Established Evidence Results

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner, CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, Assessment (caregiver), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Online Material/Education/Blogging, Motivational Interviewing, PARENT/FAMILY, Consultation (Parent/Family), Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide)

Intervention Description: A study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of two brief multi-strategic child health nurse delivered interventions in: decreasing the prevalence of infants exposed to SHS; decreasing the prevalence of smoking amongst parent/carers of infants and increasing the prevalence of household smoking bans.

Intervention Results: When compared to the Control group at 12 months, no significant differences in the prevalence of infant exposure to SHS were detected from baseline to follow-up for Treatment condition 1 or Treatment condition 2. Similarly, no significant differences were detected in the proportion of parent/care givers who reported that they were smokers, or in the proportion of households reported to have a complete smoking ban.

Conclusion: Further research is required to identify effective interventions that can be consistently provided by child health nurses if the potential of such settings to contribute to reductions in child SHS exposure is to be realised.

Study Design: Cluster randomized controlled trial

Setting: Community well-child health clinics

Population of Focus: s Infants exposed to second hand smoke

Data Source: Data was collected via computer during the visit, child health clinic records

Sample Size: 1424 parents of children aged 0 to 4 years attending well-child health checks

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Technology-Based Support, Online Material/Education/Blogging,

Intervention Description: The specific intervention in the study is the use of the ClinTouch DAWN-P smartphone app for postnatal depression screening. The intervention involves participants using the app from ≥ 36 weeks gestation until 6 weeks postpartum. The app is used for daily assessments, and the study aims to assess the feasibility, safety, usability, and acceptability of using the app for postnatal depression screening. The intervention aligns with a discernible strategy of utilizing technology (smartphone app) to facilitate postnatal depression screening and monitoring. It is not explicitly described as a multicomponent intervention, as the focus appears to be on the use of the smartphone app for screening and data collection.

Intervention Results: The study found the following results: 1. Feasibility: Most eligible pregnant women approached were keen to participate in the study, and the majority of participants continued to use the app for the full study period. The average completion rate of daily app-based assessments was 67% . 2. Usability and Acceptability: Participants found the app easy to use, and the qualitative interviews revealed suggestions for modifications to improve usability, such as summarizing the user's EPDS responses, linking them to information and support, and adding general parenting content . 3. Validity: The app-based responses showed high agreement with standard EPDS, and both app-based and paper-based ratings showed perfect agreement in identifying cases of likely postnatal depression . 4. Engagement Patterns: Participant age was significantly correlated with the percentage of app completion, with older participants completing more daily assessments. Participants with a history of depression or previous prescription of psychiatric medication completed a lower percentage of app assessments . 5. Safety: There were no serious adverse events relating to app use . Overall, the study found the digital solution to be feasible, safe, acceptable, and valid for postnatal depression screening, and it was also beneficial for remote delivery, as all participants were enrolled remotely during the first COVID-19 lockdown

Conclusion: Digital PND screening appears feasible, acceptable, valid and safe. It also benefits from being remotely delivered: we enrolled all participants remotely during the first COVID-19 lockdown. Use of digital screening could address known shortcomings of conventional health visitor-delivered screening such as limited staff time, parental unwillingness to disclose difficulties to a professional, lack of partner/father screening, and language barriers.

Study Design: The study design is a proof-of-concept feasibility study, which is a type of pilot study that aims to assess the feasibility of a larger study by testing the study procedures, interventions, and outcome measures. The study used a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis.

Setting: The study site was St Mary’s Hospital, a large maternity hospital operating across Greater Manchester, UK.

Population of Focus: The target audience for the study is healthcare professionals, researchers, and policymakers interested in improving access to postnatal depression treatment and supporting parents during the postnatal period.

Sample Size: The sample size for the study consisted of 15 mothers and 8 partners, totaling 23 participants who completed the study

Age Range: The age group of the participants is not explicitly mentioned in the provided excerpts. Therefore, I cannot provide specific information about the age group of the participants in the study

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Education on Disease/Condition, Online Material/Education/Blogging, Online Games

Intervention Description: An anti-tobacco educational board game, Smoke Stacks, was designed to engage youth in critical thinking regarding marketing practices of tobacco companies and tobacco's harmful effects. A pilot study was conducted to examine whether playing this theoretically informed that board game increased knowledge about tobacco use and negative attitudes toward tobacco companies, and decreased behavioral intentions to use tobacco.

