Established Evidence Results

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Telephone Support, Parent Engagement, Patient Reminder/Invitation

Intervention Description: This study aims to test the acceptability and feasibility of SmokefreeMOM, a national smoking cessation text-messaging program for pregnant smokers.

Intervention Results: Results indicate that the SmokefreeMOM program was highly rated overall and rated more favorably than the control condition in its helpfulness at 3-month follow-up (P<.01) and in its frequency of messaging at both 1-month and 3-month follow-ups (P<.001, P<.01, respectively). Despite the presence of technical problems, the vast majority of intervention participants read all program messages, and few participants unsubscribed from the program. There were no significant differences between groups on the use of extra treatment resources or on smoking-related outcomes. However, at the 3-month follow-up, some outcomes favored the intervention group.

Conclusion: SmokefreeMOM is acceptable for pregnant smokers. It is recommended that SmokefreeMOM be further refined and evaluated.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Obstetrics-gynecology clinics

Population of Focus: Women who are currently pregnant, English proficient, with a mobile phone and unlimited text messaging, that are currently smoking or smoked in the past 2 weeks

Data Source: Surveys and saliva sample

Sample Size: 99 participants (55 in SmokefreeMOM intervention group and 44 in control group)

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Patient Reminder/Invitation, Educational Material, Telephone Support, Parent Engagement, Incentives

Intervention Description: The study aimed to demonstrate the feasibility and acceptability of Quit4baby for women currently enrolled in Text4baby, a perinatal health text messaging program.

Intervention Results: Most participants responded to the program favorably. Highly rated aspects included the content of the program, skills taught within the program, and encouragement and social support provided by the program. Participants reported that the program was helpful in quitting, that the program gave good ideas on quitting, and that they would recommend the program to a friend. Suggestions for improvement included increasing the message dose and making the quitpal more interactive.

Conclusion: This pilot test provides support for the feasibility and acceptability of Quit4baby. Future studies are needed to assess whether Quit4baby is effective for smoking cessation during pregnancy.

Study Design: Single group pre-post test evaluation pilot

Setting: Electronic phone application

Population of Focus: Women over 18 years of age who are currently pregnant, English proficient, that are currently smoking or smoked in the past 2 weeks

Data Source: Telephone surveys, retrospective computer records review of engagement with the technology

Sample Size: 20

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Patient Reminder/Invitation, Educational Material, Parent Engagement, Telephone Support

Intervention Description: The study tests whether an interactive and intensive text messaging program, Quit4baby, can promote smoking cessation for pregnant women already enrolled in a health text messaging program, Text4baby.

Intervention Results: Using an intention-to-treat analysis, 28.80% of the intervention group and 15.79% of the control group reported not smoking in the past 7 days at 1 month (p<0.01), and 35.20% of the intervention group and 22.67% of the control group reported not smoking in the past 7 days at 3 months (p<0.01). Biochemical verification of smoking status at 3 months indicated no significant differences between groups (15.60% in the intervention group and 10.93% in the control group [p=0.13]), although significant differences favoring the intervention were found for older smokers (p<0.05) and for those who enrolled in their second or third trimester of pregnancy (p<0.05). Self-report of late pregnancy 7- and 30-day point prevalence abstinence favored the intervention group (p<0.001, p<0.01). No significant differences were observed at the 6-month follow-up or in the postpartum period.

Conclusion: Results provide limited support of the efficacy of the Quit4baby text messaging program in the short term and late in pregnancy, but not in the postpartum period.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Electronic phone application

Population of Focus: Women over 14 years of age who are currently pregnant, English proficient, that are currently smoking or smoked in the past 2 weeks, who were signed up for Text4Baby message

Data Source: Surveys and saliva sample

Sample Size: 497

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Patient-Centered Medical Home, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Outreach (caregiver), PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, PARENT_FAMILY, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE

Intervention Description: The 2016–2018 National Surveys of Children’s Health dataset was used to identify associations among preventive care, unmet health care needs, medical home access, and emergency department (ED) use among children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Intervention Results: Results indicated that youth with ASD had higher odds of using ED services if they had unmet mental health care needs (OR = 1.58, CI: 1.04–2.39) and lower odds of using ED services if they had access to a medical home (OR = 0.79, CI: 0.63–0.98).

Conclusion: Findings suggest the importance of access to coordinated, comprehensive, and patient-centered care to address health care needs and prevent ED utilization among children and adolescents with ASD.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Other Person-to-Person Education, Peer Counselor, Motivational Interviewing, Telephone Support, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Consultation (Parent/Family)

Intervention Description: The goals were to describe a smoking cessation intervention, the Tennessee Intervention for Pregnant Smokers program, and examine the impact on quit rates compared to usual care. Additionally we sought to examine reduction in smoking levels and number of quit attempts related to the intervention and finally to examine the impact of the intervention on birth outcomes.

