improvement in PPD screening rates. Of the 124 electronic health record (EHR) charts audited after the project intervention, 115 charts had documentation of EPDS screening, demonstrating a substantial increase in provider-documented screening rates with the implementation of the EPDS tool . The data analysis showed a significant improvement in PPD screening rates from 56% before the project to 92.7% after the project intervention . The project outcomes identified greatly improved provider self-reported knowledge of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) preventive PPD perinatal care services . These results indicate that the multicomponent intervention, including education, training, and the implementation of the EPDS tool in the EHR system, had a significant positive impact on PPD screening practices among providers in the community women's health care clinic.

Conclusion: PPD screening education for health care providers and the addition of EPDS criteria to the electronic health record were associated with increased screening rates for PPD at a community women’s health care clinic.

Study Design: The study design/type used in the project to improve postpartum depression (PPD) screening practices among providers in the community women's health care clinic is a quasi-experimental study. The study used a pre- and post-intervention design to evaluate the impact of the multicomponent intervention on PPD screening practices and providers' knowledge in the community women's health care clinic. The study involved pre- and post-education questionnaire results, electronic health record chart reviews, and data analysis to assess the impact of the intervention on PPD screening practices , . However, the study did not include a control group, which is a characteristic of a true experimental study design. Therefore, the study design/type used in this project is a quasi-experimental study.

Setting: The setting for the study was a local community women's health care clinic located in the southwestern United States. The clinic primarily served minority women of lower socioeconomic status, including Hispanic and African American women, and those who were uninsured. The clinic provided care for postpartum women and was the focus of the project to improve postpartum depression (PPD) screening practices among healthcare providers. The clinic also served as a teaching setting for obstetrician-gynecologists, family practice medical residents, medical students, and nurse practitioner students. The average birth rates per physician in the clinic ranged from 40 to 45 births per month

Population of Focus: The target audience for the study is healthcare providers, specifically obstetrician-gynecologists and advanced practice registered nurses, who provide care to postpartum women in a community women's health care clinic. The study aimed to improve the PPD screening practices among healthcare providers in the clinic by implementing a standardized screening tool and providing education and training on preventive PPD screening practices and documentation recommendations . The study's findings and recommendations are relevant to healthcare providers who care for postpartum women and can be applied in various healthcare settings to improve PPD screening practices and outcomes. Additionally, the study's findings may be of interest to healthcare administrators, policymakers, and researchers who are interested in improving maternal mental health outcomes and reducing the burden of PPD.

Sample Size: The project involved the audit of 125 electronic health record (EHR) charts to assess the pre-intervention PPD screening rates . Additionally, after the project intervention, data were collected from 124 EHR charts over a 3-month period to evaluate the impact of the intervention on PPD screening practices . Therefore, the sample size for the EHR chart audits was 125 before the intervention and 124 after the intervention.

Age Range: The age range of the study was not explicitly mentioned in the provided document. Therefore, I cannot provide specific information regarding the age range of the participants in this study. If you have access to the original document, I would recommend checking the full text for any additional details on the age range of the participants.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Policy/Guideline (National), Counseling (Parent/Family), Access,

Intervention Description: homeless health needs audit adapted to include questions about family health.

Intervention Results: The small population sample surveyed showed high levels of poor mental health in addition to behaviours that increase the risk of physical ill health (such as smoking) and a high use of secondary healthcare services. Engagement with practitioners showed awareness of poor health amongst this population group and challenges with regard to providing appropriate support.

Conclusion: There needs to be a sustainable and representative way of understanding the health needs of this population group including a comparison of the health needs of people placed in temporary accommodation in and out of their resident area.

Study Design: cross-sectional study

Setting: Bromley area in the UK

Population of Focus: public health professionals, policymakers, housing support services, health practitioners, community care providers

Sample Size: n=33

Age Range: 20-50 years of age

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), CLASSROOM, Adult-led Curricular Activities/Training, Peer-led Curricular Activities/Training, Training (Parent/Family), SCHOOL, Teacher/Staff Meeting, Teacher/Staff Training, School Rules

Intervention Description: The Cyber Friendly Schools (CFS) group-randomized controlled trial measured the longitudinal impact of a whole-school online cyberbullying prevention and intervention program, developed in partnership with young people.

Intervention Results: The program was associated with significantly greater declines in the odds of involvement in cyber-victimization and perpetration from pre- to the first post-test, but no other differences were evident between the study conditions. However, teachers implemented only one third of the program content.

Conclusion: More work is needed to build teacher capacity and self-efficacy to effectively implement cyberbullying programs. Whole-school cyberbullying interventions implemented in conjunction with other bullying prevention programs may reduce cyber-victimization more than traditional school-based bullying prevention programs alone.

Study Design: Cluster RCT: pretest-posttest

Setting: Australia

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Pretest (N=3382): Intervention (n=1878); Control (n=1504) Posttest 1 (N=2940): Intervention (n=1593); Control (n=1347) Posttest 2 (N=2874): Intervention (n=1582); Control (n=1292)

Age Range: 13-15

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner, CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, Assessment (caregiver), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Online Material/Education/Blogging, Motivational Interviewing, PARENT/FAMILY, Consultation (Parent/Family), Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide)

Intervention Description: A study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of two brief multi-strategic child health nurse delivered interventions in: decreasing the prevalence of infants exposed to SHS; decreasing the prevalence of smoking amongst parent/carers of infants and increasing the prevalence of household smoking bans.

Intervention Results: When compared to the Control group at 12 months, no significant differences in the prevalence of infant exposure to SHS were detected from baseline to follow-up for Treatment condition 1 or Treatment condition 2. Similarly, no significant differences were detected in the proportion of parent/care givers who reported that they were smokers, or in the proportion of households reported to have a complete smoking ban.

Conclusion: Further research is required to identify effective interventions that can be consistently provided by child health nurses if the potential of such settings to contribute to reductions in child SHS exposure is to be realised.

Study Design: Cluster randomized controlled trial

Setting: Community well-child health clinics

Population of Focus: s Infants exposed to second hand smoke

Data Source: Data was collected via computer during the visit, child health clinic records

Sample Size: 1424 parents of children aged 0 to 4 years attending well-child health checks

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Training (Parent/Family), CLASSROOM, Adult-led Curricular Activities/Training, SCHOOL, Teacher/Staff Training, Media Campaign (Print Materials, Public Address System, Social Media)

Intervention Description: This article presents results from an evaluation of the ConRed cyberbullying intervention program.

Intervention Results: Repeated measures MANOVA showed that cyber victims, cyber aggressors and cyberbully/victims reduced their involvement in cyberbullying. Moreover, cyber-victims and bystanders adjusted their perceptions about their control of personal information on the Internet, and cyber aggressors and bystanders reduced their Internet dependence.

Conclusion: The ConRed program had stronger effects on male participants, especially in heightening their affective empathy.

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group

Setting: Spain

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Total (N=875) Intervention (n=586); Control (n=289)

Age Range: 11/19/2022

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Training (Parent/Family), Farmers Markets

Intervention Description: The intervention combined behaviorally focused instruction and handouts with the introduction of a WIC-based farmers' market, field trips to an area farmers' market, telephone coaching and support before and after trips, and recipe demonstrations and tastings.

Intervention Results: At mid-intervention, objectively measured vegetable intake was higher among participants in the control group as compared with the intervention group; self-reported intake did not differ by group. Post-intervention, objectively measured and self-reported vegetable intake were higher among participants in the intervention group as compared with the control group. Receipt of the intervention was associated with a greater likelihood of FMNP voucher redemption. Voucher redemption rates were 87% in the intervention group and 28% in the control group (odds ratio = 17.39, 95% confidence interval [8.64, 35.02]).

Conclusion: Meaningful associations found between the intervention, vegetable intake, and FMNP voucher redemption suggest that the program is appropriate for efficacy testing.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Urban WIC agency sites

Population of Focus: English- or Spanish-speaking adults who were recipients of Farmers' Market Nutrition Program (FMNP) vouchers or caregivers of child voucher recipients.

Sample Size: 297

Age Range: n/a

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Home Visit (caregiver), Training (Parent/Family), , PARENT_FAMILY, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER

Intervention Description: This evaluation examined the rates of safe infant sleep practices and associated factors among 1985 participants enrolled in Florida Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting (FL MIECHV) programs during 2017-2019.

Intervention Results: Most caregivers (70%) reported always placing their babies to sleep on their back, alone, and without soft bedding. Factors such as primary language, race, education, housing situation, and year the Safe Baby™ curriculum implemented were significantly associated with safe infant sleep practices.

Conclusion: Bearing this in mind, FL MIECHV can tailor safe sleep education, messaging, and strategies to support participants at highest risk. Recent adoption of the Safe Baby™ curriculum, and associated staff training, was an important factor influencing parents' infant sleep practices.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Consultation (Parent/Family), , PARENT_FAMILY

Intervention Description: This study assessed to what extent an intervention increased delivery of cessation assistance to breast-feeding mothers who smoke.

Intervention Results: Current breast feeding was associated with a reduced likelihood of current smoking (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.38, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 0.25 to 0.57) and a greater likelihood of quitting smoking (aOR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.29 to 4.21) after controlling for known confounders. Mothers who concurrently smoked and breast-fed were more likely to be asked about smoking (66.7% vs. 28.6%, p = .01), advised to quit (61.1% vs. 21.4%, p < .01), prescribed nicotine replacement therapy (50.0% vs. 0%, p < .001), and enrolled into the quitline (27.8% vs. 0%, p < .01) at CEASE practices compared to control practices.

Conclusion: Breast-feeding mothers were less likely to be current smokers and more likely to have recently quit smoking. Among mothers who continue to smoke and breast feed, the CEASE intervention enhances delivery of smoking cessation assistance.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, CAREGIVER, Educational Material (caregiver), Assessment (caregiver)

Intervention Description: An information programme on measures to prevent passive smoking by children, designed for use during well-child visits, was tested

Intervention Results: There was no significant difference between the groups with respect to change in smoking behavior. None of the families had contacted the smoking cessation resources provided to the intervention group.

Conclusion: We found no significant differences between the groups with respect to change in smoking behaviour.

Study Design: Randomized, parallel group, clinical trial

Setting: Clinic based well-child intervention

Population of Focus: Families bringing their children to the participating health centers for 6-week, 2 or 4 year well-child visits

Data Source: Self-report by parents

Sample Size: 443 families initially, 80 families dropped out

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Quality Improvement/Practice-Wide Intervention, Social Network/Peer, Consultation (Parent/Family),

Intervention Description: Well-child care has suboptimal outcomes regarding adherence to appointments and recall of guidance, especially among families facing structural barriers to health. Group well-child care (GWCC) aims to improve these outcomes by enhancing anticipatory guidance discussions and peer education. We conducted a randomized controlled trial, comparing GWCC with traditional, individual well-child care (IWCC) and assessed health care utilization, immunization timeliness, recall of anticipatory guidance, and family-centered care. Ninety-seven mother-infant dyads were randomized to GWCC or IWCC.

Intervention Results: Compared with IWCC infants, GWCC infants attended more of the 6 preventive health visits (5.41 vs 4.87, P < .05) and received more timely immunization at 6 months and 1 year but did not differ in emergency or hospital admission rates. There were no differences in mothers' reports of anticipatory guidance received or family-centered care.

Conclusion: As primary care is redesigned for value-based care and structural vulnerabilities are considered, GWCC may be a key option to consider.

Study Design: Randomized controlled trial

Setting: Group well-child care at Yale University in New Haven, CT

Population of Focus: English-speaking mother-infant dyads whose babies were born in the Yale New Haven Hospital's well newborn nursery

Sample Size: 97 mother-infant dyads

Age Range: Infants birth to 12 months old and their mothers

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Planning for Transition, YOUTH, Peer-led Mentoring/Support Counseling, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner, PARENT/FAMILY, Counseling (Parent/Family)

Intervention Description: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of a transition clinic model on adolescent congenital heart disease (CHD) patients' health perception outcomes. The transition clinic model consists of multidisciplinary standardized interventions to educate and support CHD patients and represents a key element in the adequate delivery of care to these individuals during their transition from childhood to adulthood. Currently, empirical data regarding the impact of transition clinic models on the improvement of health perceptions in CHD adolescent patients are lacking. A quasi-experimental design was employed. Quality of life, satisfaction, health perceptions and knowledge were assessed at the time of enrolment (T0) and a year after enrolment (T1), respectively. During the follow-up period, the patients enrolled (aged 11-18 years) were involved in the CHD-specific transition clinic model (CHD-TC).

Intervention Results: A sample of 224 CHD adolescents was enrolled (60.7% boys; mean age: 14.84 ± 1.78 years). According to Warnes' classification, 22% of patients had simple heart defect, 56% showed moderate complexity and 22% demonstrated severe complexity. The overall results suggested a good impact of the CHD-TC on adolescents' outcomes, detailing in T1 the occurrence of a reduction of pain (P < 0.001) and anxiety (P < 0.001) and an improvement of knowledge (P < 0.001), life satisfaction (P < 0.001), perception of health status (P < 0.001) and quality of life (P < 0.001).

Conclusion: The CHD-TC seems to provide high-quality care to the patient by way of a multidisciplinary team. The results of the present study are encouraging and confirm the need to create multidisciplinary standardized interventions in order to educate and support the delivery of care for CHD adolescents and their families.

Study Design: Quasi- experimental, non-randomized, using a pre/ post-intervention approach

Setting: Clinic-based (Outpatient clinic of a facility for CHD)

Population of Focus: Adolescents with congenital heart disease (CHD)

Data Source: Self-report questionnaires and medical records

Sample Size: 224

Age Range: 11-18 years of age

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PAYER, Expanded Insurance Coverage, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Public Insurance (Health Care Provider/Practice), Educational Material (Provider), PARENT_FAMILY, Training (Parent/Family), PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Outreach (caregiver), PATIENT_CONSUMER, Peer Counselor, Parent Mentors

Intervention Description: The aim of the Kids’ Health Insurance by Educating Lots of Parents (Kids’ HELP) study was to evaluate the effects of parent mentors – Latino parents with children covered by Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) – on insuring Latino children in a community-based trial of uninsured children from 2011-2015. Parent mentors were trained to assist families in getting insurance coverage, accessing health care, and addressing social determinants of health. The intervention group was assigned parent mentors – trained, fluently bilingual Latino parents who had at least one child insured by Medicaid or CHIP for at least one year. Parent mentors attended a two-day training and received training manuals in English and Spanish with 9 training topics and one on sharing experiences. Parents mentors provided 8 services to intervention children and families (e.g., teaching about types of insurance programs and application processes; helping parents complete and submit children’s insurance applications; acting as family advocates by liaising between families and Medicaid or CHIP agencies; and helping parents complete and submit applications for coverage renewal).

Intervention Results: The study found that parent mentors were more effective than traditional methods in insuring children (95% vs. 69%), achieving faster coverage and greater parental satisfaction, reducing unmet health care needs, providing children with primary care providers, and improving the quality of well-child and subspecialty care. Children in the parent-mentor group had higher quality of overall and specialty care, lower out-of-pocket spending, and higher rates of coverage two years after the end of the intervention (100% vs. 70%). Parent mentors are highly effective in insuring uninsured Latino children and eliminating disparities. Parent mentors, as a special category of community health workers, could be an excellent fit with and complement to current state community health worker models. This RCT documented that the Kids’ HELP intervention is significantly more efficacious than traditional Medicaid and CHIP methods of insuring Latino children. Kids’ HELP eliminates coverage disparities for Latino children, insures children more quickly and with greater parental satisfaction than among control parents, enhances health care access, reduces unmet needs, improves the quality of well-child and subspecialty care, reduces out-of-pocket spending and family financial burden, empowers parents, ad creates jobs.

Conclusion: Parent mentors are highly effective in insuring uninsured Latino children and eliminating disparities.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (Communities in Dallas County, Texas with the highest proportions of uninsured and low-income minority children)

Population of Focus: Uninsured children 0-18 years old whose primary caregiver identified them as Latino and uninsured and reported meeting Medicaid/CHIP eligibility criteria for the child

Data Source: Kids’ HELP trial data; questionnaires

Sample Size: 155 subjects (children and parents); 75 in the control group and 80 in the intervention group

Age Range: 0-18 years

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Parent Mentors, Consultation (Parent/Family), Training (Parent/Family),

Intervention Description: The aim of the Kids’ Health Insurance by Educating Lots of Parents (Kids’ HELP) study was to evaluate the effects of parent mentors – Latino parents with children covered by Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) – on insuring Latino children in a community-based trial of uninsured children from 2011-2015. Parent mentors were trained to assist families in getting insurance coverage, accessing health care, and addressing social determinants of health. The intervention group was assigned parent mentors – trained, fluently bilingual Latino parents who had at least one child insured by Medicaid or CHIP for at least one year. The study team recruited parent mentors from a primary care clinic or a school and via referrals from other mentors. Mentor candidates were screened and interviewed to recruit people characterized by reliability, promptness, organizational skills, persistence, and motivation to help families with uninsured children. The team aimed to match ZIP codes of residence for mentors and participants to promote neighborhood relationships, social support, and economic investment. Mentors were paid $15/hour. Parent mentors attended a two-day training and received training manuals in English and Spanish with 9 training topics and one on sharing experiences. Parents mentors provided 8 services to intervention children and families (e.g., teaching about types of insurance programs and application processes; helping parents complete and submit children’s insurance applications; acting as family advocates by liaising between families and Medicaid or CHIP agencies; and helping parents complete and submit applications for coverage renewal).

Intervention Results: The study found that parent mentors were more effective than traditional methods in insuring children (95% vs. 69%), achieving faster coverage and greater parental satisfaction, reducing unmet health care needs, providing children with primary care providers, and improving the quality of well-child and subspecialty care. Children in the parent-mentor group had higher quality of overall and specialty care, lower out-of-pocket spending, and higher rates of coverage two years after the end of the intervention (100% vs. 70%). Parent mentors are highly effective in insuring uninsured Latino children and eliminating disparities. Parent mentors, as a special category of community health workers, could be an excellent fit with and complement to current state community health worker models. Kids’ HELP also would seem to be a promising intervention at the federal level, regardless of the outcome of federal debates about Medicaid, CHIP, and future directions and financing of these programs. More covered Latino children, better outcomes, reduced costs, higher care quality, improved parental satisfaction, and job creation would seem to constitute a potent combination of benefits for the nation. This RCT documented that the Kids’ HELP intervention is significantly more efficacious than traditional Medicaid and CHIP methods of insuring Latino children. Kids’ HELP eliminates coverage disparities for Latino children, insures children more quickly and with greater parental satisfaction than among control parents, enhances health care access, reduces unmet needs, improves the quality of wellchild and subspecialty care, reduces out-of-pocket spending and family financial burden, empowers parents, ad creates jobs. Kids’ HELP could be implemented as part of existing state community health worker models and federal Medicaid and CHIP outreach and enrollment grants.