Intervention Results: Compared to baseline, participants reported substantially increased self-perceived knowledge of the health effects of tobacco (P = 0.001) and were significantly more likely to agree that tobacco companies encourage young people to start smoking (P = 0.001), and that tobacco companies deny that cigarettes cause cancer and other diseases (P = 0.002).

Conclusion: This pilot study demonstrates that youth who played Smoke Stacks gained perceived knowledge and increased negative attitudes toward tobacco company tactics for encouraging smoking and discounting potential health risks of cigarettes.

Study Design: Pre/post evaluation

Setting: Chicago metro area, Illinois

Population of Focus: Researchers, public health professionals, policymakers

Sample Size: 67 youth

Age Range: ages 14-18

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Education on Disease/Condition, Online Material/Education/Blogging,

Intervention Description: The tobacco intervention in the study included a brief advice message for clinicians, an interactive computer program, a motivational interview, and booster sessions. The control group received a brief dietary intervention to promote fruit and vegetable consumption.

Intervention Results: Abstinence rates after 2 years were significantly higher for the tobacco intervention arm, relative to the control group, in the combined sample of baseline smokers and nonsmokers (odds ratio [OR]: 1.23; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03–1.47). Treatment effects were particularly strong among baseline self-described smokers (OR: 2.42; 95% CI: 1.40–4.16) but were not significant for baseline nonsmokers (OR: 1.25; 95% CI: 0.97–1.61) or for those who had “experimented” in the past month at baseline (OR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.45–1.98).

Conclusion: Brief, computer-assisted, tobacco intervention during routine medical care increased the smoking cessation rate among self-described smokers but was less effective in preventing smoking onset.

Study Design: Randomized controlled trial

Setting: Pediatric and family practice departments within a group practice health maintenance organization

Population of Focus: Adolescent patients waiting for family practice or pediatric care

Sample Size: 2526 youth

Age Range: ages 14-17

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Education on Disease/Condition, Online Material/Education/Blogging, Online Games

Intervention Description: The ASPIRE web-based smoking prevention program targeted adolescents to reduce intention to smoke. It featured interactive elements, multimedia content, and engaging activities to educate about tobacco risks. The intervention group experienced the full ASPIRE program, while the control group had a text-based version. By comparing outcomes, the study assessed the impact of interactivity and entertainment on smoking prevention. ASPIRE aimed to engage adolescents effectively and prevent smoking initiation

Intervention Results: A total of 82 participants completed the study and were included in the analysis. Participants in the experimental condition were more likely to show a decrease in their intention to smoke than those in the control condition (beta=-0.18, P=.008). Perceived interactivity (beta=-0.27, P=.004) and entertainment (beta=-0.20, P=.04) were each associated with a decrease in intention to smoke independently. Results of path analyses indicated that perceived interactivity and perceived entertainment mediated the relationship between ASPIRE use and emotional involvement. Furthermore, perceived presence mediated the relationship between perceived interactivity and emotional involvement. There was a direct relationship between perceived entertainment and emotional involvement. Emotional involvement predicted a decrease in intention to smoke (beta=-0.16, P=.04).

Conclusion: Adolescents' experience of interactivity and entertainment contributed to the expected outcome of lower intention to smoke. Also, emphasis needs to be placed on the emotional experience during Web-based interventions in order to maximize reductions in smoking intentions. Going beyond mere evaluation of the effectiveness of a Web-based smoking prevention program, this study contributes to the understanding of adolescents' psychological experience and its effect on their intention to smoke. With the results of this study, researchers can work to (1) enhance the experience of interactivity and entertainment and (2) amplify concepts of media effects (eg, presence and emotional involvement) in order to better reach health behavior outcomes.

Study Design: Randomized controlled trial

Setting: Houston, Texas metro area

Population of Focus: Adolescents in secondary school settings

Sample Size: 82 youth

Age Range: ages 12-17

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Online Material/Education/Blogging, Technology-Based Support, PATIENT_CONSUMER

Intervention Description: This study aims to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of and obtain preliminary outcome data on IMPACT (Intervention Media to Prevent Adolescent Cyber-Conflict Through Technology), a brief, remote app-based intervention to prevent and reduce the effect of cyberbullying.