Intervention Results: Over 28% of intervention group women quit smoking, compared to 9.8% in the control group. Two thirds of intervention group women significantly reduced smoking by delivery, with 40%+ attempting to quit at least once. Compared to controls, intervention group women saw significantly better birth outcomes, including newborns weighing 270g more and 50% less likely to have a neonatal intensive care unit admission. Among intervention group participants, those who quit smoking had significantly better birth outcomes than those who did not quit smoking.

Conclusion: Findings point to the potential for appropriately tailored pregnancy smoking interventions to produce substantial improvements in birth outcomes within populations with health disparities.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Prenatal care clinics

Population of Focus: Pregnant women smokers who receive Medicaid and prenatal care

Data Source: Self-report of smoking behavior, exhaled CO, urine cotinine

Sample Size: 1486

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, PARENT/FAMILY, Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), CLASSROOM, Adult-led Curricular Activities/Training, Enforcement of School Rules, SCHOOL, Assembly, Reporting & Response System, Bullying Committee, Teacher/Staff Meeting, Teacher/Staff Training, School Rules, Identification and Monitoring of/Increased Supervision in Targeted Areas, POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS, COMMUNITY, Media Campaign (Print Materials, Radio, TV)

Intervention Description: To examine the effectiveness of a widely disseminated bullying prevention program.

Intervention Results: Regression analyses controlling for baseline prevalence and school characteristics showed no overall effect on student victimization. However, when stratified by ethnicity/race, reports of relational and physical victimization decreased by 28% (RR = .72, 95% CI: .53-.98) and 37% (RR = .63, 95% CI: .42-.97), respectively, among white students relative to those in comparison schools. No similar effect was found for students of other races/ethnicities; there were no differences by gender or by grade. Students in intervention schools were more likely to perceive other students as actively intervening in bullying incidents, and 6th graders were more likely to feel sorry and want to help victims.

Conclusion: The program had some mixed positive effects varying by gender, ethnicity/race, and grade but no overall effect. Schools implementing the program, especially with a heterogeneous student body, should monitor outcomes and pay particular attention to the impact of culture, race and family influences on student behavior. Future studies of large-scale bullying prevention programs in the community must be rigorously evaluated to ensure they are effective.

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group

Setting: US

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Intervention (n=4959) Relational Victimization: Pretest (n=4607); Posttest (n=4480) Physical Victimization: Pretest (n=4531); Posttest (n=4419) Control (n=1559) Relational Victimization: Pretest (n=1408); Posttest (n=1456) Physical Victimization: Pretest (n=1373); Posttest (n=1448)

Age Range: NR

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide),

Intervention Description: The intervention involved the distribution of an influenza information pamphlet specifically tailored for the Polish community in Edinburgh, Scotland, to provide information about influenza vaccination

Intervention Results: The uptake of influenza vaccine in 2018 increased by 5.0% in the pilot schools' cohort, with an increase in the refusal rate as well. The study also identified an increase in the return rate of consent forms by 20.7% among Polish parents

Conclusion: The study concluded that the tailored influenza information pamphlet had a positive impact on increasing vaccination uptake among Polish pupils in Edinburgh, Scotland

Study Design: The study utilized a pre-post intervention design to evaluate the impact of an influenza information pamphlet on vaccination uptake among Polish pupils in Edinburgh, Scotland

Setting: The setting of the study is Edinburgh, Scotland, focusing on Polish pupils in schools

Population of Focus: The target audience of the study is Polish parents of pupils in Edinburgh, Scotland, who are making decisions about influenza vaccination for their children

Sample Size: The study involved 61 Polish pupils in three pilot schools in Edinburgh, Scotland

Age Range: The age range of the target audience (Polish pupils) was not explicitly mentioned in the provided text.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, CLASSROOM, Enforcement of School Rules, SCHOOL, Bullying Committee, Assembly, Reporting & Response System, Teacher/Staff Meeting, Teacher/Staff Training, School Rules, Identification and Monitoring of/Increased Supervision in Targeted Areas, POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS, COMMUNITY, Media Campaign (Print Materials, Radio, TV)

Intervention Description: This intervention study examined the prevalence of bullying in an urban/suburban middle school and the impact of the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program (OBPP).

Intervention Results: Statistically significant findings were found for 7th grade female students who received 1 year of the OBPP on reports of prevalence of bullying (p = .022) and exclusion by peers (p = .009). In contrast, variability in statistical findings was obtained for 8th grade females and no statistical findings were found for males. Following 1 year of the OBPP, teachers reported statistically significant improvements in their capacity to identify bullying (p = .016), talk to students who bully (p = .024), and talk with students who are bullied (p = .051). Other substantial percentile changes were also noted.

Conclusion: Findings suggest a significant positive impact of the OBPP on 7th grade females and teachers. Other grade and gender findings were inconsistent with previous literature. Recommendations for further research are provided along with implications for school health prevention programming.