Conclusion: A rigorous randomized controlled trial documented that the Kids’ HELP intervention is significantly more efficacious than traditional Medicaid and CHIP methods of insuring Latino children. Kids’ HELP eliminates coverage disparities for Latino children, insures children more quickly and with greater parental satisfaction than among control parents, enhances health care access, reduces unmet needs, improves the quality of well-child and subspecialty care, reduces out-of-pocket spending and family financial burden, empowers parents, and creates jobs. Kids’ HELP could be implemented as part of existing state community health worker models and federal Medicaid and CHIP outreach and enrollment grants.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (Communities in Dallas County, Texas with the highest proportions of uninsured and low-income minority children)

Population of Focus: Parents and Children

Sample Size: 155 subjects (children and parents); 75 in the control group and 80 in the intervention group)

Age Range: 0-18 years

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PAYER, Expanded Insurance Coverage, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Public Insurance (Health Care Provider/Practice), Educational Material (Provider), PARENT_FAMILY, Training (Parent/Family), PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Outreach (caregiver), PATIENT_CONSUMER, Peer Counselor, Parent Mentors

Intervention Description: This study examined the effects of parent mentors on insuring minority children in the Kids’ Health Insurance by Educating Lots of Parents (Kids’ HELP) program. Parent mentors were experienced parents with ≥1 Medicaid/CHIP-covered child who received 2 days of training, then assisted families for 1 year with insurance applications, retaining coverage, medical homes, and social needs; controls received traditional Medicaid/CHIP outreach. Parent mentors received monthly stipends for each family mentored. Parents mentors and intervention participants were matched by race/ethnicity and zip code, whenever possible. Latino families were matched with fluently bilingual Latino parent mentors. Session content for the 2-day training was based on training provided to community case managers in the research team’s previous successful RCT and addressed 9 topics (e.g., why health insurance is so important; being a successful parent mentor; parent mentor responsibilities; Medicaid and CHIP programs and the application process; the importance of medical homes).

Intervention Results: In the Kids’ HELP trial, the intervention was more effective than traditional outreach/enrollment in insuring uninsured minority children, resulting in 95% of children obtaining insurance vs. 68% of controls. The intervention also insured children faster, and was more effective in renewing coverage, improving access to medical and dental care, reducing out-of-pocket costs, achieving parental satisfaction and quality of care, and sustaining insurance after intervention cessation. This is the first RCT to evaluate the effectiveness of parent mentors in insuring uninsured children. Kids’ HELP could possibly save $12.1 to $14.1 billion. Parent mentors were more effective in improving access to primary, dental, and specialty care; reducing unmet needs, achieving parental satisfaction with care, and sustaining long-term coverage. Parent mentors resulted in lower out-of-pocket costs for doctor and sick visits, higher well-child care quality ratings, and higher levels of parental satisfaction and respect from children’s physicians.

Conclusion: PMs are more effective than traditional Medicaid/CHIP methods in insuring uninsured minority children, improving health care access, and achieving parental satisfaction, but are inexpensive and highly cost-effective.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (Communities in Dallas County, Texas with the highest proportions of uninsured and low-income minority children)

Population of Focus: Primary caregiver had ≥1 child 0 to 18 years old who lacked health insurance but was Medicaid/CHIP eligible, and the primary caregiver self-identified the child as Latino/Hispanic or African-American

Data Source: Kids’ HELP trial data; questionnaires; national, state, and regional surveys

Sample Size: 237 participants; 114 in the control group and 123 in the intervention group

Age Range: 0-18 years

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Motivational Interviewing, Counseling (Parent/Family),

Intervention Description: The intervention described in the provided PDF file was an individual educational information session with motivational interview (MI) techniques for immunization of infants. The session was delivered to mothers during their postpartum stay (24-48 hours after delivery) at the maternity ward by research nurses trained in MI theory and techniques. The MI intervention was oriented according to Prochaska’s stages of change, a model proposing that people go through several stages when wanting to change a behavior. Thus, each MI intervention was adapted to parents’ readiness to vaccinate their child. Using MI techniques, five points were discussed during this session: 1) summary of the six vaccine-preventable diseases at 2, 4, and 6 months of life; 2) vaccines administered at 2, 4, and 6 months and their effectiveness; 3) importance of the routine immunization schedule at 2, 4, and 6 months; 4) fears and side effects related to vaccination; and 5) organization of local vaccination services in the Eastern Townships ,[object Object],, ,[object Object],.

Intervention Results: The primary results of the study described in the provided PDF file indicated that the 20-minute intervention based on motivational interview (MI) techniques administered during postpartum appeared to be an encouraging tool to address suboptimal vaccination coverage during infancy. The study found that the intervention positively influenced the determinants of vaccination, leading to a global increase of 15% in mother’s vaccination intention. Additionally, the results were confirmed by a significant overall vaccination coverage increase for the 2-, 4-, and 6-month vaccinations. The study also aimed to evaluate the longer-term effects of the intervention on infant’s vaccination coverage at 13, 19, and 24 months of age, indicating a potential impact on vaccination coverage during the entire infancy period ,[object Object],, ,[object Object],.

Conclusion: An educational information session about immunization based on motivational interview techniques conducted during postpartum hospitalization could improve immunization during infancy.

Study Design: The study described in the provided PDF file utilized a quasi-experimental cohort design. It involved an individual educational information session with motivational interview techniques for immunization of infants, which was conducted for the experimental group, while

Setting: The setting is not explicitly stated in the given PDF file. However, it can be inferred that the study was conducted in the Eastern Townships region of Quebec, Canada, as the vaccination data were obtained from LOGIVAC, the immunization registry of the Eastern Townships region ,[object Object],. The study was conducted in the maternity ward of the CHUS (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke), which represents 95% of the total births in the region ,[object Object],.

Population of Focus: The target audience for the study described in the provided PDF file appears to be mothers who have given birth at the CHUS (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke) in the Eastern Townships region of Quebec, Canada. The study involved providing an individual educational information session with motivational interview techniques for immunization of infants during postpartum stay ,[object Object],, ,[object Object],. Additionally, the study population comprised the children of mothers who received the intervention (experimental group) and those who did not (control group) ,[object Object],.

Sample Size: The sample size for the study described in the provided PDF file was calculated to be 943 mothers per group, based on the need to identify a statistically significant improvement of 5% in the vaccine coverage of infants, with a power of 80% and a risk of alpha error of 0.05, taking into account a vaccine coverage of 80% and the 3000 annual births at the maternity ward of the CHUS ,[object Object],. However, it is not explicitly stated whether this sample size was achieved or not.

Age Range: The age range of the participants in the study described in the provided PDF file includes newborn infants up to 24 months of age. The study evaluated the impact of an educational information session on immunization during infancy, and the vaccination coverage was assessed at 3, 5, 7, 13, 19, and 24 months of age ,[object Object],, ,[object Object],.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Counseling (Parent/Family),

Intervention Description: The study implemented a motivational interviewing (MI)-based educational intervention, which addressed various aspects of vaccination, including vaccine-preventable diseases, the effectiveness of vaccines, the importance of the routine immunization schedule, and fears and side effects associated with vaccination. The intervention was developed according to the Quebec Immunization Protocol and utilized an MI-specified empathic communication style ,[object Object],, ,[object Object],.

Intervention Results: The study found that the MI-based educational intervention significantly increased the vaccine coverage (VC) of infants at 7 months old by 7%. In addition, the intervention increased the mothers' intention to vaccinate their child by 15%. The study concluded that MI may represent one of the most promising avenues of vaccination promotion strategies ,[object Object],.

Conclusion: An educational strategy using MI techniques delivered at the maternity ward may be effective in increasing VC of infants at ages 3, 5, and 7 months. MI could be an effective tool to overcome vaccine hesitancy.

Study Design: The study utilized a quasi-experimental cohort design with a static-group comparison, incorporating multiple post-test measurements ,[object Object],.

Setting: The study was conducted in the maternity ward of the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS) in the Eastern Townships region of Quebec, Canada ,[object Object],.

Population of Focus: The target audience for the study was mothers who had given birth at the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS) and their respective newborn infants in the Eastern Townships region of Quebec, Canada ,[object Object],.

Sample Size: The study aimed to recruit a total of 943 mothers per group, with a total of 3000 annual births at the maternity ward of the CHUS ,[object Object],. The experimental group included 1140 newborns, and the control group included 1249 newborns, with additional groups for primary refusals and secondary refusal or impossible intervention ,[object Object],.

Age Range: The study did not specify an age range for the mothers included in the research. However, it mentioned that eligible mothers were aged 18 or over ,[object Object],.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Access, Counseling (Parent/Family), Family-Based Interventions

Intervention Description: Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) and Child-Parent Psychotherapy (CPP)

Intervention Results: Both time-limitedPCITand time-limitedCPPweresuccessfully implementedwithsimilarlyhigh levelsof interventionfidelity(>90%)andsatisfactionbymothers(85%).Completionratesweresimilaracrossboth time-limitedPCIT(76.6%)andtime-limitedCPP(71.4%).Bothtime-limitedCPPandPCITresultedin decreasesinchildren’sposttraumaticstress,parentalstress,andincreasesinmaternalpositiveverbalizations.Onlytime-limitedPCITresultedinsignificant improvementsinexternalizingbehaviorproblemsin childrenandreductionsinmaternalnegativeverbalizations.

Conclusion: Time-limited adaptations of parent–child interaction therapy (PCIT) and child–parent psychotherapy (CPP) within a sample of children experiencing homelessness was acceptable, feasible, and holds significant promise for helping families within a homeless shelter environment and by extension, other transitional and/or shelter environments. A full randomized trial is warranted to determine which program may offer a more effective intervention.

Study Design: randomized controlled trial

Setting: Florida

Population of Focus: public health and mental health professionals

Sample Size: 144 children from 144 families

Age Range: 18 months to 5 yrs of age

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Assessment, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Educational Material (caregiver)

Intervention Description: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of systematic assessment of asthma-like symptoms and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure during regular preventive well-child visits between age 1 and 4 years by well-child professionals.

Intervention Results: No differences were found in asthma, wheezing and other measures between intervention and control group. Children whose parents received the intervention had a decreased risk of ETS at home ever at age 2 and 3 years, but not at age 6.

Conclusion: Systematic assessment and counselling of asthma-like symptoms and ETS exposure in early childhood by well-child care professionals using a brief assessment form was not effective in reducing the prevalence of physician-diagnosed asthma ever and wheezing, and did not improve FeNO, Rint or HRQOL at age 6 years. Our results hold some promise for interviewing parents and using information leaflets at well-child centres to reduce ETS exposure at home in preschool children.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Well-child care centers in Rotterdam

Population of Focus: Children born between April 2002 and January 2006 attending wellcare visits at 16 well-care centers. The centers were randomized into 8 intervention and 8 control centers

Data Source: Parent self-report

Sample Size: 7775 children

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): CAREGIVER, Provision of Safe Sleep Item, Education/Training (caregiver), Educational Material (caregiver), PARENT/FAMILY, Training (Parent/Family), NATIONAL, Campaign, Mass Media

Intervention Description: The objective of this study was to describe parental knowledge and practices regarding infant sleep position, bedsharing, pacifier use, and feeding practices before and after receipt of a free crib and safe sleep education.

Intervention Results: Ninety percent reported that the baby slept in a crib after the intervention, compared with 51 % postnatally (p < 0.01). BBB was successful in changing knowledge and practices in the majority of high-risk participants with regards to placing the infant supine in a crib for sleep.

Conclusion: Crib distribution and safe sleep education positively influence knowledge and practices about safe sleep.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Training (Parent/Family), Family-Based Interventions, Patient-Centered Medical Home,

Intervention Description: Created a Parent Participation Improvement Program. Then offered it to the study group while maintaining a control group

Intervention Results: A Mann-Whitney U test was performed to compare parents’ partnership scores between the intervention and control groups. The difference between the partnership scores of the two groups was significant (MannWhitney U = 99.50, p<.001).

Conclusion: The aim of this study was to develop the Parent Participation Improvement Program for parents in neonatal care and to evaluate its effects. This program was proven effective for increasing attachment and partnership in both mothers and fathers. The program, developed in accordance with King’s goal attainment theory, will serve as a useful reference in developing standardized guidelines for promoting parent participation in neonatal care, and it is expected to bridge the gap between theory and practice by applying family-centered care to the practical base of neonatal care.

Study Design: This study consisted of two phases. The first phase was developing the Parent Participation Improvement Program. The second phase, a parallel, 2-group randomized controlled trial with a prospective pretest-posttest experimental design, was conducted to evaluate the program’s effectiveness.

Setting: NICU South Korea - neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The Parent Participation Improvement Program was implemented in this NICU to promote parent participation in clinical activities and evaluate its effects on parents' partnerships with nurses, attachment to infants, and infants' body weight

Population of Focus: Parent dyads of Premature infants - parents of infants in neonatal intensive care units, healthcare professionals working in neonatal care, and researchers interested in family-centered care and parent participation in clinical activities.

Sample Size: 124 parents - The sample size for the study consisted of 66 premature infants and their 132 parents (66 mothers and 66 fathers) . The infants were randomly assigned to either the intervention group or the control group, with 62 infants and their 124 parents included in the final analysis . The sample size was calculated to ensure the study had sufficient power to detect the estimated effect size .

Age Range: parents of infants - the parents showed that their mean age was 34.6 years in the intervention group and 34.97 years in the control group . The infants included in the study were premature, with a mean gestational age of 28.42 weeks in the intervention group and 29.75 weeks in the control group .

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Community-Based Group Education, Group Education, Telephone Support, Educational Material, CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Educational Material (caregiver), PARENT/FAMILY, Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide)

Intervention Description: The objective of this trial was to test if parents’ participation in an intervention based on an empowerment ideology and participatory experiences decreased the number of cigarettes smoked in homes.

Intervention Results: The median number of cigarettes smoked in the home daily decreased from 18 to 4 in the total sample (both groups about equally), however no statistically significant difference was detected between groups at 6 months follow-up.

Conclusion: Participation in the study, independent of group, may have resulted in parents decreasing the number of cigarettes smoked in the home. Valuable lessons were learned about recruiting and working with this group of parents, all of whom faced the challenges of tobacco and almost half of whom lived in poverty

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (home)

Population of Focus: Families connected with public health nursing offices, family resource centers, daycare centers, and kindergartens in Prince Edward Island, with at least one cigarette smoked daily in the home, children up to 5 years of age residing there, and one parent (smoker or not) willing to participate

Data Source: Data were collected in two intervieweradministered questionnaires competed in participants’ homes at baseline and 6-months follow-up.

Sample Size: 60 families

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Planning for Transition, Pediatric to Adult Transfer Assistance, PROVIDER/PRACTICE, EMR Reminder, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide)

Intervention Description: An EMR-based transition planning tool (TPT) was introduced into the Pediatric CHD Clinic. Two nurses used the TPT with eligible patients. Independent of the intervention, two medicine-pediatric CHD physicians and one nurse practitioner were added to the ACHD Clinic to address growing capacity needs.

Intervention Results: Control patients waited 26 ± 19.2 months after their last pediatric clinic visit for their first adult visit. Intervention patients waited 13 ± 8.3 months (P = .019). Control and Intervention patients experienced a lapse in care greater than two (50% vs 13%, P = .017) and three (30% vs 0%, P = .011) years, respectively. The difference between the recommended number of months for follow-up and the first adult appointment (15.1 ± 17.3 Control and 4.4 ± 6.1 Intervention months) was significant (P = .025). NYHAFS deteriorated between the last Pediatric visit and the first ACHD visit for seven (23%) Control patients and no Intervention patients (P = .042). Four of seven Control patients whose NYHAFS declined had a lapse of care of more than two years.

Conclusion: There is a need for improved HCT planning for patients with moderate to severe CHD, otherwise, lapses of care and adverse outcomes can ensue.

Study Design: Prospective study

Setting: Clinic-based (Children’s hospital pediatric cardiology clinic)

Population of Focus: Adolescent patients with moderate to severe congenital heart disease (CHD)

Data Source: Electronic medical records; New York Heart Association Functional Assessment of Heart Failure instrument

Sample Size: 25 intervention, 30 control

Age Range: Intervention 16- 25 years, control 18 years or older

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, Training (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Home Visit (caregiver), Education/Training (caregiver), Motivational Interviewing/Counseling

Intervention Description: This study tested the efficacy of coaching to reduce environmental tobacco smoke ETS exposure among asthmatic Latino children.

Intervention Results: Intervention parents reported their children exposed to significantly fewer cigarettes than control parents by 4 months (post-coaching). Reported prevalence of exposed children decreased to 52% for intervention families but only 69% for controls. By month 4, cotinine levels decreased from 54% to 40% among intervention and increased from 43% to 49% among control children. However, cotinine levels decreased among controls to same level achieved by intervention families by the 13-month follow-up.

Conclusion: Asthma management education plus coaching can reduce ETS exposure more than expected from education alone, and decreases in the coached condition may be sustained for about a year. The delayed decrease in cotinine among controls is discussed.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (home)

Population of Focus: Latino or Hispanic families with an asthmatic child who lived in a home with a smoker and was exposed to at least 6 cigarettes in the past week

Data Source: Reported ETS exposure, children’s urine cotinine, air nicotine monitors, and parent’s saliva cotinine were measured

Sample Size: 204 Latino children ages 3-17 years with asthma

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Training (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Motivational Interviewing/Counseling

Intervention Description: To test the efficacy of behavioural counselling for smoking mothers in reducing young children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.