Intervention Results: Regarding feasibility, 24.5% (121/494) of eligible participants provided contact information; of these, 69.4% (84/121) completed full enrollment procedures. Of the participants enrolled, 45% (36/80) were randomized into the IMPACT intervention and 55% (44/80) into the enhanced web-based resources groups. All participants randomized to the intervention condition completed the remote intervention session, and 89% (77/80) of the daily prompts were answered. The retention rate was 99% (79/80) at 8 weeks and 96% (77/80) at 16 weeks for all participants. Regarding acceptability, 100% (36/36) of the intervention participants were at least moderately satisfied with IMPACT overall, and 92% (33/36) of the participants were at least moderately satisfied with the app. At both 8 and 16 weeks, well-being was significantly higher (β=1.17, SE 0.87, P=.02 at 8 weeks and β=3.24, SE 0.95, P<.001 at 16 weeks) and psychological stress was lower (β=-.66, SE 0.08, P=.04 at 8 weeks and β=-.89, SE 0.09, P<.001 at 16 weeks) among IMPACT users than among control group users. Participants in the intervention group attempted significantly more bystander interventions than those in the control group at 8 weeks (β=.82, SE 0.42; P=.02).

Conclusion: This remote app-based intervention for victims of cyberbullying was feasible and acceptable, increased overall well-being and bystander interventions, and decreased psychological stress. Our findings are especially noteworthy given that the trial took place during the COVID-19 pandemic. The use of Instagram to recruit adolescents can be a successful strategy for identifying and intervening with those at the highest risk of cybervictimization.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Media Campaign (Print Materials, Public Address System, Social Media), Online Material/Education/Blogging,

Intervention Description: Community tools for CHIMC-TCI! dissemination plan with parent toolkit, multimedia campaign, elearning cafe, and reminder emails

Intervention Results: A convenience sample was obtained that yielded n = 1857 children, 404 adolescents and n = 1335 parents/caregivers for the CHIMC parent-study. After using the inclusion criteria of 13–17 years old, enrolled in CHIMC-TCI! a minimum of 9 months, and AA, a final sample of n = 118 adolescents was obtained. A diagram of inclusion criteria can be seen in Fig. 1. CHIMC-TCI! parents/caregivers (n = 118) were all AA (100%); female (92%); low-income, earning < $30,000 a year (83%); had an education level of high school graduate/GED or less (54%); and were unemployed (56%). Demo-graphics of parents/caregivers can be seen in Table 2. Comparison groups obtained from Wisconsin Department of Health Services consisted only of AA adolescents 13–17 years old. There was an overall similar percent of female and male adolescents in each group. Proportion of female adolescents for each group was: 57% among CHIMC-TCI!; 50% among the City of Milwaukee; and 49% for the State of Wisconsin. At the time of enrollment, parents/caregivers were asked whether their adolescent was UTD on immunizations. Parents/caregivers perceived that 92% of adolescents were HPV-UTD, while only 24% of adolescents had a WIR-verified HPV-UTD status, [p ≤ 0.001]. Baseline UTD status was significantly associated with favorable parental immunization attitudes/beliefs. Those that were UTD pre/post intervention were more confident with safety of childhood immunizations (97%), compared with those that were not UTD pre/post-intervention (79%) [p = 0.032]. Those that were UTD pre/post intervention agreed more that unvaccinated children may get a disease such as measles (93%), compared with those that were not UTD pre/post intervention (57%) [p = 0.001]. State of Wisconsin.

Conclusion: A culturally-tailored CBPR approach targeting parents/caregivers of younger AA children can have significant ancillary benefit to increase HPV immunization rates in adolescent siblings.

Study Design: pre and post quasi-experimental design

Setting: Two dependent proportions testing compared the proportion of adolescents that became UTD in the study cohort, City of Milwaukee, and State of Wisconsin.

Population of Focus: Public Health officials

Sample Size: Data from a community-based participatory research (CBPR) study addressing immunization disparities among 19–35 month old children was analyzed to identify ancillary benefits in HPV immunization rates for adolescent siblings. Sub-study analysis inclusion criteria: AA (N = 118), 13–17 years old, younger sibling enrolled in parent study, and enrolled ≥ 9 months.