Study Design: QE: time-lagged age-equivalent control group

Setting: US

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Intervention (n=112); Control (n=158)

Age Range: NR

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Enabling Services, Expert Support (Provider), Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, PATIENT_CONSUMER, PARENT_FAMILY

Intervention Description: We hypothesized that addressing barriers to scheduling in-person interpreters would make FCR encounters more likely, and thus ensure more equitable care for LEP patients.

Intervention Results: There were 614 encounters with LEP patients during the intervention, 367 of which included in-person interpreters. The percentage of encounters with LEP patients involving interpreters increased from 0% to 63%. Form completion, our primary process measure, reached 87% in the most recent phase. English-proficient and LEP patients reported similar satisfaction with their rounding experience amid a modest increase in rounds duration (preintervention, 105 minutes; postintervention, 130 minutes; P = .056).

Conclusion: Using quality improvement as a framework to address key barriers, we successfully implemented a process that increased the participation of in-person interpreters on FCRs on a busy pediatric service.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Other Education, Patient-Centered Medical Home, PATIENT_CONSUMER, PARENT_FAMILY, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE

Intervention Description: The purpose of this study was to establish a healthy weight management support group in a pediatric patient-centered medical home.

Intervention Results: There was a significant improvement in fruit and vegetable intake and dining out (p = <.05), and a clinical improvement in physical activity and sugar sweetened beverage intake.

Conclusion: Setting Kids Up For Success provides a framework for patient-centered medical home's to provide a healthy lifestyle support group for SA children and their families.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), CLASSROOM, Adult-led Curricular Activities/Training, Peer-led Curricular Activities/Training, Training (Parent/Family), SCHOOL, Teacher/Staff Meeting, Teacher/Staff Training, School Rules

Intervention Description: The Cyber Friendly Schools (CFS) group-randomized controlled trial measured the longitudinal impact of a whole-school online cyberbullying prevention and intervention program, developed in partnership with young people.

Intervention Results: The program was associated with significantly greater declines in the odds of involvement in cyber-victimization and perpetration from pre- to the first post-test, but no other differences were evident between the study conditions. However, teachers implemented only one third of the program content.

Conclusion: More work is needed to build teacher capacity and self-efficacy to effectively implement cyberbullying programs. Whole-school cyberbullying interventions implemented in conjunction with other bullying prevention programs may reduce cyber-victimization more than traditional school-based bullying prevention programs alone.

Study Design: Cluster RCT: pretest-posttest

Setting: Australia

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Pretest (N=3382): Intervention (n=1878); Control (n=1504) Posttest 1 (N=2940): Intervention (n=1593); Control (n=1347) Posttest 2 (N=2874): Intervention (n=1582); Control (n=1292)

Age Range: 13-15

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Educational Material (caregiver), Assessment (caregiver), PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, PARENT_FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide)

Intervention Description: To evaluate formative evaluation, a pedagogic method that sensitizes mothers to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), as a new way to improve prevention of SIDS.

Intervention Results: At follow-up, 91.9% and 86.8% of the mothers reported practicing supine sleep position in the intervention and control group respectively (p=0.16; OR=1.7, 95% CI: 0.7-4.0).

Conclusion: Formative evaluation using an educative questionnaire could improve maternal awareness on SIDS risk factors and their compliance with recommendations about SIDS prevention.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Maternity department of the Rennes University Hospital

Population of Focus: Mothers hospitalized during the immediate postpartum period between Jun 19 and Aug 28, 2005 who were not hospitalized for abnormal or high-risk pregnancies and did not have newborns hospitalized in neonatology

Data Source: Mother report

Sample Size: Baseline (n=320) Follow-up (n=292)  Intervention (n=148)  Control (n=144)

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner, CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, Assessment (caregiver), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Online Material/Education/Blogging, Motivational Interviewing, PARENT/FAMILY, Consultation (Parent/Family), Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide)

Intervention Description: A study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of two brief multi-strategic child health nurse delivered interventions in: decreasing the prevalence of infants exposed to SHS; decreasing the prevalence of smoking amongst parent/carers of infants and increasing the prevalence of household smoking bans.

Intervention Results: When compared to the Control group at 12 months, no significant differences in the prevalence of infant exposure to SHS were detected from baseline to follow-up for Treatment condition 1 or Treatment condition 2. Similarly, no significant differences were detected in the proportion of parent/care givers who reported that they were smokers, or in the proportion of households reported to have a complete smoking ban.

Conclusion: Further research is required to identify effective interventions that can be consistently provided by child health nurses if the potential of such settings to contribute to reductions in child SHS exposure is to be realised.