Intervention Results: Mothers’ reports of children’s exposure to their smoke in the home declined in the counseled group from 27.30 cigarettes/week at baseline to 3.66 at 12 months and in the controls from 24.56 to 8.38; the differences were significant. Most of the change in exposure was during the first three months. Children’s cotinine levels in both groups increased from baseline to three months but then declined slightly in the counselled group whereas it continued to climb in the control group; the same pattern occurred in the mothers.

Conclusion: Counselling was effective in reducing children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Similar counselling in medical and social services might protect millions of children from environmental tobacco smoke in their homes.

Study Design: Randomized double blind controlled trial

Setting: Low income homes in San Diego county, California

Population of Focus: English and Spanish speaking mothers who smoked at least two cigarettes a day and exposed their child aged under 4 years to the smoke from at least one cigarette a day

Data Source: Mothers’ self-report and child urine cotinine measure. Mothers’ saliva was collected at each interview; those who reported stopping smoking were tested and cessation confirmed by cotinine concentration. One week before the three month interview nicotine monitors were placed in the homes of a randomly selected half of the families.

Sample Size: 108 mothers smoking at least 2 CPD with children under 4 years, using a supplemental nutrition program

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, Training (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Home Visit (caregiver), Education/Training (caregiver), Educational Material (caregiver), Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Pharmacotherapy (Nicotine), Home Visits, Educational Material, Motivational Interviewing, Peer Counselor, Telephone Support

Intervention Description: We tested a combined intervention to reduce children's secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) and help parents quit smoking.

Intervention Results: Parents’ reports of their smoking and children’s exposure showed moderate and significant correlation with children’s urine cotinine levels and home air nicotine. 13 intervention group mothers and 4 controls reported quitting smoking for 7 days prior to 1 or more study measurements without biochemical contradiction. Results of generalized estimating equations showed significantly greater decrease in reported SHSe and mothers’ smoking in the counseled group compared with controls. Reported indoor smoking and children’s urine cotinine decreased, yet group differences for changes were not significant.

Conclusion: Nicotine contamination of the home and resulting thirdhand exposure may have contributed to the failure to obtain a differential decrease in cotinine concentration. Partial exposure to counseling due to dropouts and lack of full participation from all family members and measurement reactivity in both conditions may have constrained intervention effects. Secondhand smoke exposure counseling may have been less powerful when combined with smoking cessation.

Study Design: Two-group, repeated measures RCT

Setting: Community (home)

Population of Focus: WIC clients in San Diego, California

Data Source: 3 weekly baseline child urine cotinine measures collected before trial randomization then reported and urine cotinine measures at 3 (midintervention), 6 (post-intervention), 12, and 18 months

Sample Size: 150 families

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner, YOUTH, Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, PARENT/FAMILY, Training (Parent/Family), Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Educational Material (caregiver), Home Visit (caregiver)

Intervention Description: A 2-year randomized, controlled trial involving 95 children measured the impact of a comprehensive home and ambulatory program for pediatric asthma management using objective outcome measures.

Intervention Results: There were no significant differences in medical visits, theophylline levels, or records of asthma symptomsOne year after discontinuing the intervention, a marked "washout" effect was observed.

Conclusion: Comprehensive ambulatory programs of childhood asthma management can improve objective measures of illness severity but must be sustained.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Homes and well-child clinics

Population of Focus: Patients admitted to the Izaak Walton Killam Children’s Hospital with a diagnosis of asthma in the preceding 5 years

Data Source: Medical personnel

Sample Size: 95 children

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, CLASSROOM, Adult-led Curricular Activities/Training, SCHOOL, Teacher/Staff Meeting

Intervention Description: This study assessed an intervention targeting bullying.

Intervention Results: Students reported bullying experiences on the Peer Relations Questionnaire and attitudes using the Attitude to Victim and Bully Scales, prior to the intervention and one year later. There was little difference between conditions on most measures.

Conclusion: Short-term educational approaches appear to have little impact on bullying behaviour, and schools may need to develop alternative approaches.

Study Design: Cluster RCT: pretest-posttest

Setting: Australia

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Pretest: Intervention (n=155); Control (n=289) Posttest: Intervention (n=111); Control (n=207) Analysis: Intervention (n=152); Control (n=248)

Age Range: 12/15/2022

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, Training (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Home Visit (caregiver), Motivational Interviewing/Counseling

Intervention Description: We tested the effectiveness of a program consisting of motivational interviewing (MI) and feedback of urine cotinine to stop passive smoking (PS) in children at risk for asthma.

Intervention Results: After 6 months, a significant group difference was observed for the unverified parental report of stopping PS in children: 27% of parents in the intervention group versus 7% in the control group. For the verified parental report, the difference was similar (23% versus 7%) but was not statistically significant.

Conclusion: Despite a limited sample size, the results suggest that the intervention program is probably an effective strategy to stop PS in children. A program longer than 6 months might be necessary for a longer lasting intervention effect.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Home-based (6 sessions)

Population of Focus: Families with children ages 0-13 with a high risk of asthma and passive smoking exposure

Data Source: Parental self-report, urine cotinine in children

Sample Size: 58 families

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Motivational Interviewing, Counseling (Parent/Family), Training (Parent/Family),

Intervention Description: Contraception and Alcohol Risk Reduction Internet Intervention (CARRII). CARRII is a fully automated, interactive, and tailored Internet intervention designed to reduce the risk of alcohol-exposed pregnancies. It included motivational interviewing techniques, open questioning, reflection, and goal setting. Participants completed online diaries that provided graphical feedback of their progress during each week of the intervention period. The intervention aimed to address risky drinking and contraception use, and it was based on the successful CHOICES paradigm for reducing alcohol-exposed pregnancy risk

Intervention Results: CARRII participants showed significant reductions in rate of unprotected sex from pretreatment (88.9%) to posttreatment (70.6%) (p < 0.04) and to 6-M follow-up (51.5%) (p = 0.001); rate of risky drinking from pretreatment (75.0%) to posttreatment (50.0%) (p < 0.02), but insignificant change from pretreatment to 6-M follow-up (57.6%) (p < 0.09); and rate of AEP risk from pretreatment (66.7%) to posttreatment (32.4%) (p = 0.001) and to 6-M follow-up (30.3%) (p = 0.005). PE participants demonstrated no significant changes on all 3 variables across all time points. Intent-to-treat group-by-time tests were not significant, but power was limited by missing diaries. Over 72% of CARRII participants completed all 6 Cores. Exploratory analyses suggest that higher program utilization is related to change.

Conclusion: These data show that CARRII was acceptable, feasible, promising to reduce AEP risk, and merits further testing in a fully powered RCT.

Study Design: pilot randomized clinical trial (RCT). The participants were randomly assigned to either the CARRII intervention group or the patient education (PE) control group

Setting: internet-based platform (CARRII)

Population of Focus: women who were at risk for alcohol-exposed pregnancies due to risky drinking and ineffective contraception use

Sample Size: 71 women

Age Range: 18-44

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), CAREGIVER, Educational Material (caregiver), Education/Training (caregiver), Home Visit (caregiver)

Intervention Description: To investigate whether parents of asthmatic children would stop smoking or alter their smoking habits to protect their children from environmental tobacco smoke.

Intervention Results: Salivary cotinine concentrations in children, and changes in reported smoking habits of the parents 1 year after the intervention. At the second visit, about 1 year after the baseline visit, a small decrease in salivary cotinine concentrations was found in both groups of children: the mean decrease in the intervention group (0.70 ng/ml) was slightly smaller than that of the control group (0.88 ng/ml), but the net difference of 0.19 ng/ml had a wide 95% confidence interval (−0.86 to 0.48). Overall, 98% of parents in both groups still smoked at follow up. However, there was a non-significant tendency for parents in the intervention group to report smoking more at follow up and to having a reduced desire to stop smoking.

Conclusion: A brief intervention to advise parents of asthmatic children about the risks from passive smoking was ineffective in reducing their children’s exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. The intervention may have made some parents less inclined to stop smoking. If a clinician believes that a child’s health is being affected by parental smoking, the parent’s smoking needs to be addressed as a separate issue from the child’s health.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (home)

Population of Focus: Families with an asthmatic child aged 2-12 years living with a parent who smoked

Data Source: Salivary cotinine concentrations in children, and parent self-report.

Sample Size: 501 families

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Referrals, Access to Provider through Hotline, Consultation (Parent/Family), PARENT_FAMILY, PATIENT_CONSUMER

Intervention Description: This study compared enrollment of parents who smoke in the quitline using electronic referral with that using manual referral.

Intervention Results: During the study period, in the eReferral group, 10.3% (24 of 233) of parents who smoked and were interested in quitting enrolled in the quitline, whereas only 2.0% (5 of 251) of them in the control group enrolled in the quitline-a difference of 8.3% (95% CI=4.0, 12.6). Parents aged ≥50 years enrolled in the quitline more frequently. Although more parents in the eReferral group connected to the quitline, among parents who had at least one quitline contact, there was no significant difference in the mean number of quitline contacts between eReferral and control groups (mean, 2.04 vs 2.40 calls; difference, 0.36 [95% CI=0.35, 1.06]).

Conclusion: Smoking parent eReferral from pediatric primary care may increase quitline enrollment and could be adopted by practices interested in increasing rates of parent treatment.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Assessment, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), CAREGIVER, Educational Material (caregiver), Counseling (Parent/Family)

Intervention Description: To investigate whether a biomarker screening approach for tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) conducted concurrently with lead screening at well-child visits would increase parental smoking cessation and implementation of home smoking restrictions.

Intervention Results: Eighty-four percent of eligible parents agreed to have their child tested for TSE along with lead testing. Measurable cotinine was identified in 93% of children. More parents in the intervention group received tobacco treatment than in the comparison group (74% vs. 0%) and more parents reported 7-day point-prevalent abstinence from smoking at 8 weeks (29% vs. 3%).

Conclusion: These data demonstrate the feasibility of adding cotinine measurement to routine well-child lead screening to document TSE in small children. Data suggest providing this information to parents increases engagement in tobacco treatment and prompts smoking cessation.

Study Design: Observational, quasiexperimental

Setting: Pediatric clinic in Minneapolis, Minnesota

Population of Focus: Parents who smoked and their children presenting for well-child visits

Data Source: Parental self-report and child cotinine level.

Sample Size: 80 parents

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Counseling (Parent/Family),

Intervention Description: It utilized data from the National Immunization Survey-Flu (NIS-Flu) to assess the prevalence of provider recommendations for influenza vaccination and its association with vaccination status among children aged 6 months to 17 years in the United States. The study aimed to identify factors associated with parental receipt of a provider recommendation and determine whether parental receipt of a provider recommendation is independently associated with influenza vaccination status among children. ,[object Object],

Intervention Results: The study found that approximately 70% of children 6 months–17 years had a parent report receipt of a provider recommendation for influenza vaccination for their child. Children for whom a parent reported receipt of a provider recommendation were approximately twice as likely to be vaccinated compared with children whose parent did not report receiving a provider recommendation, even after controlling for other demographic characteristics in the model. The study also identified groups of children for whom improvements in provider recommendations are needed, notably older children and children living below poverty. ,[object Object], ,[object Object], ,[object Object],

Conclusion: This study affirms the importance of provider recommendation for influenza vaccination among children. Ensuring that parents of all children receive a provider recommendation may improve vaccination coverage.

Study Design: The study utilized data from the National Immunization Survey-Flu (NIS-Flu) for the 2013-14 through 2015-16 influenza seasons. The NIS-Flu is an ongoing, national list-assisted random-digit-dialed dual frame landline and cellular telephone survey of households with children. The study design involved analyzing the data to assess parental receipt of a provider recommendation for influenza vaccination for their child and influenza vaccination coverage by receipt of a provider recommendation during the three seasons. The study aimed to quantify the proportion of children for whom a provider recommendation for influenza vaccination was received, identify factors associated with parental receipt of a provider recommendation, and determine whether parental receipt of a provider recommendation is independently associated with influenza vaccination status among children 6 months–17 years. ,[object Object],

Setting: The setting of the study is the United States, using data from the National Immunization Survey-Flu (NIS-Flu) for the 2013-14 through 2015-16 influenza seasons. The data was collected through a telephone survey of households with children. ,[object Object],

Population of Focus: The target audience for the study includes children aged 6 months to 17 years in the United States, as well as their parents or guardians who were surveyed as part of the National Immunization Survey-Flu (NIS-Flu). The study aims to understand the prevalence of provider recommendations for influenza vaccination and its association with vaccination status in this population. ,[object Object],

Sample Size: The sample size for the study includes children in the NIS-Flu who had at least one visit to a doctor or other health professional since July 1st during the influenza season of the interview and had information about whether a provider recommendation for influenza was received. The Council of American Survey and Research Organizations (CASRO) response rates ranged from 53.5%–64.8% for landline and 29.9%–38.8% for cellular telephones. The sample size varied by state and by season, with a total sample size of 13,387 children across the three seasons analyzed. ,[object Object],

Age Range: The age range of the children included in the study is 6 months to 17 years. The study encompasses a broad age range to assess the prevalence of provider recommendations for influenza vaccination and vaccination coverage across different age groups of children. ,[object Object],

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Consultation (Parent/Family),

Intervention Description: provider recommendation

Intervention Results: Approximately 70% of children had a parent report receiving a provider recommendation for influenza vaccination for their child. - The strongest association between receipt of provider recommendation and demographic characteristics was with child’s age, with younger children (6–23 months, 2–4 years, and 5–12 years) being more likely to have a provider recommendation than older children (13–17 years). - Children living in a household above poverty with household income >$75,000 were more likely to have a parent report receipt of a provider recommendation than children living below poverty. - Children with a provider recommendation were twice as likely to be vaccinated than those without. The study found that children for whom a parent reported receipt of a provider recommendation were approximately twice as likely to be vaccinated compared with children whose parent did not report receiving a provider recommendation 5. This indicates an increased uptake of influenza vaccination among children who received a provider recommendation.

Conclusion: The study highlights the strong relationship between a provider recommendation and influenza vaccination among children and identifies groups of children for whom improvements in provider recommendations are needed, notably older children and children living below poverty.

Study Design: The study was a cross-sectional survey.

Setting: The study was conducted in the United States.

Population of Focus: The target audience was parents or guardians of children aged 6 months to 17 years.

Sample Size: The sample size was 8,383 parents or guardians of children aged 6 months to 17 years.

Age Range: The age range of the children included in the study was 6 months to 17 years.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, PARENT/FAMILY, CAREGIVER, Educational Material (caregiver), Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, Consultation/Counseling (Parent/Family), Counseling (Parent/Family)

Intervention Description: To determine whether repeated infancy-onset lifestyle counselling alters parental smoking and children's exposure to tobacco smoke.

Intervention Results: Parents' smoking decreased during the study similarly in the intervention and control groups. Of the 8-y-old children, 46% had detectable serum cotinine concentration, suggesting exposure to tobacco smoke during the past few days. All children were non-smokers. Serum cotinine concentrations did not differ between the intervention and control children. Children's cotinine values were highest in the families where either father or both parents were smokers.

Conclusion: Participation in the atherosclerosis prevention trial slightly decreased smoking among the intervention and control parents. However, counselling led to no differences in parental smoking between the two groups, or in exposure of the intervention and control children to tobacco smoke. This study suggests that more detailed and targeted intervention is required to achieve a significant effect on children's tobacco smoke exposure.

Study Design: Randomized prospective intervention trial

Setting: Pediatric well-child visits

Population of Focus: Families presenting at a well-baby clinic with a child 5 months old.

Data Source: Cotinine measurements of mothers, fathers, and children; Reported smoking of parents during annual office visit to pediatrician (via questionnaires and interviews)

Sample Size: 1062 families (Intervention= 540; Control = 522)

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, Peer-led Mentoring/Support Counseling, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, CLASSROOM, Adult-led Curricular Activities/Training, SCHOOL, Reporting & Response System, Teacher/Staff Training, Media Campaign (Print Materials, Public Address System, Social Media)

Intervention Description: This study investigated the effectiveness of the KiVa Antibullying Program in two samples of students, one from Grades 1-3 (7-9 years old, N = 6,927) and the other from Grades 7-9 (13-15 years old, N = 16, 503).

Intervention Results: Multilevel regression analyses revealed that after 9 months of implementation, the intervention had beneficial effects in Grades 1-3 on self-reported victimization and bullying (odds ratios approximately equal to 1.5), with some differential effects by gender. In Grades 7-9, statistically significant positive results were obtained on 5 of 7 criterion variables, but results often depended on gender and sometimes age. The effects were largest for boys' peer reports: bullying, assisting the bully, and reinforcing the bully (Cohen's ds 0.11-0.19).

Conclusion: Overall, the findings from the present study and from a previous study for Grades 4-6 (Karna, Voeten, Little, Poskiparta, Kaljonen, et al., 2011) indicate that the KiVa program is effective in reducing bullying and victimization in Grades 1-6, but the results are more mixed in Grades 7-9. (Contains 1 figure, 7 tables, and 1 footnote.)

Study Design: Cluster RCT: pretest-posttest

Setting: Finland

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Total (n=16503)

Age Range: 13-15

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Educational Material, Training (Parent/Family), Education on Disease/Condition,

Intervention Description: The 5-component intervention included an HPV fact sheet library, a tailored parent education website, a set of HPV-related disease images, an HPV vaccine decision aid, and 2½ hours of communication training on using a presumptive vaccine recommendation, followed by motivational interviewing if parents were resistant to vaccination

Intervention Results: Adolescents in the intervention practices had significantly higher odds of HPV vaccine series initiation and completion than those in the control practices

Conclusion: The study concluded that there were substantial and sustained increases in HPV vaccine series initiation in intervention practices compared with controls over time

Study Design: The study was a cluster randomized clinical trial using covariate-constrained randomization to assign study arms and an intent-to-treat protocol

Setting: The study was conducted in 16 primary care practices in the Denver, Colorado, metropolitan area

Population of Focus: The target audience included 188 medical professionals and 43,132 adolescents

Sample Size: The final sample size was 16,000 adolescents (8000 per arm)

Age Range: The study included adolescents aged 11 to 17 years

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Training (Parent/Family), PARENT_FAMILY

Intervention Description: We ask whether improving early childhood parenting can reduce subsequent bullying behavior by the children.