Age Range: 19-35 month old children

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Educational Material (Provider), Online Material/Education/Blogging

Intervention Description: This study examined the degree to which the pregnant or postpartum women, in the process of quitting smoking, felt that writing in a blog about their smoking cessation journeys helped them in their efforts to become or remain smoke free.

Intervention Results: Participants were asked to complete an online survey, which had closed-ended questions regarding their sociodemographic and smoking characteristics. Once they completed the survey, semistructured qualitative interviews were conducted over the phone. Findings suggest that blogging might combine several evidence-based behavioral strategies for tobacco cessation, such as journaling and getting support from others who use tobacco.

Conclusion: Being part of a blogging community of women who have experienced or are experiencing similar challenges can be therapeutic and help women gain confidence in their ability to quit smoking. In conclusion, blogging may help pregnant and postpartum women quit smoking by increasing their social support and promoting self-reflection.

Study Design: Quasi experimental cross sectional - survey

Setting: Online forum for pregnant women

Population of Focus: Pregnant women in an online forum

Data Source: Survey, phone interview

Sample Size: 5

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Online Material/Education/Blogging, Counseling (Parent/Family),

Intervention Description: The intervention in the study was a multimedia educational tool (MET) that aimed to increase the uptake of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARC) in individuals with high-risk pregnancies. The MET was a preloaded 3-5 minute interactive multimedia presentation that provided information on LARC and their benefits, including the intrauterine device (IUD) and implant. The presentation was viewed on a tablet without the presence of research staff.

Intervention Results: From July 2020 through December 2020, 536 persons were screened and 380 randomized as follows: 190 for the multimedia educational tool and 190 for routine care. Demographic characteristics were similar between groups. The primary outcome-available for more than 90% of participants-was higher in the MET group (32.4%) than in the routine care (RC) group (20.9%) (RR 1.55; 95% CI 1.09-2.21; NNT nine, with 95% CI 5-42). Overall use of contraception was also higher in the MET group than in the RC group (RR 1.16; 95% CI 1.03-1.32).

Conclusion: Among individuals with high-risk pregnancies, compared with routine care, use of a multimedia-based educational tool increased the uptake of postpartum LARC by 55%.

Study Design: Randomized controlled trial

Setting: McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Science Center, Houston Texas; Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island

Sample Size: 380 high risk pregnancies

Age Range: 13-50

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Online Material/Education/Blogging, Technology-Based Support, PATIENT_CONSUMER

Intervention Description: This study uses agile qualitative methods to refine and evaluate the acceptability of a mixed-modality intervention, initiated within the context of usual pediatric care, for adolescents with a history of cyberharassment and cyberbullying victimization.

Intervention Results: A total of 19 adolescents (aged 13-17 years) reporting past-year cybervictimization were enrolled: 7 in I1, 4 in I2, and 8 in I3. Demographic variables included the following: a mean age of 15 (SD 1.5) years; 58% (11/19) female, 42% (8/19) male, 63% (12/19) Hispanic, 37% (7/19) non-Hispanic, 79% (15/19) people of color, and 21% (4/19) White. A total of 73% (14/19) self-identified as having a low socioeconomic status, and 37% (7/19) self-identified as lesbian, gay, or bisexual. The average past 12-month cybervictimization score at baseline was 8.2 (SD 6.58; range 2-26). Participant feedback was used to iteratively refine intervention content and design. For example, participants in I1 recommended that the scope of the intervention be expanded to include web-based conflicts and drama, rather than narrowly focusing on cyberbullying prevention. On the basis of this feedback, the I2 content was shifted toward more general de-escalation skills and bystander empowerment. Overall, 88.34% (940/1064) of the daily queries sent to participants across all 3 iterations received a reply. Participant satisfaction improved considerably with each iteration; 0% (0/7) of I1 participants rated the overall quality of Intervention to Prevent Adolescent Cybervictimization with Text message as excellent, compared to 50% (2/4) of I2 participants and 86% (6/7) of I3 participants. Engagement also improved between the first and third iterations, with participants replying to 59.9% (235/392) of messages in I1, compared to 79.9% (358/488) of messages in I3.