Study Design: Cluster randomized controlled trial

Setting: Community well-child health clinics

Population of Focus: s Infants exposed to second hand smoke

Data Source: Data was collected via computer during the visit, child health clinic records

Sample Size: 1424 parents of children aged 0 to 4 years attending well-child health checks

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, CAREGIVER, Educational Material (caregiver), Assessment (caregiver)

Intervention Description: An information programme on measures to prevent passive smoking by children, designed for use during well-child visits, was tested

Intervention Results: There was no significant difference between the groups with respect to change in smoking behavior. None of the families had contacted the smoking cessation resources provided to the intervention group.

Conclusion: We found no significant differences between the groups with respect to change in smoking behaviour.

Study Design: Randomized, parallel group, clinical trial

Setting: Clinic based well-child intervention

Population of Focus: Families bringing their children to the participating health centers for 6-week, 2 or 4 year well-child visits

Data Source: Self-report by parents

Sample Size: 443 families initially, 80 families dropped out

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Referrals, Educational Material (Provider), HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, PATIENT_CONSUMER

Intervention Description: To improve Early Head Start/Head Start (EHS/HS) screening, referral, and enrollment for children from diverse, low-income communities.

Intervention Results: The preintervention group included 223 patients. The postintervention group included 235 patients. EHS/HS screening improved significantly after the intervention, rising from 8% in the preintervention period to 46% in the postintervention period (odds ratio [OR] 10.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] [5.9, 19.4]). EHS/HS documented referral rates increased from 1% in the preintervention period to 20% in the postintervention period (OR 18.3, 95% CI [5.7, 93.6]). Thirty-two of the 42 patients in the postintervention group referred to EHS/HS were reached to determine enrollment status. Six children (14%) had enrolled in EHS/HS.

Conclusion: With use of existing resources, a medical home–Head Start partnership can build an integrated system that significantly improves screening and referral rates to early learning programs.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Assessment, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Educational Material (caregiver)

Intervention Description: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of systematic assessment of asthma-like symptoms and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure during regular preventive well-child visits between age 1 and 4 years by well-child professionals.

Intervention Results: No differences were found in asthma, wheezing and other measures between intervention and control group. Children whose parents received the intervention had a decreased risk of ETS at home ever at age 2 and 3 years, but not at age 6.

Conclusion: Systematic assessment and counselling of asthma-like symptoms and ETS exposure in early childhood by well-child care professionals using a brief assessment form was not effective in reducing the prevalence of physician-diagnosed asthma ever and wheezing, and did not improve FeNO, Rint or HRQOL at age 6 years. Our results hold some promise for interviewing parents and using information leaflets at well-child centres to reduce ETS exposure at home in preschool children.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Well-child care centers in Rotterdam

Population of Focus: Children born between April 2002 and January 2006 attending wellcare visits at 16 well-care centers. The centers were randomized into 8 intervention and 8 control centers

Data Source: Parent self-report

Sample Size: 7775 children

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Education on Disease/Condition, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Planning for Transition, PARENT_FAMILY, YOUTH, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE

Intervention Description: This quality improvement project focused on improving transition to adult health care by creating varied supports for the patient, family, and the health care team and putting them into action within a pediatric medical practice that serves over 250 adolescent and young adult patients with autism spectrum disorder.

Intervention Results: Before the supports were put into place, patients and families received limited and inconsistent communication to help them with transition. While the supports helped increase the amount and quality of help patients and families received, medical providers skipped or put off transition discussion in approximately half of well visits for targeted patients. Challenges in implementing the transition process included finding time to discuss transition-related issues with patients/families, preference of medical providers to have social workers discuss transition, and difficulty identifying adult health care providers for patients.

Conclusion: This suggests more work is needed to both train and partner with patients, families, and health staff to promote smooth and positive health transitions.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Community-Based Group Education, Group Education, Telephone Support, Educational Material, CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Educational Material (caregiver), PARENT/FAMILY, Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide)

Intervention Description: The objective of this trial was to test if parents’ participation in an intervention based on an empowerment ideology and participatory experiences decreased the number of cigarettes smoked in homes.

Intervention Results: The median number of cigarettes smoked in the home daily decreased from 18 to 4 in the total sample (both groups about equally), however no statistically significant difference was detected between groups at 6 months follow-up.

Conclusion: Participation in the study, independent of group, may have resulted in parents decreasing the number of cigarettes smoked in the home. Valuable lessons were learned about recruiting and working with this group of parents, all of whom faced the challenges of tobacco and almost half of whom lived in poverty

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (home)

Population of Focus: Families connected with public health nursing offices, family resource centers, daycare centers, and kindergartens in Prince Edward Island, with at least one cigarette smoked daily in the home, children up to 5 years of age residing there, and one parent (smoker or not) willing to participate

Data Source: Data were collected in two intervieweradministered questionnaires competed in participants’ homes at baseline and 6-months follow-up.

Sample Size: 60 families

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Planning for Transition, Pediatric to Adult Transfer Assistance, PROVIDER/PRACTICE, EMR Reminder, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide)

Intervention Description: An EMR-based transition planning tool (TPT) was introduced into the Pediatric CHD Clinic. Two nurses used the TPT with eligible patients. Independent of the intervention, two medicine-pediatric CHD physicians and one nurse practitioner were added to the ACHD Clinic to address growing capacity needs.