Intervention Results: Adolescent children are significantly less likely to bully their peers if their parents received the parenting training when their children were in preschools. The effects are stronger for boys and for aggressive forms of bullying such as 'beating' and 'threatening'. Treatment-on-the-treated effects are greater in magnitude and more significant than intent-to-treat effects, suggesting that the effects are driven by program participants. No effect is found for cyberbullying and for victimization. The results were robust to using multiple imputation and inverse probability weighting. We also find suggestive evidence that the effects on bullying are not explained by changes in externalizing behavior.

Conclusion: We show that improving early childhood parenting can have important public health benefits through reduction in adolescent bullying behavior.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Peer Counselor, Telephone Support, Other Education, Motivational Interviewing, CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Educational Material (caregiver), Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Consultation/Counseling (Parent/Family), Counseling (Parent/Family)

Intervention Description: We hypothesized that a multilevel treatment model integrating pediatric clinic-level AAR with individual-level, telephone counseling would promote greater long-term (12-month) child TSE reduction and parent smoking cessation than clinic-level AAR alone.

Intervention Results: Child TSE (urine cotinine) declined significantly in both intervention and control groups from baseline to 12-months with no between-group differences. There was s statistically significant effect on 12-month bioverified quit status-intervention group participants were 2.47 times more likely to quit smoking than those in the control group.

Conclusion: Pediatrician advice alone may be sufficient to increase parent protections of children from TSE. Integrating clinic-level intervention with more intensive individual-level smoking intervention is necessary to promote parent cessation.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Telephone counseling

Population of Focus: Parents/caregivers

Data Source: Self-reported interview data

Sample Size: 327 were randomized (164-control and 163-intervention)

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Consultation (Parent/Family), Educational Material,

Intervention Description: Team discussions and staff training, reminder mailings to parents and guardians of patients aged 9 through 12 years, pictures and information provided for utilization in patient rooms

Intervention Results: There was slight improvement in all age ranges and genders in HPV vaccination rates after the intervention, but there is a need for more tightly controlled methods to determine the effectiveness of intervention and of specific measures.

Conclusion: Sustainable methods for vaccine promotion and clinical intervention must be implemented for long-term benefit, and missed opportunities to vaccinate must be addressed.

Study Design: Retrospective assessment of HPV vaccination data before and after intervention - Intervention description: Team discussions and staff training, reminder mailings to parents and guardians of patients aged 9 through 12 years, pictures and information provided for utilization in patient rooms

Setting: Outpatient pediatric clinic in Omaha, Nebraska metropolitan area

Population of Focus: Adolescents aged 9 through 18 years old

Sample Size: N = 3393 subjects at baseline between 9 and 17 years of age

Age Range: 9 through 18 years old

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Consultation/Counseling (Parent/Family), Counseling (Parent/Family), Educational Material (caregiver)

Intervention Description: Children with asthma who are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke are at increased risk for adverse health consequences. An experimental design was used to evaluate a minimal-contact intervention aimed at modifying parents' smoking behavior in their homes.

Intervention Results: More treatment (35%) than control (17%) subjects reported smoking outside their homes at posttest (and their children’s cotinine levels were lower), but this difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusion: difference was not statistically significant.

Study Design: Experimental design

Setting: Pediatric pulmonary clinics in U of MI

Population of Focus: Parents of children with asthma

Data Source: Parent questionnaire on smoking status and child urine sample.

Sample Size: 92 families randomly assigned

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Education/Training (caregiver), Training (Parent/Family), PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, PARENT_FAMILY

Intervention Description: A few behavior analytic studies have examined behavioral skills training to teach adults to arrange safe infant sleeping environments. These studies were conducted in an analogue environment, and no data were collected outside the training setting. The purpose of the current study was to replicate and extend the extant literature.

Intervention Results: As in previous studies, behavioral skills training resulted in positive outcomes, and follow-up data suggested that the technology-based contingency management procedure may be a promising approach to promoting adherence with infant sleeping environment recommendations.

Conclusion: The researchers provided a 4-week long education and counseling service to mothers in the experimental group via direct phone calls and text messages. It was determined that the tele-education given to mothers about breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic increased breastfeeding success and perceived breastfeeding self-efficacy.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Education on Disease/Condition, Counseling (Parent/Family), School-Based Health Centers,

Intervention Description: SACRED Connections was a 5-year RCT that formed an effective university-community partnership to culturally adapt, implement, and evaluate a brief evidence-based motivational substance use intervention among NA youth in Midwestern rural communities.

Intervention Results: Findings of this 5-year RCT revealed a statistically significant protective relationship between Native Reliance and baseline lifetime and past month alcohol and marijuana use; additionally, the likelihood of reporting marijuana use at 3 months post-intervention was significantly lower among the active condition than among the control condition.

Conclusion: As supported by the literature (Getty, 2010; Liddell & Burnette, 2017; Marsiglia & Booth, 2015), the partnership between the researchers and the tribal community was critical to the success of this project and resulted in effective cultural tailoring. The partnership with the tribal community ensured that NA cultural values were integrated into implementation and not simply acknowledged (Burnette & Figley, 2016; Whitbeck, 2006; Whitbeck et al., 2012), which facilitated tribal community ownership (Whitbeck, 2006). D&I science, specifically the RE-AIM model, provided a framework that guided the adaptation of the evidence-based practice, Motivational Interviewing, for implementation allowing for adaptations while still holding to the integrity of the evidence-based practice and supporting “long standing partnerships beyond the term of the research” (Whitbeck, 2006). Results demonstrated that: (1) a culturally responsive MI-based brief intervention may be effective in reducing substance use among NA youth with statistically significant reductions in marijuana use at 3 months; (2) Native Reliance theory is an appropriate framework and protective factor; and (3) an intentional, well planned, and flexible university-tribal partnership utilizing CBPR methods and a D&I model allowed effective implementation and engagement with a hard to reach underserved community.

Study Design: Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)

Setting: The study "SACRED Connections" took place in Midwestern rural communities in the United States. The setting for the study was school-based initiatives, specifically targeting Native American youth aged 12-17 in six rural public high schools across two counties

Population of Focus: Native American youth aged 12-17

Sample Size: The study included 434 participants, including tribal community elders, Health Educators, and youth.

Age Range: Adolescents aged 12-17

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), CAREGIVER, Educational Material (caregiver), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Telephone Support

Intervention Description: To determine whether informing families about their children’s urinary cotinine levels curtailed the exposure of children to ETS. Material and methods

Intervention Results: The intervention group contained 65 children of average age of 24.4 ±8.9 months, of whom 46 (70.8%) were male. The non-intervention group contained 69 children of average age of 25.3 ±9.8 months (p > 0.05), of whom 52 (75.4%) were male. The urinary cotinine levels at the time of the second interview were lower in both groups. The number of cigarettes that fathers smoked at home decreased in the intervention group (p = 0.037).

Conclusion: Presenting objective evidence on ETS exposure to families draws attention to their smoking habits. Measurement of cotinine levels is cheap, practical, and noninvasive. Combined with education, creating awareness by measuring cotinine levels may be beneficial.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Allergy and Immunology Department of Dr. Behcet Uz Children’s Hospital

Population of Focus: Children younger than 3 years with episodic wheezing whose parents did not smoke in space shared by children but did have a smoker in the home

Data Source: Questionnaire data and urinary cotinine levels

Sample Size: 193 randomized into intervention and control groups

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Counseling (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, Attestation (caregiver)

Intervention Description: The current study examined home and full (i.e., home plus car) smoking ban adoption as secondary outcomes to a randomized controlled trial targeting reduced secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) for children under treatment for cancer.

Intervention Results: Regardless of group assignment, there was an increase in home (odds ration [OR] = 1.16, p = .074) and full (OR = 1.37, p = .001) smoking ban adoption across time. Families in the intervention group were more likely to adopt a full ban by 3 months, but this difference was nonsignificant by 12 months.

Conclusion: Smoking bans are in-line with Healthy People 2020’s tobacco objectives and may be more feasible for parents with medically compromised children for immediate SHSe reduction. Furthermore, interventions targeting full smoking bans may be a more effective for comprehensive elimination of SHSe.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Pediatric oncology hospital setting

Population of Focus: Parents (at least 1 adult smoker in home) of children under treatment for cancer

Data Source: Parent self-report on household and car smoking behavior, demographic, psychosocial, and medical/treatmentrelated information.

Sample Size: 119 families randomized

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), CAREGIVER, Note-Taking (caregiver)

Intervention Description: Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at home increases the risk for numerous diseases in childhood. In this study we asked if maternal tobacco consumption can be reduced by a written advice of the paediatrician.

Intervention Results: Following the written advice of the paediatrician mothers reduced their consumption of tobacco products according to their own information as well as according to the concentrations of cotinine. Confronting mothers with their initial concentrations of cotinine was not found to be an additional factor reducing tobacco consumption.

Conclusion: Maternal consumption of tobacco products can be reduced significantly by an advice of the paediatrician at least for a short time.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Pediatric clinic

Population of Focus: Mothers attending participating pediatric practice and self-reporting smoked at least 10 CPD

Data Source: Urine samples of the mothers in order to measure the concentrations of the nicotine metabolite cotinine.

Sample Size: 40 mothers

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Group Education, Sleep Environment Modification, Training (Parent/Family)

Intervention Description: Eighty-three mothers participated in focus groups or individual interviews. Questions probed reasons for infant sleep position decisions and influences on decision making.

Intervention Results: All of the mothers in this study were aware of the recommendation to place infants supine for sleep. Mothers largely chose infant sleep position for either safety or comfort reasons. Many mothers who chose the prone position did so because they perceived it to be safer than supine. Sleep position decisions were influenced by parental needs (largely the need for sleep), perception of SIDS risk and biological plausibility, and trusted sources of information. Mothers sought information from multiple trusted sources before making any decision. Even if mothers had trust in their pediatrician, they were comfortable making decisions counter to their pediatrician's recommendations if they felt it to be in the best interests of their infant.

Conclusion: African American mothers are generally aware of the Back to Sleep recommendation. However, many may not believe that the supine position is the safest position. Other mothers may use the prone position because of infant comfort or parent's need for longer sleep. Trust in the pediatrician may not be sufficient reason for parents to use the supine position.

Study Design: N/A

Setting: Washington, DC, and Maryland

Data Source: Mother interview

Sample Size: 83 mothers

Age Range: parents with infants 0 to 6 months of age

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Consultation (Parent/Family), Family-Based Interventions, Provider/Patient Communication Portal,

Intervention Description: N/A

Intervention Results: In multivariate analyses, there were no significant differences in access to care according to parental citizenship status. Children with 2 noncitizen parents had fewer doctor visits and were less likely to go to the emergency department in the past year than those with 2 citizen parents. Among children with 1 or 2 noncitizen parents, their parents reported worse experiences in care than those with 2 citizen parents. Similar results were observed for language use. Parents of children in bilingual and Spanish-only households were less likely to report that their children's doctors explained things clearly, and parents in Spanish-only households were less likely to communicate via telephone or e-mail than those in English-only households.

Conclusion: Health policy should focus on provider-parent communication to ensure health care equity for Latino children whose parents are not citizens or do not speak English.

Study Design: Analyses were conducted to determine the associations between access (usual of source of care, delay in receiving needed care, health insurance), utilization (physician visits in past year, emergency department visits), and experiences (doctor listens, doctor explains instructions clearly, communication via telephone or e-mail) according to parental citizenship status and household language use after adjusting for confounders.

Setting: 2011 and 2012 California Health Interview Survey; California

Population of Focus: Latinx children

Sample Size: 2841

Age Range: <12

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Counseling (Parent/Family), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Motivational Interviewing, CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling

Intervention Description: Our objectives were to determine the effectiveness of a brief primary care intervention directed at parents who smoke in reducing babies’ TSP exposure, and to establish variables related to greater exposure.

Intervention Results: During follow-up, TSP-avoidance strategies improved more in the IG than in the CG: 35.4% and 26.9% ( p=0.006) at home, and 62.2% and 53.1% in cars (p=0.008). Logistic regression showed adjusted ORs for appropriate measures in the IG versus CG of 1.59 (95% CI 1.21 to 2.09) at home and 1.30 (95% CI 0.97 to 1.75) in cars. Hair samples showed that 78.7% of the babies tested were exposed. Reduced nicotine concentration was associated with improved implementation of effective strategies reported by parents at home (p=0.029) and in cars (p=0.014).

Conclusion: The intervention produced behavioural changes to avoid TSP exposure in babies. The proportion of babies with nicotine (>=1ng/mg) in hair samples at baseline is a concern.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Primary care well-child visit

Population of Focus: Babies whose parents were smokers

Data Source: Outcomes were measured by parents’ reported strategies to avoid TSP exposure. Baseline clinical data and characteristics of each baby’s TSP exposure were collected, along with infant hair samples and parents’ tobacco use and related attitudes/ behaviors.

Sample Size: 1101 families

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Training (Parent/Family), CLASSROOM, Adult-led Curricular Activities/Training, SCHOOL, Teacher/Staff Meeting, Media Campaign (Print Materials, Public Address System, Social Media)

Intervention Description: An evaluation of the success of the evidence-based ConRed program, which addresses cyberbullying and other emerging problems linked with the use of the internet and seeks to promote a positive use of this new environment.

Intervention Results: The results of the mixed repeated measures ANOVAs demonstrate that ConRed contributes to reducing cyberbullying and cyber-dependence, to adjusting the perception of information control, and to increasing the perception of safety at school.

Conclusion: The results of the mixed repeated measures ANOVAs demonstrate that ConRed contributes to reducing cyberbullying and cyber-dependence, to adjusting the perception of information control, and to increasing the perception of safety at school.

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group

Setting: Spain

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Total (n=893) Intervention (n=595); Control (n=296)

Age Range: 11- 19

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Counseling (Parent/Family), Family-Based Interventions, Access,

Intervention Description: Parents as key protective systems in the lives of children experiencing homelessness

Intervention Results: Results suggest that associations of emotional reactivity with parenting behavior depend on the context of the parent–child interaction and how emotional reactivity is measured.

Conclusion: Observed and subjective emotional reactivity were largely uncorrelated, except for positive emotions during problem-solving tasks. Adaptive parenting behavior was related to lower scores on measures of subjective and observed negative emotions and higher observed scores for positive emotions during problem-solving tasks, as well as higher observed scores of positive emotions during teaching tasks. Physiological reactivity was not related to parenting behaviors.

Study Design: examined how subjective (i.e., self-report), observed, and physiological measures of parent emotional reactivity relate to each other and to observed parenting behaviors in problem-solving and teaching parent–child interaction tasks.

Setting: Emergency Homeless shelter

Population of Focus: researchers, public health professionals, mental health professionals

Sample Size: 50 children and their caregivers

Age Range: 4-7 year olds

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Care Coordination, Training (Parent/Family), Nurse/Nurse Practitioner,

Intervention Description: Hospital discharge offers an opportunity to initiate coordination of follow-up care, preventing readmissions or emergency department (ED) recidivism. We evaluated how revisits and costs of care varied in a 12-month period between children in a care coordination program at our center (enrolled after hospital discharge with a tracheostomy or on a ventilator) and children with complex chronic condition discharges who were not enrolled.

Intervention Results: Seventy patients in the program were compared with 56 patients in the control group. On bivariate analysis, the median combined number of hospitalizations and ED visits in 2018 was lower among program participants (0 vs 1; P 5 .033), and program participation was associated with lower median total costs of care in 2018 ($700 vs $3200; P 5 .024). On multivariable analysis, care coordination program participation was associated with 59% fewer hospitalizations in 2018 (incidence rate ratio: 0.41; 95% confidence interval: 0.23 to 0.75; P 5 .004) but was not significantly associated with reduced ED visits or costs.

Conclusion: The care coordination program is a robust service spanning the continuum of patient care. We found program participation to be associated with reduced rehospitalization, which is an important driver of costs for children with medical complexity.

Study Design: The study design is a retrospective cohort study. The study aimed to compare the outcomes of children with complex chronic conditions who were enrolled in the C5 program with a similar group of children who were not enrolled in the program. The study used electronic medical records to assess hospital revisits and total costs of care for both groups over a 12-month period. The study also analyzed patient characteristics, including age, gender, race, and insurance status, to compare the two groups.

Setting: The study was conducted at a rural tertiary-care academic medical center in the southeastern United States. The Center for Children with Complex and Chronic Conditions (C5) program was established at this university-affiliated medical center to provide care coordination for children with complex chronic conditions.

Population of Focus: The target audience for the study is healthcare professionals and policymakers who are involved in the care of children with complex chronic conditions. The study provides evidence regarding the effectiveness of a care coordination program for children with complex chronic conditions, which can inform the development of similar programs in other healthcare settings. The study's findings can also be used to guide healthcare policies aimed at improving care coordination for children with complex chronic conditions, particularly in rural areas where access to care may be limited.

Sample Size: The sample size for the study consisted of 70 patients in the C5 program and 56 patients in the control group.

Age Range: The study included children aged under 1-17 years.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Educational Material (caregiver), PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Training (Parent/Family)

Intervention Description: The purpose of this project was to determine the impact of brief THS intervention on smoking behaviors of caregivers of children seen in an urban pediatric ED. A convenience sample of children < 36 months with caregivers who smoke brought to a pediatric ED was recruited. Consented caregivers were randomized to a control group who received routine education or intervention group who received brief THS education.

Intervention Results: Results revealed the treatment group was more likely to change smoking policies (OR 2.0, 95% CI 0.166–24.069), reduce the number of cigarettes (OR 4.88, 95% CI 0.785–30.286), or quit smoking (OR 1.12, 95% CI 0.346–3.590). This study demonstrated that a brief THS intervention in our sample influenced smokers to change smoking behaviors. These changes would ultimately decrease ETS exposure to children and its adverse health effects.

Conclusion: These changes would ultimately decrease ETS exposure to children and its adverse health effects. With the limitations of small sample size and high loss to follow-up, the study does not show statistical significance for generalizability.

Study Design: RCT; pilot study. This was a prospective 6-month follow-up pilot study of a convenience sample

Setting: Urban pediatric Emergency Department

Population of Focus: Children under 36 months with caregivers who smoke brought to a pediatric ED

Data Source: Parent self-report.