Conclusion: This study shows the value of structured participant feedback gathered in an agile intervention refinement methodology for the development of a technology-based intervention targeting adolescents.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Online Material/Education/Blogging, Peer Counselor

Intervention Description: The aim of this randomized controlled trial was to determine whether a behavioural intervention in pregnancy supported by online information would improve smoking cessation rates However, due to a number of challenges, recruitment to this trial was reluctantly halted.

Intervention Results: We aimed to recruit 220 maternal smokers within 2 years and after screening 1995 women, just 22 enrolled over a 8-month period. Only three women accessed the online element of the intervention and, at follow up, no women reported quitting.

Conclusion: We report our findings as they may inform the design and powering of future smoking cessation interventions in pregnancy.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Antenatal clinics

Population of Focus: Self-reported smokers who were aged over 18 years, less than 17 weeks gestation, understood English, had access to the Internet, and had capacity to give consent

Data Source: Breath CO, website statistics, survey, medical records

Sample Size: 22- 13 intervention group, 9 control group

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Education on Disease/Condition, Online Material/Education/Blogging, Online Games

Intervention Description: ...we developed the mobile game intervention HitnRun. A two-armed randomized controlled trial (RCT; n = 144) was conducted and young smokers (Mage = 19.39; SDage = 2.52) were randomly assigned to either play HitnRun or read a psychoeducational brochure. Prior to, directly following the intervention period, and after three-month follow-up, weekly smoking behavior, abstinence rates, intervention dose, and peer- and engagement-related factors were assessed.

Intervention Results: Results indicated similar reductions in weekly smoking levels and similar abstinence rates for both groups. Yet, we found a dose effect with HitnRun only: The longer participants played HitnRun, the lower their weekly smoking levels were. In the brochure group, a higher dose was related to higher weekly smoking levels at all measurement moments. Exploratory analyses showed the most powerful effects of HitnRun for participants who connected with and were engaged by the intervention.

Conclusion: Future work should build on the promising potential of HitnRun by increasing personalization efforts and strengthening peer influence components.

Study Design: Randomized controlled trial

Setting: Radbound University, Nijmegan, Netherlands

Population of Focus: Researchers, policy makers, health practitioners

Sample Size: 144 young people

Age Range: ages 16-27

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Online Material/Education/Blogging, , PATIENT_CONSUMER, PARENT_FAMILY, Training (Parent/Family)

Intervention Description: This study examined effective strategies to communicate with parent smokers about the risks of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure to children.

Intervention Results: Parent smokers who viewed either message recommendation reported greater harm perceptions (p <.001), self-efficacy (p <.001), and help-seeking intentions (p <.05) than the no-message control group. Cessation+exposure reduction recommendations elicited greater quit intentions than the no-message control (p <.05). Compared to text-only, videos elicited greater reduce-exposure intentions (p <.05) and interpersonal communication intentions (p <.05). Only videos elicited greater quit intentions (p <.01) and help-seeking intentions (p <.01) than the no-message control.

Conclusion: Communication about this topic can be optimized by recommending both cessation and exposure-reduction behaviors (versus cessation only), and by using videos (versus traditional print/text-based materials).

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Online Material/Education/Blogging, Peer Counselor, Educational Material

Intervention Description: The aim of the presented study was not only to develop an internet based, professionally e-mail accompanied platform for alcohol or tobacco consuming pregnant women ("IRIS Platform") but also to analyse the beneficiary profiles and investigate the practicability and acceptance of the platform among women and referring gynaecologists.

Intervention Results: The offer comprised three 12-week counselling programmes (alcohol, tobacco, combined consumption). Altogether 32 women registered within the recruitment period of 20 weeks, only 9 of them at the suggestion of gynaecologists. Thirty were enrolled. The average age was 31 years. Ten women were pregnant for the first time, 14 unplanned. Most of them were smokers (n = 29). 75 % (n = 12 of 16) of them had smoked in the previous pregnancies, 5 of 16 women had suffered miscarriages. Six women completed the entire 12 week programme. The abstinence rate after 3 months was min. 18.5 % (ITT) in the tobacco group, while in the alcohol programme 3 women achieved abstinence. Satisfaction was reported especially for the eCoach initiative.