Intervention Results: Control patients waited 26 ± 19.2 months after their last pediatric clinic visit for their first adult visit. Intervention patients waited 13 ± 8.3 months (P = .019). Control and Intervention patients experienced a lapse in care greater than two (50% vs 13%, P = .017) and three (30% vs 0%, P = .011) years, respectively. The difference between the recommended number of months for follow-up and the first adult appointment (15.1 ± 17.3 Control and 4.4 ± 6.1 Intervention months) was significant (P = .025). NYHAFS deteriorated between the last Pediatric visit and the first ACHD visit for seven (23%) Control patients and no Intervention patients (P = .042). Four of seven Control patients whose NYHAFS declined had a lapse of care of more than two years.

Conclusion: There is a need for improved HCT planning for patients with moderate to severe CHD, otherwise, lapses of care and adverse outcomes can ensue.

Study Design: Prospective study

Setting: Clinic-based (Children’s hospital pediatric cardiology clinic)

Population of Focus: Adolescent patients with moderate to severe congenital heart disease (CHD)

Data Source: Electronic medical records; New York Heart Association Functional Assessment of Heart Failure instrument

Sample Size: 25 intervention, 30 control

Age Range: Intervention 16- 25 years, control 18 years or older

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, Training (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Home Visit (caregiver), Education/Training (caregiver), Educational Material (caregiver), Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Pharmacotherapy (Nicotine), Home Visits, Educational Material, Motivational Interviewing, Peer Counselor, Telephone Support

Intervention Description: We tested a combined intervention to reduce children's secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) and help parents quit smoking.

Intervention Results: Parents’ reports of their smoking and children’s exposure showed moderate and significant correlation with children’s urine cotinine levels and home air nicotine. 13 intervention group mothers and 4 controls reported quitting smoking for 7 days prior to 1 or more study measurements without biochemical contradiction. Results of generalized estimating equations showed significantly greater decrease in reported SHSe and mothers’ smoking in the counseled group compared with controls. Reported indoor smoking and children’s urine cotinine decreased, yet group differences for changes were not significant.

Conclusion: Nicotine contamination of the home and resulting thirdhand exposure may have contributed to the failure to obtain a differential decrease in cotinine concentration. Partial exposure to counseling due to dropouts and lack of full participation from all family members and measurement reactivity in both conditions may have constrained intervention effects. Secondhand smoke exposure counseling may have been less powerful when combined with smoking cessation.

Study Design: Two-group, repeated measures RCT

Setting: Community (home)

Population of Focus: WIC clients in San Diego, California

Data Source: 3 weekly baseline child urine cotinine measures collected before trial randomization then reported and urine cotinine measures at 3 (midintervention), 6 (post-intervention), 12, and 18 months

Sample Size: 150 families

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Distribution of Promotional Items (Classroom/School),

Intervention Description: The intervention description mentioned in the provided text varies depending on the study being referred to. For the study involving GP practices, the intervention was a behaviorally-informed invitation letter sent to parents of two- and three-year-olds, which included several behavioral techniques such as simplification, personalization, and implementation intentions. The control group received usual care ,[object Object],, ,[object Object],. For the study involving schools, the interventions included a behaviorally-informed letter and a reminder (SMS/email) sent to parents. The behaviorally-informed letter included several behavioral techniques such as simplification, personalization, and a positive social norm statement. The reminder was sent by the schools to parents in the reminder arms. The control group received either a standard letter or no reminder ,[object Object],, ,[object Object],, ,[object Object],.

Intervention Results: The results mentioned in the provided text vary depending on the study being referred to. For the study involving GP practices, the behaviorally-informed invitation letter increased the uptake of childhood flu vaccine in general practice by 13.7% in absolute terms, compared to usual practice. The effect of the intervention remained significant after adjusting for demographic variables and interaction effects. The effect of the intervention did not differ between those who had and had not received a vaccination the previous year. Practices using SystmOne had higher uptake. There was variation between practices and CCGs, suggesting that there are practice/school level factors that influence uptake ,[object Object],, ,[object Object],. For the study involving schools, the behaviorally-informed letter did not have a statistically significant effect on vaccination uptake, but the reminder did lead to a small increase in uptake of the influenza vaccine in schools. The proportion of eligible students in the school year who were vaccinated increased with the reminder, but there was no effect of the letter nor any interaction effect. There was variation between school years and schools, suggesting that there are practice/school level factors that influence uptake ,[object Object],, ,[object Object],, ,[object Object],.