Sample Size: 40 randomized families

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Training (Parent/Family), Group Education,

Intervention Description: examine the impact of parental involvement, peer relationships, and adult mentors on the character development of adolescents during their high school years

Intervention Results: The study found that parental involvement significantly predicted youth’s self-assessed character at each of the freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior years. Peer relationships were predictive at the freshman, sophomore, and senior years, while adult mentors were predictive at only the freshman year. The hierarchical multiple regression analysis revealed parental involvement to be significant across all four years in the study. Peer relationships were significant during three of the four years, specifically freshman, junior, and senior years. However, adult mentors were negatively significant for the sophomore and junior years, and not significant for the senior year . These results suggest that parental involvement has a more enduring impact on character development compared to peer relationships and adult mentors .

Conclusion: The study concluded that parental involvement significantly predicts youth’s self-assessed character across all four years of high school, while peer relationships are predictive at the freshman, sophomore, and senior years. In contrast, adult mentors were only predictive at the freshman year and were negatively significant for the sophomore and junior years. The results suggest that parental involvement in predicting character is more enduring than peer relationships, which is consistent with previous research. However, the study also highlighted the need for additional research to understand the specific role of adult mentors in character development, as well as other developmental areas of high school adolescents .

Study Design: longitudinal design, drawing data from Waves 5 through 8 of the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development

Setting: Community-based: 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development in US - 40 cities/towns in 13 states

Population of Focus: high school students

Sample Size: small sample size

Age Range: mean age of 15.11 years

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material

Intervention Description: The objective of this study was to reduce postpartum smoking relapse and prolong breastfeeding duration during the first 8 weeks postpartum in mothers who quit smoking just before or during pregnancy and have newborns admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU).

Intervention Results: More mothers were smoke free (81 vs 46%, P<0.001) and breastfeeding (86 vs 21%, P<0.001) in the intervention than in the control group at 8 weeks postpartum.

Conclusion: Interventions to support mother–infant bonding during a newborn's hospitalization in the NICU are associated with reduced rates of smoking relapse and prolonged duration of breastfeeding during the first 8 weeks postpartum.

Study Design: Prospective randomized clinical trial; RCT

Setting: NICU

Population of Focus: Mothers of infants admitted to the NICU at Loma Linda University Children’s Hospital, who had a history of tobacco use during or within 1 year before pregnancy but who were not currently smoking

Data Source: Smoking status was evaluated by three methods: (1) mother’s report (2) CO-oximetry and (3) salivary cotinine levels

Sample Size: 54 enrolled in study and randomized

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Pharmacotherapy (Nicotine), PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Counseling (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, Motivational Interviewing

Intervention Description: Although many Latinos in the US smoke, they receive assistance to quit less often than non-Latinos. To address this disparity, we recruited Latino couples into a randomized controlled trial and provided a smoking cessation program during a teachable moment, when men’s partners were pregnant.

Intervention Results: We found high rates of cessation but no arm differences in smoking rates at the end of pregnancy (0.31 vs. 0.30, materials only vs. counseling, respectively) and 12 months after randomization (postpartum: 0.39 vs. 0.38). We found high quit rates among nondaily smokers but no arm differences (0.43 vs. 0.46 in pregnancy and 0.52 vs. 0.48 postpartum). Among daily smokers, we found lower quit rates with no arm differences but effects favoring the intervention arm (0.13 vs. 0.16 in pregnancy and 0.17 vs. 0.24 postpartum).

Conclusion: A less intensive intervention promoted cessation equal to more intensive counseling. Postpartum might be a more powerful time to promote cessation among Latino men. Impact Less intensive interventions when delivered during teachable moments for Latino men could result in a high smoking cessation rate and could reduce disparities.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (home)

Population of Focus: Pregnant Latinas and their partners who smoked from 10 county health departments

Data Source: Surveys at end of pregnancy, 3-mo postpartum and 12-mo postpartum; also saliva samples for cotinine analysis.

Sample Size: 348 randomized couples

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, CAREGIVER, Educational Material (caregiver)

Intervention Description: Exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) is a major public health problem and a risk factor for morbidity and mortality. The objective of this randomized trial was to estimate the impact of a culturally-sensitive intervention to reduce SHS exposure in Mexican-American households.

Intervention Results: Ambient nicotine levels significantly decreased over the 12 study months (F=13.6, DF=147; p<0.001); with a significantly greater decrease in the EI households compared to the SC households (F=4.1, DF=72; p<0.05). At 12 months, 73% of EI households had banned smoking vs. 56% of SC households. Ambient nicotine levels, measured using nicotine air sampling monitors, were significantly associated with self-reported SHS exposure at the 12-month follow-up. Knowledge of the health effects of SHS increased from baseline to 6 and 12 months in the EI condition but not in the SC condition (F=6.0, DF=238; p<0.01), and smokers and quitters in the EI group reported an increased perception of health vulnerability compared to those in the SC group.

Conclusion: Our low-cost intervention impacted SHS-related knowledge and exposure among Mexican Americans. This culturally-appropriate intervention has the potential to decrease SHS-related health problems in the target population substantially.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Home-based intervention

Population of Focus: 91 households (with a child under 18 years of age and two adults, one of whom was a smoker)

Data Source: 74 households (83%) provided baseline, 6-month, and 12-month survey and nicotine monitor data. An ambient air monitor, for assessing levels of nicotine due to secondhand smoke, was installed in each participating residence at baseline.

Sample Size: 91 households randomized

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), CAREGIVER, Educational Material (caregiver), Education/Training (caregiver), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Other Education

Intervention Description: The purpose of this longitudinal, five-week, quasi-experimental pilot study was to determine whether “smoking hygiene,” an educational intervention, reduces the frequency of respiratory symptoms experienced by infants whose mothers both smoke and breastfeed.

Intervention Results: Of the 21 mother-infant pairs who completed the study, 66% of the nine infants in the control group experienced respiratory illness, compared to 42% of the 12 infants in the intervention group (x2 .814; p > .05). Thus, the difference was statistically nonsignificant in this small sample, but the trend worsened the anticipated direction. The study demonstrates some of the difficulties of intervening with this group of mothers. The findings of this study suggest that, with modification, smoking hygiene may become a valuable educational tool that can be used by health care professionals to help women who smoke and breastfeed decrease the health risks to their infants.

Conclusion: The study demonstrates some of the difficulties of intervening with this group of mothers.

Study Design: Longitudinal quasiexperimental pilot study

Setting: Maternity patients

Population of Focus: Mothers who smoked >5 cigarettes a day prenatally, planned to breastfeed, planned to be discharged with the baby, and had no significant health problems

Data Source: Questionnaire to determine mother’s smoking habits at week 5. The infant respiratory signs and symptoms that were queried at each of the three home visits (Weeks 2, 3, and 5) included wheezing, cough, upper respiratory infection (cold), ear infection, pneumonia, bronchitis, and hospitalization.

Sample Size: 29 mother-infant pairs

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Online Material/Education/Blogging, Counseling (Parent/Family),

Intervention Description: The intervention in the study was a multimedia educational tool (MET) that aimed to increase the uptake of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARC) in individuals with high-risk pregnancies. The MET was a preloaded 3-5 minute interactive multimedia presentation that provided information on LARC and their benefits, including the intrauterine device (IUD) and implant. The presentation was viewed on a tablet without the presence of research staff.

Intervention Results: From July 2020 through December 2020, 536 persons were screened and 380 randomized as follows: 190 for the multimedia educational tool and 190 for routine care. Demographic characteristics were similar between groups. The primary outcome-available for more than 90% of participants-was higher in the MET group (32.4%) than in the routine care (RC) group (20.9%) (RR 1.55; 95% CI 1.09-2.21; NNT nine, with 95% CI 5-42). Overall use of contraception was also higher in the MET group than in the RC group (RR 1.16; 95% CI 1.03-1.32).

Conclusion: Among individuals with high-risk pregnancies, compared with routine care, use of a multimedia-based educational tool increased the uptake of postpartum LARC by 55%.

Study Design: Randomized controlled trial

Setting: McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Science Center, Houston Texas; Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island

Sample Size: 380 high risk pregnancies

Age Range: 13-50

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Referrals, CAREGIVER, Educational Material (caregiver), Educational Material, Telephone Support

Intervention Description: We sought to evaluate the efficacy of a brief intervention with smoking parents on smoking cessation rates after child hospitalization with a randomized, controlled trial.

Intervention Results: Sixty smoking parents participated in the study. The majority of study participants were uninsured women under age 30 who smoked approximately half of a pack per day. There were no statistically significant differences between control and intervention groups for our outcomes. However, 45% (CI: 33–57%) of all participants reported at least one quit attempt during the 2-month study period and 18% (CI: 10–30%) of participants were quit at study conclusion.

Conclusion: Willingness to quit smoking was much higher than expected in this population of parenting smokers.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (hospital)

Population of Focus: Parents who smoke of a hospitalized children

Data Source: Telephone interview at 2 months and self-report of quit status

Sample Size: 62 parents randomized; 41 completed study

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Counseling (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Educational Material (caregiver), Motivational Interviewing/Counseling

Intervention Description: Smoking caregivers of children hospitalized for respiratory illness at the University of New Mexico were offered a smoking cessation intervention during the child's hospitalization.

Intervention Results: Fourteen percent of participants in the counseling group and 5% in the brief message group were self-reported quitters at 6 months. A significant percentage of smoking parents of children hospitalized for respiratory illness are willing to receive smoking cessation counseling while their child is in the hospital. Abstinence rates appear similar to other pediatric office-based interventions. Child hospitalization should be considered an important opportunity to provide parents with smoking cessation services, particularly since many smoking parents will not have access to these services elsewhere.

Conclusion: Child hospitalization should be considered an important opportunity to provide parents with smoking cessation services, particularly since many smoking parents will not have access to these services elsewhere.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (hospitalization for Respiratory Illness)

Population of Focus: Parents of children hospitalized for respiratory illness

Data Source: Validated questionnaires and Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (self-report) All participants were followed by phone at 3 and 6 months posthospitalization for quit attempts.

Sample Size: 42 randomly assigned parents

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Telemedicine Systems (Hospital), Training (Parent/Family), Enhanced Equitable Access

Intervention Description: N/A

Intervention Results: Of 1206 respondents, 1054 reported a usual source of care for their children. Of these respondents, 301 of 1054 (weighted percentage 28%) reported primary care telemedicine visits for their children. Factors associated with primary care telemedicine use versus nonuse included having a child with a chronic medical condition (87/301, weighted percentage 27% vs 113/753, 15%, respectively; P=.002), metropolitan residence (262/301, weighted percentage 88% vs 598/753, 78%, respectively; P=.004), greater internet connectivity concerns (60/301, weighted percentage 24% vs 116/753, 16%, respectively; P=.05), and greater health literacy (285/301, weighted percentage 96% vs 693/753, 91%, respectively; P=.005).

Conclusion: n a national sample of respondents with a usual source of care for their children, approximately one-quarter reported use of primary care telemedicine for their children as of 2022. Equitable access to primary care telemedicine may be enhanced by promoting access to primary care, sustaining payment for primary care telemedicine, addressing barriers in nonmetropolitan practices, and designing for lower health-literacy populations.

Study Design: We first compared sociodemographic factors among respondents who did and did not report a usual source of care for their children. Among those reporting a usual source of care, we used Rao-Scott F tests to examine factors associated with parent-reported use versus nonuse of primary care telemedicine for their children.

Setting: AmeriSpeak panel survey

Population of Focus: Families using telemedicine

Sample Size: 1206

Age Range: 0-17

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Educational Material (Provider), Consultation (Parent/Family), Education on Disease/Condition,

Intervention Description: The intervention consisted of a five-component toolkit aimed at improving healthcare providers' communication skills about HPV vaccination. The components included: (1) making presumptive and strong recommendations, (2) using motivational interviewing techniques, (3) providing a fact sheet, (4) showing disease images, and (5) using a website.

Intervention Results: - Providers in the intervention group reported higher use of the intervention components, including making presumptive and strong recommendations and using motivational interviewing techniques. - Use of the fact sheet was significantly correlated with high parental acceptance of the HPV vaccine. - Providers in the intervention group did not report spending more time discussing the vaccine with hesitant parents than control providers. - Providers in the intervention group reported greater improvement in parental HPV vaccine acceptance than control providers. The study found that the intervention resulted in substantial improved HPV vaccine series initiation and completion among adolescents in the intervention arm compared to controls. Providers in the intervention group reported greater improvement in parental HPV vaccine acceptance than control providers. However, the change in parental vaccine acceptance over time was not statistically significant between groups.

Conclusion: Communication-based interventions, such as the five-component toolkit used in this study, have the potential to increase HPV vaccination rates among adolescents. - Future research should examine the effectiveness of a streamlined version of the intervention, focusing on communication skills training and fact sheets.

Study Design: The study used a randomized controlled trial design.

Setting: The study was conducted in a central Colorado practice-based research network.

Population of Focus: Healthcare providers who work with adolescent patients.

Sample Size: The study included 187 providers from 16 practices (8 intervention, 8 control).

Age Range: The study focused on adolescent patients who were eligible for HPV vaccination.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Home Visits, Educational Material, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Home Visit (caregiver), Educational Material (caregiver)

Intervention Description: Secondhand smoke (SHS) and other air pollutants adversely affect the health of pregnant women and infants. A feasibility study aimed at reducing air pollution in homes of pregnant women or infants living with a smoker was completed.

Intervention Results: Post-intervention, 70% of participants reported smokers were less likely to smoke indoors, and 77% had at least one air purifier turned on at the final visit. Participant satisfaction was high (91%) and 98% would recommend air purifiers. Indoor PM2.5 was significantly decreased (P < 0.001). Salivary cotinine was significantly decreased for non-smoking women (P < 0.01) but not infants, and no significant change in air nicotine occurred (P = 0.6).

Conclusion: Air purifiers with SHS education is a feasible intervention in homes of women and infants. These data demonstrate reduction in indoor PM2.5 and salivary cotinine in non-smoking adults. Air purifiers are not an alternative for smoking cessation and a home/car smoking ban. Smoking cessation should be strongly encouraged for all pregnant women, and nonsmoking mothers with infants should be counseled to completely avoid SHS exposure. This study provides support for a future intervention evaluating clinical endpoints.

Study Design: A single arm, unmasked clinical trial

Setting: Home-based (4 home-visits during the 5 week study)

Population of Focus: Women > 18 years of age and either pregnant nonsmokers or post-partum (any smoking status) with an infant age 0-12 months

Data Source: Air quality assessment, salivary cotinine

Sample Size: 50 women, 32 had infants and 18 were pregnant at time of enrollment

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Assessment, PARENT/FAMILY, Counseling (Parent/Family), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Motivational Interviewing, CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling

Intervention Description: Tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) harms children, who are often “captive smokers” in their own homes. Project Zero Exposure is a parent-oriented, theory-based intervention designed to reduce child TSE. This paper reports on findings from the pilot study, which was conducted in Israel from 2013 to 2014

Intervention Results: Twenty-six of the 29 recruited families completed the study. The intervention was feasible to implement and acceptable to participants. Among the 17 children with reliable hair samples at baseline and follow-up, log hair nicotine dropped significantly after the intervention (P = .04), hair nicotine levels decreased in 64.7% of children, and reductions to levels of nonexposed children were observed in 35.3% of children. The number of cigarettes smoked by parents (P = .001) and parent-reported child TSE declined (P = .01). Logistical issues arose with measurement of all objective measures, including air nicotine, which did not decline; home air particulate matter; and hair nicotine.

Conclusion: A program based on motivational interviewing and demonstrating TSE and contamination to parents in a concrete and easily understandable way is a promising approach to protect children from TSE. Further research is needed to enhance current methods of measurement and assess promising interventions.

Study Design: Single group pre- and post-test design

Setting: Home-based with child biomarker and home air quality feedback

Population of Focus: Parents from families in which smoking occurred were recruited from areas adjacent to NA’AMAT child day care centers by using the snowball technique

Data Source: Baseline questionnaire (reported exposure, child health, demographics). Objective assessments of child TSE via biomarkers (hair nicotine) and measurement of home air quality (air nicotine, particulate matter). Motivational interviewing action plan. Follow-up questionnaire (reported exposure).

Sample Size: 26 of the 29 recruited families completed the study

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT_FAMILY, Training (Parent/Family), Electronic PA, Family-Based Interventions, Media Campaign (Print Materials, Radio, TV), COMMUNITY

Intervention Description: Social media is an important communication tool during times of crisis because of its vast reach. Understanding the effectiveness of sharing public health guidance and promoting school children's physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic can inform dissemination best practices. We classified 418 posts from parent/community members of a school-based physical activity Facebook group by content type, and used concurrent mixed methods to examine (1) differences in dissemination effectiveness (reactions, shares, and comments) between two pandemic phases and (2) themes and sentiments of comments. Phase I included school closures through the release of national school re-entry guidelines (March 1, 2020 – May 15, 2020) and Phase II extended through the school year start (May 16, 2020 – August 1, 2020).

Intervention Results: Policy and guidance posts prompted more comments while feel-good stories produced more reactions compared to other content types. Members reacted more during Phase II, which mainly consisted of policy and guidance (86%). Four major themes of information and resources, personal disclosures, questions and concerns, and support for educators emerged.

Conclusion: Sharing public health guidance for schoolchildren on social media was an effective strategy to disseminate information when in-person discourse was limited. Creating social media spaces where discussion is encouraged can provide social and emotional support for parents/community members.

Study Design: Concurrent Mixed Methods

Setting: Social media (public Facebook group in a large metropolitan area in the southwest US)

Population of Focus: Parents of school-aged children

Sample Size: 418 posts to a public Facebook group with approximately 1,500 members

Age Range: N/A

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Consultation (Parent/Family), Financial Incentives, Referrals,

Intervention Description: Poverty is a common root cause of poor health and disrupts medical care. Clinically embedded antipoverty programs that address financial stressors may prevent missed visits and improve show rates. This pilot study evaluated the impact of clinic-based financial coaching on adherence to recommended preventive care pediatric visits and vaccinations in the first 6 months of life. In this community-partnered randomized controlled trial comparing clinic-based financial coaching to usual care among low-income parent-infant dyads attending pediatric preventive care visits, we examined the impact of the longitudinal financial intervention delivered by trained coaches addressing parent-identified, strengths-based financial goals (employment, savings, public benefits enrollment, etc.). We also examined social needs screening and resource referral on rates of missed preventive care pediatric visits and vaccinations through the 6-month well-child visit.