Conclusion: The results demonstrate that an internet-based service like IRIS can be a useful form of support for tobacco or alcohol consuming pregnant women. A particular challenge is the accessibility of the persons concerned and the form in which alcohol consuming pregnant women are approached in daily medical practice. The individual contact to the eCoach can be a decisive form of support and aid to motivation.

Study Design: RCT- pilot

Setting: Internet based

Population of Focus: Adult pregnant women with at least one instance of consumption of alcohol and/or tobacco in pregnancy, adequate knowledge of German

Data Source: Website data, survey, nicotine dependence scales

Sample Size: 25

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): , EMR Reminder, Targeting Interventions to Focused Groups, Educational Material, Mobile Apps, Online Material/Education/Blogging

Intervention Description: The study primarily focuses on developing a data-driven primary intervention approach using machine learning and electronic health records (EHR) data to identify pregnant women at risk for postpartum depression (PPD) . The intervention aligns with a discernible strategy of leveraging machine learning algorithms to predict PPD risk based on EHR data, with the potential for early prevention, diagnosis, and intervention . The study does not analyze a multicomponent intervention; rather, it focuses on the development and validation of a machine learning algorithm for PPD risk prediction using EHR data. The intervention strategy is centered around leveraging data-driven approaches to identify at-risk individuals and potentially tailor therapeutic interventions, screening timelines, and preventive strategies for PPD

Intervention Results: The study analyzed a total of 15,197 deliveries from January 2015 to June 2018, and the prevalence of depression was 6.7% (N=1,010) and 6.5% (N=3,513) in the WCM and NYC-CDRN datasets, respectively . The machine learning algorithm was able to predict PPD risk with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) of 0.83 (95% CI: 0.81-0.85) in the training dataset and 0.80 (95% CI: 0.77-0.83) in the validation dataset . The study found significant differences in age, the number of emergency department visits, and racial distribution between PPD and non-PPD groups in the training and validation data . The study demonstrates that a data-driven primary intervention approach using machine learning and EHR data may be leveraged to reduce the healthcare provider burden of identifying PPD risk.

Conclusion: Machine learning-based models incorporating EHR-derived predictors, could augment symptom-based screening practice by identifying the high-risk population at greatest need for preventive intervention, before development of PPD.

Study Design: The study design was a prospective cohort study that used electronic health records (EHR) data to develop and validate a machine learning algorithm for predicting the risk of postpartum depression (PPD) among pregnant women . The study used two EHR datasets containing data on 15,197 women from 2015 to 2018 at a single site and 53,972 women from 2004 to 2017 at multiple sites as development and validation sets, respectively . The study included all pregnant women with fully completed antenatal care procedures who had live births of infants, and the exclusion criteria were maternal age below 18 or above 45, or lack of outpatient, inpatient, or emergency room encounter information in the EHR data within 1 year following childbirth . The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at Weill Cornell Medicine (IRB protocol# 1711018789), and data extraction and analysis were performed in 2019 . The study used a well-defined outcome measure of PPD diagnosis within 1 year following childbirth, and the machine learning algorithm was able to predict PPD risk with a high degree of accuracy

Setting: The study setting for the development dataset was a single site, and the validation dataset included data from multiple health systems across New York City affiliated with the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute funded New York City Clinical Data Research Network data (NYC-CDRN) . Therefore, the study setting primarily involved healthcare institutions and systems in New York City, USA.

Population of Focus: The target audience for the study includes healthcare professionals, researchers, and policymakers involved in maternal and mental health, as well as professionals working with electronic health records (EHR) and machine learning applications in healthcare. Additionally, the findings of the study may be of interest to organizations and institutions involved in developing and implementing predictive models for identifying and addressing the risk of postpartum depression among pregnant women.

Sample Size: The study included a total of 15,197 deliveries from January 2015 to June 2018 in the development dataset, and 53,972 deliveries from August 2004 to October 2017 in the validation dataset . These datasets were used to develop and validate a machine learning algorithm for predicting the risk of postpartum depression among pregnant women.

Age Range: The study included pregnant women within a specific age range. The exclusion criteria for the study were maternal age below 18 or above 45 . Therefore, the age range of the included pregnant women in the study was 18 to 45 years old.