Conclusion: The conclusion mentioned in the provided text is that sending a behaviorally-informed invitation letter can increase uptake of childhood influenza vaccines at GP surgeries compared to usual practice. However, the effect size of the intervention was much smaller in school-based programs, with the behaviorally-informed letter not having a statistically significant effect on vaccination uptake. A reminder SMS or email, which follows on from an invitation letter, can lead to a small increase in uptake of the influenza vaccine in schools. The studies suggest that there are practice/school level factors that influence uptake, and future research investigating the effectiveness of behaviorally-informed letters should undertake process evaluation to better understand how and why the interventions may be effective ,[object Object],, ,[object Object],, ,[object Object],, ,[object Object],.

Study Design: The study design mentioned in the provided text is a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of behaviorally-informed interventions to improve childhood flu vaccination uptake in school-based programs. The study used a 2 × 2 factorial design, with schools within each strata randomly assigned to one of four intervention arms, one for each combination of interventions. The interventions included behaviorally-informed letters and reminders to assess their effects on vaccination uptake at GP practices and schools ,[object Object],, ,[object Object],.

Setting: The setting in the provided text appears to be related to a study or research project involving schools, child health, and vaccination uptake. The text mentions the religious denomination of the school, the type of school (state-funded primary, state-funded secondary, or independent), and the postcode of schools linked to the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) data. Additionally, it discusses the sample size and power calculations based on the number of schools and children involved in the study ,[object Object],.

Population of Focus: The target audience for the information provided in the PDF seems to be researchers, public health professionals, and policymakers interested in childhood flu vaccination uptake in school-based programs. The content discusses a randomized controlled trial of behaviorally-informed interventions to improve vaccination uptake in schools, as well as the effects of letters and reminders on vaccine uptake at GP practices and schools ,[object Object],, ,[object Object],.

Sample Size: The sample size for the study involving schools and childhood flu vaccination uptake was determined by the number of schools in participating areas. Power calculations indicated that with the original number of schools available (~1700 schools and six providers) and assuming no variation between local authorities and an average of 100 children in years 1–3 in each school, the study would have 90% power to detect a 1% absolute increase in uptake, from 63% to 64% ,[object Object],.

Age Range: The age range mentioned in the provided text is 2 to 16 years old. The UK Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation recommended a national childhood influenza immunisation program to be rolled out to 2- to 16-year-olds, using a live attenuated influenza vaccine ,[object Object],.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner, YOUTH, Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, PARENT/FAMILY, Training (Parent/Family), Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Educational Material (caregiver), Home Visit (caregiver)

Intervention Description: A 2-year randomized, controlled trial involving 95 children measured the impact of a comprehensive home and ambulatory program for pediatric asthma management using objective outcome measures.

Intervention Results: There were no significant differences in medical visits, theophylline levels, or records of asthma symptomsOne year after discontinuing the intervention, a marked "washout" effect was observed.

Conclusion: Comprehensive ambulatory programs of childhood asthma management can improve objective measures of illness severity but must be sustained.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Homes and well-child clinics

Population of Focus: Patients admitted to the Izaak Walton Killam Children’s Hospital with a diagnosis of asthma in the preceding 5 years

Data Source: Medical personnel

Sample Size: 95 children

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), CAREGIVER, Educational Material (caregiver), Education/Training (caregiver), Home Visit (caregiver)

Intervention Description: To investigate whether parents of asthmatic children would stop smoking or alter their smoking habits to protect their children from environmental tobacco smoke.

Intervention Results: Salivary cotinine concentrations in children, and changes in reported smoking habits of the parents 1 year after the intervention. At the second visit, about 1 year after the baseline visit, a small decrease in salivary cotinine concentrations was found in both groups of children: the mean decrease in the intervention group (0.70 ng/ml) was slightly smaller than that of the control group (0.88 ng/ml), but the net difference of 0.19 ng/ml had a wide 95% confidence interval (−0.86 to 0.48). Overall, 98% of parents in both groups still smoked at follow up. However, there was a non-significant tendency for parents in the intervention group to report smoking more at follow up and to having a reduced desire to stop smoking.

Conclusion: A brief intervention to advise parents of asthmatic children about the risks from passive smoking was ineffective in reducing their children’s exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. The intervention may have made some parents less inclined to stop smoking. If a clinician believes that a child’s health is being affected by parental smoking, the parent’s smoking needs to be addressed as a separate issue from the child’s health.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (home)

Population of Focus: Families with an asthmatic child aged 2-12 years living with a parent who smoked

Data Source: Salivary cotinine concentrations in children, and parent self-report.

Sample Size: 501 families

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Education on Disease/Condition, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Planning for Transition, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, PARENT_FAMILY, YOUTH

Intervention Description: This study evaluated the impact of establishing a transition clinic in a regional Australian setting on the lives of young adults living with severe chronic kidney disease and their families.

Intervention Results: Four key themes were identified as follows: The Model of Care; Peer support; Transition towards self-management: Building life skills; Suggestions for improvement and limitations of the service model. The non-institutional, informal clinic setting and social/educational activities facilitated engagement, self-management and peer support for young people and parents. Suggestions for improvement included involvement of older peers, additional life skills sessions and a youth worker.