Intervention Results: Eighty-one parent-infant dyads were randomized (35 intervention, 46 control); nearly all parents were mothers and more than one-half were Latina. The rate of missed visits among those randomized to clinic-based financial coaching was half that of controls (0.46 vs 1.07 missed of 4 recommended visits; mean difference, 0.61 visits missed; P = .01). Intervention participants were more likely to have up-to-date immunizations each visit (relative risk, 1.26; P = .01) with fewer missed vaccinations by the end of the 6-month preventive care visit period (2.52 vs 3.8 missed vaccinations; P = .002).

Conclusion: In this pilot randomized trial, a medical-financial partnership embedding financial coaching within pediatric primary care improved low-income families' adherence to recommended visits and vaccinations. Clinic-based financial coaching may improve care continuity and quality in the medical home.

Study Design: Randomized controlled trial

Setting: Pediatric primary care clinic at Harbor-UCLA, an academically affiliated safety net medical center and second largest in Los Angeles County’s Department of Health Services

Population of Focus: Low-income parent-infant dyads presenting to pediatric primary care clinics for scheduled, non-acute primary care visits

Sample Size: 81 parent-infant dyads, with 35 dyads assigned to the intervention group receiving clinic-based financial coaching and 46 dyads assigned to the control group receiving usual care

Age Range: The participants included English- and Spanish-speaking adult parents and their infants younger than 4 months of age

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Home Visits, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Counseling (Parent/Family), PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner, Educational Material

Intervention Description: As asthma is the most common chronic disease in childhood, much attention is directed towards primary prevention. Here, the clinical effectiveness of a multifaceted educational prevention was studied.

Intervention Results: The results of this study indicate that the intervention was able to reduce exposure to mite, pet and food allergens, but not to passive smoking. Despite this reduction, there was no effect on either parentally reported or GP-observed symptoms during first 2 yrs of life, nor on total and specific IgE at 2 yrs. However, asthma-like symptoms at the end of the 2nd yr were less frequently reported in the intervention group.

Conclusion: In conclusion, the intervention used in this study was not effective in reducing asthma-like symptoms in high-risk children during the first 2 yrs of life, although it was modestly effective at 2 yrs. Follow-up is necessary to confirm whether the intervention can actually prevent the development of asthma.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community

Population of Focus: Pregnant moms whose child would be high-risk for developing asthma

Data Source: Parental and GP report of asthma-like symptoms using questionnaires Measurement of mite, cat and dog allergen levels at baseline and 1 year.

Sample Size: 476 randomized to intervention and control groups

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, PARENT/FAMILY, CLASSROOM, Adult-led Curricular Activities/Training, Enforcement of School Rules, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), SCHOOL, Bullying Committee, Reporting & Response System, Teacher/Staff Training, School Rules, POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS, COMMUNITY, Media Campaign (Print Materials, Radio, TV), Presentation

Intervention Description: The goal of this large population-based initiative was to reduce bullying by producing a quantifiable change in school climate using an established program and standardized measurement tool.

Intervention Results: After 1 to 2 years of program implementation, across cohorts, there were reductions in student self-reports of bullying others, and improvements in student perceptions of adults' responsiveness, and students' attitudes about bullying.

Conclusion: This initiative reaffirms the efficacy of the OBPP, emphasizes the importance of an identified coalition, and highlights several positive outcomes. It is recommended that the OBPP be implemented through the establishment of community partnerships and coalitions as consistent with the public health model.

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest age-equivalent cohort

Setting: US

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: HALT! Schools Cohort 1: Middle school (n=0); High school (n=999) Cohort 2: Middle school (n=12972); High school (n=7436) PA CARES Schools: Middle school (n=9899); High School (n=6048)

Age Range: NR

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Telephone Support, Peer Counselor, Educational Material, Motivational Interviewing, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Counseling (Parent/Family)

Intervention Description: To test the effectiveness of tailored quitline (telephone) counselling among smoking parents recruited into cessation support through their children's primary schools.

Intervention Results: Parents who received quitline counselling were more likely to report 7-day point-prevalence abstinence at 12-month assessment [34.0 versus 18.0%, odds ratio (OR) = 2.35, confidence interval (CI) = 1.56–3.54] than those who received a standard self-help brochure. Parents who received quitline counselling were more likely to use nicotine replacement therapy (P < 0.001) than those who received a standard self-help brochure. Among parents who did not achieve abstinence, those who received quitline counselling smoked fewer cigarettes at 3-month (P < 0.001) and 12-month assessment (P < 0.001), were more likely to make a quit attempt (P < 0.001), to achieve 24 hours' abstinence (P < 0.001) and to implement a complete home smoking ban (P < 0.01).

Conclusion: Intensive quitline support tailored to smoking parents is an effective method for helping parents quit smoking and promoting parenting practices that protect their children from adverse effects of smoking.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Home-based telephone counseling

Population of Focus: Smoking parents

Data Source: Parent and child each completed a separate questionnaire. The primary outcome measure was 7-day pointprevalence abstinence at 12-month follow-up.

Sample Size: 512 parents who were smokers enrolled in RCT with children between the 9 and 12 years old

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Counseling (Parent/Family), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Home Visits, Other Person-to-Person Education, Educational Material

Intervention Description: To determine if low-cost air-quality monitors providing personalised feedback of household second-hand smoke (SHS) concentrations plus standard health service advice on SHS were more effective than standard advice in helping parents protect their child from SHS.

Intervention Results: 120 mothers were recruited of whom 117 were randomised. Follow up was completed after 1-month in 102 and at 6-months in 78 participants. There was no statistically significant reduction in PM2.5 concentrations by either intervention type at 1-month or 6-months, nor significant differences between the two groups at 1-month (p = 0.76) and 6-month follow-up (p = 0.16).

Conclusion: Neither standard advice nor standard advice plus personalised air-quality feedback were effective in reducing PM2.5 concentrations in deprived households where smoking occurred. Finding ways of identifying homes where air-quality feedback can be a useful tool to change household smoking behaviour is important to ensure resources are targeted successfully.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Home-based

Population of Focus: Disadvantaged mothers who were exposed to SHS at home

Data Source: Air quality data, and caregiver selfreport

Sample Size: 117 mothers

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver)

Intervention Description: Pediatric well-care visits provide a clinical opportunity to counsel new mothers about their smoking and the deleterious effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on infant health.

Intervention Results: The intervention reduced smoking (5.9% vs 2.7%) and relapse (55% vs 45%) at 6-month follow-up, but logistic regression analysis at 12 months revealed no significant treatment effect. The intervention had a positive effect on secondary outcome variables, such as readiness to quit and attitude toward and knowledge of ETS. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that husband/partner smoking was the strongest predictor of maternal quitting or relapse.

Conclusion: A pediatric office-based intervention can significantly affect smoking and relapse prevention for mothers of newborns, but the effect decreases with time. Consistent prompting of the provider to give brief advice and materials at well-care visits could provide a low-cost intervention to reduce infant ETS exposure.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Pediatric well-care visits

Population of Focus: Mothers of newborns who were currently smoking or had quit for pregnancy

Data Source: Outcome data were obtained from 6- and 12-month follow-up questionnaires mailed to all participants.

Sample Size: 2,901 randomized to minimal (usual care) and Extended (received advice and materials)

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Policy/Guideline (State), Social Supports, Counseling (Parent/Family), Housing Supports

Intervention Description: Design: Participants were randomly assigned to: (1) housing + support services (n = 80), (2) housing-only (n = 80), or (3) services as usual (SAU) (n = 80) and were re-assessed at 3-, 6-, 9- and 12-months postbaseline. Settings: The study recruited a community-based sample from homeless service agencies and advertisements in a large Midwestern city. Participants: The study recruited two hundred forty (N = 240) women between the ages of 18 to 24 years, experiencing homelessness and with a substance use disorder (SUD) who also had a biological child under the age of 6 years in their care. Measurements: We measured frequency of alcohol and drug use using the Form 90 semi-structured interview, and self-efficacy using Pearlin and Schooler's (1978) 7-item Mastery Scale.

Intervention Results: mothers showed significant improvement in substance use and self-efficacy over time in each condition. However, as expected, patterns of change differentiated intervention groups with more mothers showing better substance use and self-efficacy outcomes in housing + supportive services than in SAU. Unexpectedly, more mothers in SAU showed better outcomes than those in housing-only.

Conclusion: Substance use decreased and self-efficacy increased over time, but patterns of change characterized the intervention groups. In particular, findings suggest that when providing housing to this population, supportive services should also be offered.

Setting: large Midwestern city

Sample Size: (1) housing + support services (n = 80), (2) housing-only (n = 80), or (3) services as usual (SAU) (n = 80) and were re-assessed at 3-, 6-, 9- and 12-months postbaseline.

Age Range: women between the ages of 18 to 24 years, experiencing homelessness and with a substance use disorder (SUD) who also had a biological child under the age of 6 years in their care.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Online Material/Education/Blogging, , PATIENT_CONSUMER, PARENT_FAMILY, Training (Parent/Family)

Intervention Description: This study examined effective strategies to communicate with parent smokers about the risks of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure to children.

Intervention Results: Parent smokers who viewed either message recommendation reported greater harm perceptions (p <.001), self-efficacy (p <.001), and help-seeking intentions (p <.05) than the no-message control group. Cessation+exposure reduction recommendations elicited greater quit intentions than the no-message control (p <.05). Compared to text-only, videos elicited greater reduce-exposure intentions (p <.05) and interpersonal communication intentions (p <.05). Only videos elicited greater quit intentions (p <.01) and help-seeking intentions (p <.01) than the no-message control.

Conclusion: Communication about this topic can be optimized by recommending both cessation and exposure-reduction behaviors (versus cessation only), and by using videos (versus traditional print/text-based materials).

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Access, Counseling (Parent/Family)

Intervention Description: Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT)

Intervention Results: Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy resulted in substantial reductions in both maternal and self-reported severity of youth PTSD symptomology, which were largely attributable to reductions in re-experiencing and arousal.

Conclusion: Illustrate the importance of assessing and addressing the mental health and trauma-related needs of sheltered youth and the feasibility and efficacy of embedding an evidence-based trauma-focused treatment protocol within a shelter environment.

Study Design: quantitative investigation

Setting: Florida

Population of Focus: mental health professionals

Sample Size: Three hundred and twenty-one youth and their mothers

Age Range: Median age was 10 yrs of age

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, PARENT/FAMILY, Training, Consultation

Intervention Description: We tested the effects of a school-based, multisystemic intervention to reduce relational aggression among adolescent girls, Growing Interpersonal Relationships through Learning and Systemic Supports (GIRLSS).

Intervention Results: Intervention participants demonstrated significantly more change in the desired direction than control participants according to school counselors and an averaged score of school counselor and teacher-reported relational aggression.

Conclusion: We discuss the clinical significance findings and implications of perceptual data from social validity surveys of each intervention component. Limitations are also discussed and the need for future research to further examine empirically and ecologically valid interventions for relational aggression in schools, community, and family contexts is highlighted.

Study Design: RCT: pretest-posttest

Setting: US

Population of Focus: Not specified

Sample Size: Total (n=28) Intervention (n=22); Control (n=12)

Age Range: 12/15/2022

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, PARENT/FAMILY, Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, CLASSROOM, Adult-led Curricular Activities/Training, Class Rules, SCHOOL, Teacher/Staff Meeting, Teacher/Staff Training, School Rules

Intervention Description: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate behavioural effectiveness of a school-based anti-bullying approach within Flemish schools. In addition, specific attention was given to the relationship between outcome findings and external support.

Intervention Results: The findings regarding the effects of the school-based anti-bullying intervention programme on the extent of bullying and victimisation showed a mixed pattern of positive changes in primary schools and zero outcomes in secondary schools. The findings regarding the effects of external support revealed limited outcomes.

Conclusion: The outcomes of the evaluation study confirm that a school-based anti-bullying intervention strategy can be effective in reducing problems with bullying, especially within primary schools. It was argued that the developmental characteristics of secondary school students interfered with the programme outcomes. In addition, the findings revealed no extra effects of specific training sessions.

Study Design: Cluster RCT: pretest-posttest

Setting: Belgium

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Treatment with Support (n=284) Treatment without Support (n=277) Control (n=151)

Age Range: NR

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Motivational Interviewing, PARENT/FAMILY, Counseling (Parent/Family), Telephone Support

Intervention Description: The intervention was a randomized-controlled pilot study of a brief, motivational SHS exposure intervention was conducted with mothers of infants hospitalized in a NICU, with the primary aim of reducing household SHS exposure via the implementation of home and car smoking bans. Caregivers were randomized to two sessions of motivational interviewing conducted in the hospital, usual care, or usual care-reduced measurement with follow-up at 1- and 6-months post discharge. The motivational interviewing group had 2 hospital-based sessions of approximately 40 minutes each, 2 personalized letters, and 2 phone feedback sessions targeting infant ETS reduction.

Intervention Results: Lower rates of total smoking bans (both home and car) in the usual care-reduced measurement group but not significantly different for home alone. 63.6% receiving motivational interviewing had a ban by 1-month post-discharge compared to 20% of the usual care group. Six months’ post discharge, fewer smoking bans were noted in the usual care-reduced measurement relative to motivational interviewing and usual care. While report of smoking bans increased in frequency, no differences were detected in household nicotine levels. However, there was a 10.8% decrease in household nicotine level from 1-6 months’ post-discharge. Participant report or smoking bans and results from nicotine monitors are two distinct measures of SHS exposure, with different sources of error and will not necessarily demonstrate identical data patterns.

Conclusion: We conclude that recruitment and intervention with NICU parents in a SHSe study is feasible, although improvements are needed. MI as implemented did not increase effects over assessment alone. Thus, assessment and discussion of SHSe in the NICU may increase the likelihood of a smoke-free home post-discharge, yet more intensive intervention is needed to strengthen effects. Effective interventions to reduce SHSe in households with NICU infants at high respiratory risk could result in substantial decreases in adverse health effects and the very large associated costs. This study was supported by grant R40MC08962 through the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Maternal and Child Health Research Program.

Study Design: Three-group RCT

Setting: Ill-child healthcare setting (NICU, respiratory)

Population of Focus: Primary caregivers of infants at high respiratory risk in the NICU who reported a smoker in the household

Data Source: Air nicotine monitors; infant endtidal carbon monoxide; intervieweradministered questionnaire at baseline and all follow-up assessments to determine smoking bans; and psychosocial and infant severity measures for cognitive and behavioral processes using the Experiential and Behavioral Subscales.

Sample Size: 144 mothers with infants in the NICU

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, CAREGIVER, Educational Material (caregiver), Counseling (Parent/Family), Peer Counselor, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling

Intervention Description: We report on a randomized controlled trial conducted between 1996 and 2001 to evaluate a minimal contact behavioral counseling intervention to decrease household SHS exposure among children with asthma from low-income, predominantly ethnic minority families.

Intervention Results: The intervention was unsuccessful with respect to reduction of household smoking and household SHS exposure of these children. In addition, while most households that remained in the study reported full household smoking bans by the end of the study, the study team found no difference in control/intervention households citing a ban on smoking.

Conclusion: Despite these results, our study provided several important insights. The “null” results of our trial suggest that a minimal intervention with limited contact may not suffice to achieve a reduction in household tobacco exposure among low income minority families that have children with asthma. However, although no intervention/control group differences were found, our study suggests that it is possible to implement household restrictions that were not previously in place, including among low-income and minority families, since most households reported implementing full smoking bans by the end of the study (136 of the original 242 at baseline, 56%). This is significant in light of the implications of such restrictions for reduced exposure [43] and the association of bans with smoking cessation and decreased cigarette consumption. Our research also points to the need for further study of the process by which change occurs, i.e., what changes families believe they are making and actually achieve.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (home)

Population of Focus: Children 2-14 years of age with asthma and a parent or guardian from each child’s household

Data Source: Parental survey (baseline data); urine cotinine; air nicotine monitor readings; and in-person follow-up.

Sample Size: 242 child/adult dyads

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Media Campaign (Print Materials, Radio, TV), Screening Tool Implementation, Counseling (Parent/Family),

Intervention Description: Mass media advertisements; Targeted health promotion messaging; Community midwives screened all pregnant women for alcohol use in pregnancy (AUP); Increased focus of child health services on multidisciplinary developmental screening

Intervention Results: Alcohol use reduced significantly from 2010 (61.0%) to 2015 (31.9%) with first-trimester use reducing significantly from 2008 (45.1%) to 2015 (21.6%). Across all years, 40.8% reported alcohol use during pregnancy and 14.8% reported use in both first and third trimesters. Most women attended the midwife in the first trimester. There was a significant relationship between increased maternal age and third-trimester alcohol use.

Conclusion: The reduction in reported prenatal alcohol exposure in an Aboriginal community setting during a period of prevention activities provides initial evidence for a community-led strategy that might be applicable to similar communities. Implications for public health: The reductions in alcohol use reduce the risk of children being born with FASD in an area with high prevalence, with possible resultant reductions in associated health, economic and societal costs.

Study Design: retrospective analysis of administrative data collected from midwife paper records, pregnancy outcome records, and antenatal check-ups in the Fitzroy Valley and other areas of the Kimberley region in Western Australia.

Setting: Fitzroy Valley, which comprises approximately 3,500 predominantly Aboriginal people living in more than 40 remote communities in north-western Australia

Population of Focus: healthcare professionals, public health officials, policymakers, and researchers with an interest in prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) prevention in Indigenous communities, community leaders, service providers and organizations involved in Aboriginal health.

Sample Size: 654 records with recorded midwife attendance

Age Range: 13-43 with a mean of 25.37 years old

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Counseling (Parent/Family), EMR Reminder, Care Coordination, Integration into Adult Care, Pediatric to Adult Transfer Assistance, Planning for Transition, PARENT_FAMILY, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE

Intervention Description: The Multidisciplinary Intervention Navigation Team (MINT) was developed to decrease variations in pediatric to adult medical transitions. System-level goals were to (1) increase provider and leadership engagement, (2) increase transition tools, (3) increase use of electronic medical record-based clinical decision supports, (4) improve transition practices through development of transition policies and clinical pathways; (5) increase transition education for patients and caregivers; (6) increase the adult provider referral network; and (7) implement an adult transition consult service for complex patients (MINT Consult).

Intervention Results: Between July 2015 and March 2017, MINT identified 11 transition champions, increased the number of divisions with drafted transition policies from 0 to 7, increased utilization of electronic medical record-based transition support tools from 0 to 7 divisions, held seven psychoeducational events, and developed a clinical pathway. MINT has received more than 70 patient referrals. Of patients referred, median age is 21 years (range, 17-43); 70% (n = 42) have an intellectual disability. Referring pediatric providers (n = 25) reported that MINT helped identify adult providers and coordinate care with other Children's Hospital of Philadelphia specialists (78%); and that MINT saved greater than 2 hours of time (48%).

Conclusion: MINT improved the availability, knowledge, and use of transition-related resources; saved significant time among care team members; and increased provider comfort around transition-related conversations.

Study Design: Cohort pilot evaluation

Setting: Hospital-based (Free-standing tertiary pediatric academic hospital (Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP))

Population of Focus: Patients aged 17-43 who had not transitioned from pediatric to adult care for medically complex patients

Data Source: Transition Readiness Assessment Questionnaire; electronic medical records; surveys

Sample Size: Total number not given, but there were 80 consults given over 2 years; 74 were deemed appropriate referrals

Age Range: 17-43 years (median age 20)

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Educational Material (caregiver), Training (Parent/Family),

Intervention Description: The intervention used in the study "An Educational Intervention to Improve HPV Vaccination: A Cluster Randomized Trial" ,[object Object], involved parents of adolescents watching a digital video outlining the risks and benefits of the HPV vaccine using a tablet in the examination room. The video aimed to educate and engage parents in making informed decisions about HPV vaccination for their adolescent children. The primary outcome was a change in HPV vaccine status 2 weeks after the clinic visit. The study found that adolescents whose parents watched the video had a 3-times greater odds of receiving a dose of the HPV vaccine ,[object Object],.

Intervention Results: The study "An Educational Intervention to Improve HPV Vaccination: A Cluster Randomized Trial" 6 found that the proportion of adolescents with an observed change in vaccine status was higher for those attending an intervention clinic (64.8%) versus control clinic (50.1%). Adolescents whose parents watched the video had a 3-times greater odds of receiving a dose of the HPV vaccine (78.0%). The study concluded that educational interventions delivered within a clinical setting hold promise to improve vaccination behaviors

Conclusion: The study "An Educational Intervention to Improve HPV Vaccination: A Cluster Randomized Trial" ,[object Object], concluded that educational interventions delivered within a clinical setting hold promise to improve vaccination behaviors. The findings indicated that the intervention, which involved parents watching a digital video outlining the risks and benefits of the HPV vaccine, was associated with a higher proportion of adolescents receiving the HPV vaccine. This suggests that educational interventions targeting parents within the clinical setting can positively impact HPV vaccination rates among adolescents ,[object Object],.

Study Design: The study "An Educational Intervention to Improve HPV Vaccination: A Cluster Randomized Trial" ,[object Object], utilized a cluster randomized trial design. In this design, the intervention was implemented at the level of pediatric clinics within an urban health system, and the impact on HPV vaccination behaviors among adolescents was evaluated. This study design allowed for the assessment of the effectiveness of the educational intervention within a real-world clinical setting ,[object Object],.

Setting: The setting for the study "An Educational Intervention to Improve HPV Vaccination: A Cluster Randomized Trial" 5 is pediatric clinics within an urban health system.

Population of Focus: The target audience for the study "An Educational Intervention to Improve HPV Vaccination: A Cluster Randomized Trial" 7 is parents of adolescents (11-17 years) who are eligible for a dose of the HPV vaccine. The intervention aimed to educate and engage parents in making informed decisions about HPV vaccination for their adolescent children

Sample Size: The study "An Educational Intervention to Improve HPV Vaccination: A Cluster Randomized Trial" ,[object Object], observed a total of 1596 eligible adolescents during the 7-month trial. This sample size was used to evaluate the impact of the educational intervention on HPV vaccination behaviors within the pediatric clinic setting ,[object Object],.

Age Range: The age range of the adolescents included in the study "An Educational Intervention to Improve HPV Vaccination: A Cluster Randomized Trial" ,[object Object], was 11-17 years. The intervention targeted parents of adolescents within this age range who were eligible for a dose of the HPV vaccine, aiming to improve vaccination behaviors in this specific population ,[object Object],.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Patient-Centered Medical Home, Educational Material (Provider), Continuity of Care (Caseload), CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Educational Material (caregiver), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Referrals, Other Education

Intervention Description: This study examines the effect of a provider alliance on service utilization, satisfaction , self efficacy, and attachment to a regular source of care for participating low income urban children and their families.

Intervention Results: The use of Physician Assistants and community health workers to expand community outreach, primary care services, pediatric sub-specialty care, and service coordination within and between care settings improved health services utilization, satisfaction with health services, parental self efficacy in navigating the health care system for their children, and service convenience for an at-risk population. Also, the use of Physician Assistants to provide pediatric sub-specialty services did not have a negative effect on parental satisfaction with a child's care.

Conclusion: Parents were slightly more satisfied with services received from a Physician Assistant in comparison with the physician sub- specialists in cardiology and nephrology clinics.

Study Design: Prospective quasiexperimental; Survey

Setting: South Central Los Angeles primary and specialty care clinics

Population of Focus: Children between the ages of 0-18 (“or are adolescents”) who reside within the geographic area of South Los Angeles

Data Source: A 30 item parent survey to assess parents’ perceived difficulty in accessing services and their satisfaction with the services received • Patient database was used to collect service utilization and financial data from operational and administrative tracking instruments and reports at both the primary and specialty care sites

Sample Size: Estimated 727,000 children in the service area; n=11,533 children reach during outreach events; n=80,000 (10% of children in service area) children attached to a medical home; n=8545 children enrolled in available payer sources

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Assessment (provider), Provider Training/Education, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner, PARENT/FAMILY, Education/Training (caregiver), Provision of Safe Sleep Item, HOSPITAL, Quality Improvement

Intervention Description: The purpose of our safe sleep initiative was to improve parental and staff knowledge of safe sleep practices and to achieve increased compliance with infant safe sleep in the hospital setting. A multidisciplinary team of health professionals was created to address poor compliance with safe sleep guidelines, investigate barriers, and identify primary drivers for improvement. Subsequent interventions included parent education, staff education, and improvements in system processes. Members of the hospitals nurse residency program conducted multidisciplinary surveys before and after the quality improvement initiative to assess staff knowledge of safe sleep practices. The data were collected prospectively.

Intervention Results: Compliance with safe sleep improved to >80% in both units. Tracking of process measures revealed NICU parents received safe sleep education 98-100% of the time. No change was observed in the balancing measures. Transfers from the NN to the NICU for temperature instability did not increase. Parent satisfaction with discharge preparedness did not change (98.2% prior to and 99.6% after).

Conclusion: We achieved improved compliance with safe sleep practices in our NN and NICU through education of staff and parents and improved system processes. We believe this will translate to improved safe sleep practices used by parents at home.

Setting: Truman Medical Center in Kansas City

Population of Focus: Infants admitted to newborn nursery and NICU

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Counseling (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling

Intervention Description: This randomized controlled trial tested the efficacy of parent-based behavioral counseling for reducing secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) among children with cancer. It also examined predictors of smoking and SHSe outcomes.

Intervention Results: Reductions in parent-reported smoking and exposure were observed in both the intervention and control conditions. There was a significantly greater reduction in parent-reported smoking and child SHSe at 3 months for the intervention group compared with the control group. Child SHSe was significantly lower at 12 months relative to baseline in both groups. Children's cotinine levels did not show significant change over time in either group. Exposure outcomes were influenced by the number of smokers at home, smoking status of the parent participating in the trial, and the child's environment (home versus hospital) the day before the assessment.

Conclusion: Children's SHSe can be reduced by advising parents to protect their child from SHSe, combined with routine reporting of their child's exposure and cotinine testing, when delivered in the context of the pediatric cancer setting. More intensive interventions may be required to achieve greater reductions in SHSe.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Ill-child healthcare setting (hospital)

Population of Focus: Parents or guardians of nonsmoking children with cancer, <18 years, at least 30 days post diagnosis, and living with at least one adult smoker

Data Source: Parent reports (child SHS exposure and smoking), child urine cotinine assays, parent satisfaction survey.

Sample Size: 135 parents or guardians

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Technology-Based Support, Training (Parent/Family),

Intervention Description: 1. Motivational interviewing techniques to help women identify and change their substance use and sexual risk behaviors. 2. Education on the risks associated with substance use and risky sex during pregnancy. 3. Skills training on how to negotiate safer sex practices and use condoms effectively. 4. Personalized feedback on substance use and sexual risk behaviors. 5. Booster sessions to reinforce the intervention content and provide additional support.

Intervention Results: There were consistently very high ratings of acceptability of the intervention, ranging between 6.3 and 6.8 on a 1-7 scale. At the 4-month follow-up, participants in the intervention arm reported a significantly larger reduction (54%) in any marijuana or alcohol use compared with participants in the control group (16%) (p = 0.015) based on two-group clustered logistic regression using a generalized estimating equations approach. There was a higher reduction in condomless vaginal sex at follow-up in the health checkup for expectant moms (HCEM) arm than control (27% vs. 5%), although this was not significant (p = 0.127).

Conclusion: The results of this pilot study are encouraging with respect to the acceptability and preliminary efficacy of an intervention in reducing alcohol/marijuana use and condomless sex during pregnancy, supporting the next step of testing the intervention in a larger sample.

Study Design: The study design was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) . The study randomized 50 pregnant women who met specific inclusion criteria into either the computer-delivered brief intervention group or the control group

Setting: prenatal clinic in a large inner-city hospital

Population of Focus: pregnant women who met specific inclusion criteria, including those who endorsed condomless vaginal or anal sex at least once in the past 30 days, had an unplanned pregnancy, and reported current alcohol or drug use or were at risk for prenatal alcohol/drug use.

Sample Size: 50 women

Age Range: average age 24 years old

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Care Coordination, Training (Parent/Family),

Intervention Description: Despite the importance of practice-based care coordination, only 42.3% of children with special health care needs (CYSHCN) met all needed components of care coordination as defined by the Maternal Child Health Bureau. Recognizing that children with medically complex conditions often have lower rates of achieving care coordination within a medical home, the Region 4 Midwest Genetics Collaborative worked with families to develop a training to empower families in care coordination. The Care Coordination: Empowering Families(CCEF) training provides families with the knowledge, tools, and resources to engage with health, education and family support systems.

Intervention Results: The results of the study suggest that the Care Coordination: Empowering Families (CCEF) training program is a promising practice for facilitating medical home use among children and youth with special health care needs (CYSHCN). The findings indicate that families who attended the training report being the primary source of care coordination for their children, and 83.7% see their role in their child’s healthcare changing as a result of the training. The data suggest that the training impacted how the family interacts with the child’s doctor, including initiating conversations to prepare their child for transition to adult health care. Further, families report system-level improvements 1 year later compared to the pre-training assessment. The study also found that the CCEF training shows promise for improving care coordination-related skills among caregivers of CYSHCN from diverse backgrounds. While Hispanic participants scored lower on the English version of post-training quiz items, African American participants were more likely to endorse a role in their child’s healthcare changing as a result of the training. All other evaluation findings seem to indicate similar benefit across race and ethnicity.

Conclusion: The CCEF training shows promise for improving care coordination-related skills among caregivers of CYSHCN from diverse backgrounds. While Hispanic participants scored lower on the English version of post-training quiz items, African American participants were more likely to endorse role in their child’s healthcare changing as a result of the training. All other evaluation findings seem to indicate similar benefit across race and ethnicity. By empowering caregivers with knowledge and skills related to care coordination, these caregivers are more able to affect positive change within their child’s healthcare systems. By partnering with HRSA funded programs and family and disease specific organizations in the recruitment of training participants, the training curriculum shows promise for use by these initiatives and others in addition to genetic services and the regional genetic networks. With a pilot expansion effort already underway, CCEF may become an evidenced-based training that certified facilitators from other HRSA grantees can use to improve core outcomes for clients they serve.

Study Design: The study utilized a longitudinal design to evaluate the impact of the Care Coordination: Empowering Families (CCEF) training program. Data were collected from training participants at three time points: pre-assessment, post-training (immediately after training), and 1-year follow-up. The pre-assessment and 1-year follow-up surveys were designed to mirror each other to evaluate the long-term training impact. The study was approved by the Michigan Public Health Institute Institutional Review Board, and participants were asked to create a personal identification code to link surveys across time without accessing identifiable information.

Setting: The setting for the study was seven pilot states within the Midwest region of the United States.

Population of Focus: The target audience for the study is family caregivers of children and youth with special health care needs (CYSHCN).

Sample Size: The sample size of the study was 190 caregivers who participated in one of ten Care Coordination: Empowering Families (CCEF) trainings in 2013. All training participants completed the pre and post-training assessments, and 80 participants (a response rate of 42%) completed the 1-year follow-up assessment.

Age Range: The age range of the children and youth with special health care needs (CYSHCN) in this study is not explicitly stated. However, the mean age of the children in the study was 8.9 years at the pre-assessment and 9.6 years at the 1-year follow-up assessment. The range of child age was 0-27 years at the pre-assessment and 1-28 years at the 1-year follow-up assessment.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Counseling (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling

Intervention Description: To explore the reach of a German population-based household sample using proactive recruitment and to test the efficacy of a behavioral change counseling intervention including feedback about children's urine cotinine level (CUCL).

Intervention Results: CUCL below the detection limit in the IG was found in 43.2% at baseline and 44.6% at follow-up and in 44.8% of the CG at baseline and 47.2% at follow-up. The CUCL difference between follow-up and baseline was smaller in the CG than in the IG. The effect was not significant.

Conclusion: Data revealed a high reach of the target population but failed to identify an intervention effect.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (home and telephone)

Population of Focus: Households with at least one child aged below 4 and at last one current smoker

Data Source: Baseline assessment, biomarkers with urine cotinine.

Sample Size: 852 household completed the study protocol: n=428 intervention group; n=424 control group

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Nurse/Nurse Practitioner, Counseling (Parent/Family), Care Coordination, Integration into Adult Care, Pediatric to Adult Transfer Assistance, Planning for Transition, PARENT_FAMILY, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE

Intervention Description: Reaching a certain age, juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) patients in paediatric care are transferred to adult care. An increased disease activity after transfer and increased dropout has been suggested, however, evidence is scarce. Our aim is to determine whether the process of transition is associated with increased disease-activity and dropout, and to identify associated factors. During a 3-year prospective transition cohort study, paediatric patients (14-17yrs) were transferred to adult care. Paediatric (10-13yrs) and adult JIA patients (18-27yrs) were used as control groups. Demographic and disease-related items were obtained yearly. Non-parametric tests were used to compare differences between the groups and mixed models to evaluate disease activity over time, measured by JADAS27 and DAS28. Dropout was defined as not attending the clinic for 2 consecutive visits.

Intervention Results: Groups did not differ regarding baseline variables of subtype, gender, uveitis, ANA-, RF- or HLA B27-positivity and current or past DMARD use. Median disease activity was not different between groups during follow-up. Transfer was not associated with disease activity. Dropout rate was 12%, and was significantly higher in patients under transition (22%) compared with paediatric (3%) and adult care (10%). Patients who dropped out had significantly lower disease activity at baseline and were using less MTX, but did not differ regarding subtype, ANA, RF and HLA-B27.

Conclusion: The process of transition in JIA is not associated with an increase in disease activity, however, this period carries a risk for drop out especially in patients with low disease activity.

Study Design: e Longitudinal transition cohort study

Setting: Clinic-based (Out-patient clinics of university hospitals)

Population of Focus: Juvenile idiopathic diabetes 1 patients transferring to adult care

Data Source: Medical records

Sample Size: 64 patients

Age Range: 14-17 years of age

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Counseling (Parent/Family), PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner

Intervention Description: All women delivering babies at six participating hospitals received an in-hospital screening and were deemed eligible for the study if they reported smoking during the 30 days before the pregnancy and quitting during pregnancy, and are willing to speak with a Visiting Nurse Association nurse about having quit smoking. At the 2-week, and 2- and 4-month well-baby visits with the pediatric provider they received reinforcement and a plan to try to quit again.

Intervention Results: Women in the experimental group were more likely to report that a doctor or nurse talked with them about smoking at least once since delivery (71% vs. 20% of control group). A significant and strong association emerged between experimental assignment and total number of times the women reported a provider talked about staying quit. Women in the intervention group were also more likely to report receiving written materials about how to stay quit (47% vs. 3% of control group). There was no difference in the relapse rate between women in the intervention (41%) and control (37%) groups.

Conclusion: Women in this study had quit smoking during pregnancy but had a high postpartum relapse rate, indicating the need for eVective relapse prevention interventions to protect new mothers and babies against the ill effects of smoking. Our results show that paediatric providers will deliver relapse prevention messages to infants’ mothers if they are informed that the mothers quit smoking during pregnancy. Despite our success in getting providers to deliver the relapse prevention intervention, the intervention itself was insuffcient to reduce relapse.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Well-child healthcare setting (hospitals and well-baby visits)

Population of Focus: Postpartum women/new mothers with a history of smoking who reported smoking cigarettes 30 days before pregnancy and reported to have quit smoking during their pregnancy or within 30 days of becoming pregnant

Data Source: Baseline face-to-face interview at enrollment and follow-up telephone interview 6 months post-partum.

Sample Size: 287 women were enrolled with 141 in the experimental group and 146 in the control group

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Counseling (Parent/Family), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, CAREGIVER, Educational Material (caregiver), Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, Motivational Interviewing, Peer Counselor

Intervention Description: We conducted a population-based trial to evaluate the efficacy of an intervention aimed at preventing exposure of young children to parental tobacco smoke.

Intervention Results: A strong association was found between social class and smoking behavior, in particular smoking during meals at home. The intervention itself had limited effectiveness in decreasing the number of smokers. The effect was stronger in mothers and in higher social groups. Among the "white-collar" families belonging to the intervention group, the proportion of mothers who stopped smoking was 3 times higher than in the control group (not statistically significant).

Conclusion: Educational interventions against smoking should be planned taking into account the difference in efficacy according to social class.