Conclusion: This regional transition clinic is valued by the young people and their parents for generating peer support, building self-management and life skills. Sustainability of the clinic depends upon having the appropriate expertise available, access to a suitable venue and offering a program that meets the needs of young people.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Assessment, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), CAREGIVER, Educational Material (caregiver), Counseling (Parent/Family)

Intervention Description: To investigate whether a biomarker screening approach for tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) conducted concurrently with lead screening at well-child visits would increase parental smoking cessation and implementation of home smoking restrictions.

Intervention Results: Eighty-four percent of eligible parents agreed to have their child tested for TSE along with lead testing. Measurable cotinine was identified in 93% of children. More parents in the intervention group received tobacco treatment than in the comparison group (74% vs. 0%) and more parents reported 7-day point-prevalent abstinence from smoking at 8 weeks (29% vs. 3%).

Conclusion: These data demonstrate the feasibility of adding cotinine measurement to routine well-child lead screening to document TSE in small children. Data suggest providing this information to parents increases engagement in tobacco treatment and prompts smoking cessation.

Study Design: Observational, quasiexperimental

Setting: Pediatric clinic in Minneapolis, Minnesota

Population of Focus: Parents who smoked and their children presenting for well-child visits

Data Source: Parental self-report and child cotinine level.

Sample Size: 80 parents

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, Peer-led Mentoring/Support Counseling, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, CLASSROOM, Adult-led Curricular Activities/Training, SCHOOL, Reporting & Response System, Teacher/Staff Training, Media Campaign (Print Materials, Public Address System, Social Media)

Intervention Description: This study investigated the effectiveness of the KiVa Antibullying Program in two samples of students, one from Grades 1-3 (7-9 years old, N = 6,927) and the other from Grades 7-9 (13-15 years old, N = 16, 503).

Intervention Results: Multilevel regression analyses revealed that after 9 months of implementation, the intervention had beneficial effects in Grades 1-3 on self-reported victimization and bullying (odds ratios approximately equal to 1.5), with some differential effects by gender. In Grades 7-9, statistically significant positive results were obtained on 5 of 7 criterion variables, but results often depended on gender and sometimes age. The effects were largest for boys' peer reports: bullying, assisting the bully, and reinforcing the bully (Cohen's ds 0.11-0.19).

Conclusion: Overall, the findings from the present study and from a previous study for Grades 4-6 (Karna, Voeten, Little, Poskiparta, Kaljonen, et al., 2011) indicate that the KiVa program is effective in reducing bullying and victimization in Grades 1-6, but the results are more mixed in Grades 7-9. (Contains 1 figure, 7 tables, and 1 footnote.)

Study Design: Cluster RCT: pretest-posttest

Setting: Finland

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Total (n=16503)

Age Range: 13-15

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Social Media, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), , PARENT_FAMILY, COMMUNITY

Intervention Description: We compared the impact of safe sleep or breastfeeding mHealth messaging on bedsharing and breastfeeding at 2 to 5 months.

Intervention Results: Overall, exposure to breastfeeding versus safe sleep messaging was not associated with a difference in any breastfeeding at 2 to 5 months (69.3% vs 65.5%, respectively; adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.33 [95% confidence interval, 0.91, 1.94]). Women with shorter planned duration of breastfeeding who received breastfeeding messaging had increased odds of breastfeeding at 2 to 5 months (50% vs 31%; aOR 3.13 [95% CI, 1.47, 6.65]). Mothers who received safe sleep messaging had lower rates of bedsharing overall when compared to breastfeeding messaging (24.8% vs 35.2%; aOR = 0.58 [95% CI, 0.44, 0.78]).

Conclusion: In this large multi-ethnic US sample, receipt of safe sleep mHealth messaging was associated with lower rates of bedsharing without negatively impacting breastfeeding rates. Future research should focus on continued development of interventions to improve adherence to both safe sleep and breastfeeding recommendations.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Outreach (Provider), Continuity of Care (Caseload), Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, PARENT_FAMILY, Telehealth

Intervention Description: The purpose of this project was to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of videoconference handoffs between inpatient, case management, and home care nurses, and the patients/families during transitions of care from hospital to home care.

Intervention Results: Videoconference handoffs (n = 10) were found to be feasible and address gaps in communication, coordination of care, and patient/family engagement during transitions from hospital to home care.