Study Design: Control trial with nonrandom assignment

Setting: Community (population based survey) and well-child health care visit

Population of Focus: Parents of newborn babies living in the town of Rivoli before 3 month compulsory vaccination

Data Source: Baseline (pre-intervention) and followup (2 and 4 years post-intervention) questionnaires

Sample Size: 1015 parents with 402 in the intervention group and 613 in the control group

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Motivational Interviewing, Other Education, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Counseling (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Educational Material (caregiver), Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, Education/Training (caregiver)

Intervention Description: To examine the long-term maintenance of a previously reported behavioral counseling intervention to reduce asthmatic children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS).

Intervention Results: The originally reported analysis of baseline to 12 months was reanalyzed with a more robust restricted maximum likelihood procedure. The 2-year follow-up period was analyzed similarly. Significantly greater change occurred in the counseling group than the control groups and was sustained throughout the 2 years of follow-up. Further exploratory analyses suggested that printed counseling materials given to all participants at month 12 (conclusion of the original study) were associated with decreased exposure in the control groups.

Conclusion: Such long-term maintenance of behavior change is highly unusual in the general behavioral science literature, let alone for addictive behaviors. We conclude that ETS exposure can be reduced and that a clinician-delivered treatment may provide substantial benefit.

Study Design: Three-group RCT

Setting: Ill-child healthcare setting (pediatric allergy clinic)

Population of Focus: Families of children with asthma (6 to 17 years) including at least one parent who smoked in the home

Data Source: Interview data, pulmonary function testing, daily peak flow measures, symptom diary recordings, urinary cotinine, environmental air sampling, and permanent product (e.g., cigarette butt counts).

Sample Size: 91 families

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), CAREGIVER, Educational Material (caregiver), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Telephone Support

Intervention Description: Since most smoker parents of children with asthma are unable to quit, an alternative measure that would reduce their children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is to ban smoking in the home.

Intervention Results: At 6 months, 49.2% of the intervention group reported having banned smoking in the home compared with 41.9% of controls, but the differential rate of change from baseline was not significant (P = 0.40). At follow-up, there were no significant differences between groups in the percentage reporting bans on smoking in the car, the mean reduction from baseline in total daily consumption or consumption in front of the child, children's urinary cotinine level, or parental smoking cessation.

Conclusion: The intervention did not change parents' propensity to create or maintain bans on smoking in their homes or otherwise change smoking habits to reduce their children's exposure to ETS. More intensive interventions may be required to achieve change among low-income smoker parents of children with asthma.

Study Design: Control trial with alternation by week of attendance at clinic

Setting: Ill-child healthcare setting (hospital outpatient clinics for children with asthma)

Population of Focus: Families with children between 1 and 11 years of age with doctorconfirmed asthma who attended pediatric outpatient clinics at two metropolitan hospitals

Data Source: Baseline and follow-up questionnaires; child’s urinary cotinine levels.

Sample Size: Of 378 eligible, 292 participated with 143 in the intervention group and 149 in the control group

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Counseling (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, Home Visit (caregiver), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Home Visits, Motivational Interviewing

Intervention Description: Secondhand smoke (SHS) is a significant cause of acute respiratory illness (ARI) and 5 times more common in indigenous children. A single-blind randomized trial was undertaken to determine the efficacy of a family centered SHS intervention to reduce ARI in indigenous infants in Australia and New Zealand.

Intervention Results: Two hundred and ninety-three mother/infant dyads were randomized and followed up. Three quarters of mothers smoked during pregnancy and two thirds were smoking at baseline (as were their partners), with no change for more than 12 months. Reported infant exposure to SHS was low (≥95% had smoke-free homes/cars). Infant CCRs were higher if one or both parents were smokers and if mothers breast fed their infants. There was no effect of the intervention on ARI events [471 intervention vs. 438 usual care (reference); incidence rate ratio = 1.10, 95% confidence intervals (CI) = 0.88–1.37, p = .40].

Conclusion: Despite reporting smoke-free homes/cars, mothers and their partners continue to smoke in the first year of infants’ lives, exposing them to SHS. Emphasis needs to be placed on supporting parents to stop smoking preconception, during pregnancy, and postnatal.

Study Design: Single-blind randomized trial

Setting: Community (homes)

Population of Focus: Indigenous mothers/infants from homes with more than one smoker

Data Source: Baseline data at home visit; Baseline, 2 month, and 3 month quantitative and qualitative process evaluation indicators; outcome data from face-toface home visits and urine samples

Sample Size: 293 mother/infant dyads

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Counseling (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, Educational Material (caregiver)

Intervention Description: To assess counseling to caregivers and classroom health education interventions to reduce environmental tobacco smoke exposure of children aged 5–6 years in China.

Intervention Results: At the 6-month follow-up, children’s urinary cotinine was significantly lower (Z = –3.136; p = 0.002) and caregivers’ 7-day quit rate was significantly higher (34.4% versus 0%) (p < 0.001; adjusted OR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.02–1.26) in the intervention than control group.

Conclusion: Helping caregivers quitting smoke combined with classroom-based health education was effective in reducing children’s environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Larger-scale trials are warranted.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (preschools)

Population of Focus: Children ages 5-6 and their caregivers from six districts and one county in Changsha in families where one or more parent/caregiver smoked

Data Source: Caregiver interviews; child urine cotinine feedback

Sample Size: 65 smoker caregivers and their children with 33 in the intervention group and 32 in the control group

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Counseling (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling

Intervention Description: Secondhand tobacco smoke exposure impairs the control of pediatric asthma. Evidence of the efficacy of interventions to reduce children’s exposure and improve disease outcomes has been inconclusive.

Intervention Results: In the sample overall, the children in the LET’S intervention had lower follow-up lnCCR values compared with the children in usual care, but the group difference was not significant (β coefficient = −0.307, P = .064), and there was no group difference in the odds of having > one asthma-related medical visit (β coefficient = 0.035, P = .78). However, children with high-risk asthma had statistically lower follow-up lnCCR values compared with children in usual care (β coefficient = −1.068, P = .006).

Conclusion: The LET’S intervention was not associated with a statistically significant reduction in tobacco smoke exposure or use of health-care services in the sample as a whole. However, it appeared effective in reducing exposure in children at high risk for subsequent exacerbations.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Ill-child healthcare setting (respiratory disorders)

Population of Focus: Caregivers of children aged 3 to 12 years with asthma and reported smoke exposure

Data Source: Caregiver interview, urine collection, and spirometry

Sample Size: 352 caregivers with 178 in the intervention group and 174 in the control

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Counseling (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Educational Material (caregiver), Education/Training (caregiver)

Intervention Description: To determine the effectiveness of a cotinine-feedback, behaviorally based education intervention in reducing environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and health-care utilization of children with asthma.

Intervention Results: The intervention was associated with a significantly lower odds ratio (OR) for more than one acute asthma medical visit in the follow-up year, after adjusting for baseline visits (total visits, 87; OR, 0.32; p = 0.03), and a comparably sized but nonsignificant OR for one or more hospitalization (OR, 0.34; p = 0.14). The follow-up CCR measurement and the determination of whether smoking was prohibited inside the home strongly favored the intervention group (n = 51) (mean difference in CCR adjusted for baseline, −0.38; p = 0.26; n = 51) (60; OR [for proportion of subjects prohibiting smoking], 0.24; p = 0.11; n = 60).

Conclusion: This intervention significantly reduced asthma health-care utilization in ETS-exposed, low-income, minority children. Effects sizes for urine cotinine and proportion prohibiting smoking were moderate to large but not statistically significant, possibly the result of reduced precision due to the loss of patients to active follow-up. Improving ETS reduction interventions and understanding their mechanism of action on asthma outcomes requires further controlled trials that measure ETS exposure and behavioral and disease outcomes concurrently.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (pediatric pulmonary service of a pediatric hospital)

Population of Focus: Parents of children 3 to 12 years of age with asthma who were ETS exposed

Data Source: Interview data, pulmonary function, urine cotinine, asthma medications, health care utilization.

Sample Size: 87 parents

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Counseling (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling

Intervention Description: The objective of this study was to test the feasibility and acceptability of introducing an intervention to address mothers' and fathers' smoking during the postpartum hospitalization.

Intervention Results: Enrolling mothers and father into tobacco treatment services during the immediate postpartum hospital stay is feasible and seems to stimulate quit attempts. The birth of an infant presents a teachable moment to reach both parents and to provide cessation assistance. Results were not significant for self-reported 7-day abstinence or 24-hour quit attempts.

Conclusion: Enrolling mothers and fathers into tobacco treatment services during the immediate postpartum hospital stay is feasible and seems to stimulate quit attempts. The birth of an infant presents a teachable moment to reach both parents and to provide cessation assistance.

Study Design: Quasi-experimental RCT

Setting: Well-child healthcare setting (hospital and community child health checks)

Population of Focus: Mothers and fathers of newborns recruited on the postnatal ward who were current smokers or recent quitters

Data Source: Saliva cotinine measurements; SmokeFree Families Core Assessment Forms, HEDIS Measures Interview Survey.

Sample Size: 101 mothers and fathers with 48 in the intervention group and 53 in control group

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, CLASSROOM, Adult-led Curricular Activities/Training

Intervention Description: the present study introduces a theory-based cyberbullying prevention program (Media Heroes; German original: Medienhelden) and evaluates its effectiveness.

Intervention Results: While the present results revealed worrying prevalence rates of cyberbullying in middle school, multilevel analyses clearly demonstrate the program's effectiveness in reducing cyberbullying behavior within intervention classes in contrast to classes of the control group.

Conclusion: Hence, this study presents a promising program which evidentially prevents cyberbullying in schools

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group

Setting: Germany

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Total (n=593) Long Version (n=194); Short Version (n=104); Control (n=295)

Age Range: Mean: 13.3

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Telephone Support

Intervention Description: We tested a health education intervention program to reduce passive smoking in infancy. The aim was to develop an instrument for study of tobacco smoke exposure and childhood respiratory illness.

Intervention Results: There was a reduction in maternal smoking associated with contact with research staff, but this was not statistically significant (mother reported quitting: intervention 6%, control 2.2%). There were no differences between the groups in the exposure of infants to tobacco smoke.

Conclusion: There was a reduction in maternal smoking associated with contact with research staff, but this was not statistically significant. There were no differences between the groups in the exposure of infants to tobacco smoke. Reasons for this finding may include the timing of the intervention, the heterogeneity of the target group, and the manner in which information was presented on health risks caused by parental smoking.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Well-child healthcare setting (maternity hospital, peripartum)

Population of Focus: Parents of newborn babies whose mothers smoked during pregnancy

Data Source: Questionnaires and urinary cotinine assays.

Sample Size: 184 parents

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Counseling (Parent/Family), Family-Based Interventions, Access,

Intervention Description: ested a model of parenting stress as a mediator between maternal depressive symptoms, emotion regulation, and child behavior problems using a sample of homeless, substance-abusing mothers.

Intervention Results: A path analysis showed that maternal depressive symptoms were positively associated with child behavior problems through increased parenting stress whereas maternal cognitive reappraisal was negatively associated with child behavior problems through decreased parenting stress. Moreover, maternal expressive suppression was negatively related to child externalizing problems. Findings support the parenting stress theory and highlight maternal parenting stress as a mechanism associated with homeless children's mental health risk.

Conclusion: This study has significant implications for understanding the parenting processes underlying child's resilience in the context of homelessness and maternal substance use.

Population of Focus: social workers, medical providers, public health professionals

Sample Size: 119 homeless mothers and their young children

Age Range: Mothers aged 18–24 years, children aged 0-6 years old

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Education on Disease/Condition, Counseling (Parent/Family), Planning for Transition, Pediatric to Adult Transfer Assistance, PARENT_FAMILY, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE

Intervention Description: There is no model for the process of transition of adolescents with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) to the adult care protocol. We recently established a transition clinic where 17-year-old to 18-year-old IBD patients are seen by a multidisciplinary team including pediatric and adult gastroenterologists with expertise in IBD treatments, an IBD nurse, and a psychologist. We quantitatively describe this model and its benefits, and correlate demographic and transition parameters to self-efficacy in IBD adolescent patients before and after transition. All adolescent IBD patients enrolled in our transition clinic between January 2013 and December 2015 were included. They completed a self-efficacy questionnaire ('IBD-yourself') before and after the transition. The scores were correlated to demographic, disease, and transition parameters.

Intervention Results: Thirty of the 36 enrolled patients (mean age: 19±1.8 years, range: 17-27) had Crohn's disease. Twenty-seven patients completed the transition protocol, which included an average of 3-4 meetings (range: 2-8) over 6.9±3.5 months. Self-efficacy scores in all domains of the questionnaire were significantly higher after completion of the transition. The weighted average score of the questionnaire's domains was 1.85±0.3 before and 1.41±0.21 after transition (P<0.0001). Age, sex, disease duration, duration of transition, and the number of meetings in the clinic correlated with the questionnaire's scores in the domains of coping with IBD, knowledge of the transition process, and medication use.

Conclusion: A well-planned adolescent IBD transition clinic contributes significantly toward improved self-efficacy in IBD. We recommend its implementation in IBD centers to enable a personalized transition program tailored to the needs of adolescents with IBD in specific domains.

Study Design: Quasi- experimental pre post

Setting: Hospital-based (Pediatric and adult IBD centers in a hospital)

Population of Focus: 36 IBD patients who started the transition process (January 2013-December 2015) in the adolescent transition clinic in the institute/hospital

Data Source: Questionnaires

Sample Size: 36 patients

Age Range: 17-27 years of age (median: 18.5)

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Counseling (Parent/Family), PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner

Intervention Description: To determine if mothers receiving a smoking cessation intervention emphasizing health risks of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) for their children have a higher quit rate than mothers who received routine smoking cessation advice, which focused on their own health, or a control group of mothers.

Intervention Results: Provision to mother of both groups of health risks of tobacco smoke resulted in significantly higher rate of cessation of smoking and smoking location change than those of the control group, with child intervention group having significantly higher rate of cessation of smoking and smoking location change than those of the maternal intervention group. Post-intervention knowledge scores differed significantly for all groups; however, child intervention group was the only significantly better group than the others. As such, an intervention including a detailed discussion with mothers and supplemented by a written document provides a substantial quit rates.

Conclusion: Discussion during short paediatric visits on effects of smoking on child's or maternal health may result in a significant smoking cessation, smoking location change rate or knowledge change. Those who cannot give up smoking usually change their location of smoking. Provision of information on effects of smoking on child's health, rather than maternal, may result in more significant changes in behaviour or knowledge. Maternal education on smoking should include information on effects of smoking on both child's and maternal health, but should be especially focused on child's health.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Well-child healthcare setting (clinic in a children’s hospital)

Population of Focus: Mothers with children attending well-child clinic or with any primary complaint

Data Source: Questionnaires at baseline and 6 months.

Sample Size: 363 mothers with 111 in intervention 1, 131 in intervention 2, and 121 in control

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Telephone Support, Other Person-to-Person Education, Peer Counselor, Motivational Interviewing, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Counseling (Parent/Family)

Intervention Description: Mobile-phone-based smoking cessation intervention has been shown to increase quitting among smokers.

Intervention Results: All findings were between intervention group B and control. No differences found between intervention group A and control or between groups A and B. Father self-reported smoking abstinence at 6 months was significantly increased in group B compared to control and even higher at 12 months. Although no reduction in self-reported exposure rates were found at 6 months, the rate as 12 months was significantly decreased in group B when compared to control group.

Conclusion: The findings suggest that adding mHealth interventions to traditional face-to-face health counseling may be an effective way to increase male smoking cessation and reduce mother and newborn SHS exposure in the home.

Study Design: Single-blind randomized control trial

Setting: Home-based (baseline, 6 months, 12 months with in person counseling); Mobile-based

Population of Focus: Parents of newborns

Data Source: Self-report survey data.

Sample Size: 342 (114 in each of the three groups)

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Home Visits, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Counseling (Parent/Family), Telephone Support, Motivational Interviewing, CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, Outreach (caregiver), Home Visit (caregiver)

Intervention Description: The aim of this randomized-controlled trial was to evaluate the effectiveness of an intensive intervention to reduce children’s environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure at their home compared with a minimal intervention.

Intervention Results: The levels of cotinine in the intensive intervention and minimal intervention groups in the final follow-up were significantly lower than the initial levels. The proportion of mothers reporting a complete smoking ban at home in the final follow-up was higher in the intensive intervention group than the minimal intervention group. This increase was statistically significant. The education provided during the home visits and the reporting of the urinary cotinine levels of the children were effective in lowering the children’s exposure to ETS at their home. The decrease in cotinine levels was higher in the intensive intervention group than the minimal intervention group but the difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusion: The education provided during the home visits and the reporting of the urinary cotinine levels of the children were effective in lowering the children’s exposure to ETS at their home.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (home and hospital)

Population of Focus: Mothers of children aged 1-5 who lived in the Cengizhan district of Izmir in Turkey, who smoked and/or whose spouses smoked

Data Source: Urinary cotinine samples and forms

Sample Size: 80 mothers with 40 in the intensive intervention group and 40 in the minimal intervention group

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Counseling (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling

Intervention Description: The present randomized controlled trial tested the effectiveness of a behavioral counseling program for reducing children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Counseling was delivered by clinic staff as part of well-child health care services in a community clinic setting.

Intervention Results: In both groups, children’s reported exposure to their mothers’ tobacco smoke in the home declined steeply from baseline to 6-months post-test and remained essentially level during follow-up. The sharpest decline occurred by 3 months. Children’s urinary cotinine concentrations did not show a significant chance over time in either the intervention or control group. Mothers’ self-reported 7-day quit status did not vary by experimental group at 3, 6, or 12 months. At 12 months, a significant group difference was found in SCN- verified 7-day quit status.

Conclusion: Findings on the fidelity of treatment implementation suggest that the structure and funding of the community clinic health care system and associated staff turnover and training issues resulted in participants receiving a less efficacious intervention than in our past efficacy trials. Implications for future effectiveness trials are discussed.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Well-child healthcare setting (community clinic)

Population of Focus: English or Spanish-speaking smoking mothers with children aged 4 or younger

Data Source: Children’s urinary cotinine measures, saliva samples from mothers, parent report from interviews at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months, and nicotine monitors.

Sample Size: 150 mothers with 76 in the intervention group and 74 in the control group

Age Range: Not specified