Conclusion: Postpilot, nurses agreed the videoconference handoffs should continue with minimal modifications.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Media Campaign (Print Materials, Public Address System, Social Media), Online Material/Education/Blogging,

Intervention Description: Community tools for CHIMC-TCI! dissemination plan with parent toolkit, multimedia campaign, elearning cafe, and reminder emails

Intervention Results: A convenience sample was obtained that yielded n = 1857 children, 404 adolescents and n = 1335 parents/caregivers for the CHIMC parent-study. After using the inclusion criteria of 13–17 years old, enrolled in CHIMC-TCI! a minimum of 9 months, and AA, a final sample of n = 118 adolescents was obtained. A diagram of inclusion criteria can be seen in Fig. 1. CHIMC-TCI! parents/caregivers (n = 118) were all AA (100%); female (92%); low-income, earning < $30,000 a year (83%); had an education level of high school graduate/GED or less (54%); and were unemployed (56%). Demo-graphics of parents/caregivers can be seen in Table 2. Comparison groups obtained from Wisconsin Department of Health Services consisted only of AA adolescents 13–17 years old. There was an overall similar percent of female and male adolescents in each group. Proportion of female adolescents for each group was: 57% among CHIMC-TCI!; 50% among the City of Milwaukee; and 49% for the State of Wisconsin. At the time of enrollment, parents/caregivers were asked whether their adolescent was UTD on immunizations. Parents/caregivers perceived that 92% of adolescents were HPV-UTD, while only 24% of adolescents had a WIR-verified HPV-UTD status, [p ≤ 0.001]. Baseline UTD status was significantly associated with favorable parental immunization attitudes/beliefs. Those that were UTD pre/post intervention were more confident with safety of childhood immunizations (97%), compared with those that were not UTD pre/post-intervention (79%) [p = 0.032]. Those that were UTD pre/post intervention agreed more that unvaccinated children may get a disease such as measles (93%), compared with those that were not UTD pre/post intervention (57%) [p = 0.001]. State of Wisconsin.

Conclusion: A culturally-tailored CBPR approach targeting parents/caregivers of younger AA children can have significant ancillary benefit to increase HPV immunization rates in adolescent siblings.

Study Design: pre and post quasi-experimental design

Setting: Two dependent proportions testing compared the proportion of adolescents that became UTD in the study cohort, City of Milwaukee, and State of Wisconsin.

Population of Focus: Public Health officials

Sample Size: Data from a community-based participatory research (CBPR) study addressing immunization disparities among 19–35 month old children was analyzed to identify ancillary benefits in HPV immunization rates for adolescent siblings. Sub-study analysis inclusion criteria: AA (N = 118), 13–17 years old, younger sibling enrolled in parent study, and enrolled ≥ 9 months.

Age Range: 19-35 month old children

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Peer Counselor, Telephone Support, Other Education, Motivational Interviewing, CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Educational Material (caregiver), Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Consultation/Counseling (Parent/Family), Counseling (Parent/Family)

Intervention Description: We hypothesized that a multilevel treatment model integrating pediatric clinic-level AAR with individual-level, telephone counseling would promote greater long-term (12-month) child TSE reduction and parent smoking cessation than clinic-level AAR alone.

Intervention Results: Child TSE (urine cotinine) declined significantly in both intervention and control groups from baseline to 12-months with no between-group differences. There was s statistically significant effect on 12-month bioverified quit status-intervention group participants were 2.47 times more likely to quit smoking than those in the control group.

Conclusion: Pediatrician advice alone may be sufficient to increase parent protections of children from TSE. Integrating clinic-level intervention with more intensive individual-level smoking intervention is necessary to promote parent cessation.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Telephone counseling

Population of Focus: Parents/caregivers

Data Source: Self-reported interview data

Sample Size: 327 were randomized (164-control and 163-intervention)

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Nurse/Nurse Practitioner, Patient-Centered Medical Home, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), PARENT_FAMILY, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE

Intervention Description: We aimed to integrate nurse care managers to coordinate care for such patients, and then evaluate, if this improved health care utilization.

Intervention Results: Three medical home-based nurse care managers were integrated into four pediatric hospital affiliated practices in a large, urban center. The number of ED visits and inpatient admissions were statistically significantly decreased post-intervention (p < 0.05).There was also a decrease in the number of subspecialty visits, but it was close to the threshold of significance (p = 0.054). There was no impact noted on primary care visits.

Conclusion: This quality improvement project demonstrates that nurse care managers who are integrated into the medical home of CSHCN can potentially decrease the utilization of ED visits and hospital admissions as well as subspecialty visits. Practice implications Nurse care managers can play a pivotal role in medical home redesign for the care of CSHCN.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Consultation/Counseling (Parent/Family), Counseling (Parent/Family), Educational Material (caregiver)

Intervention Description: Children with asthma who are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke are at increased risk for adverse health consequences. An experimental design was used to evaluate a minimal-contact intervention aimed at modifying parents' smoking behavior in their homes.

Intervention Results: More treatment (35%) than control (17%) subjects reported smoking outside their homes at posttest (and their children’s cotinine levels were lower), but this difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusion: difference was not statistically significant.

Study Design: Experimental design

Setting: Pediatric pulmonary clinics in U of MI

Population of Focus: Parents of children with asthma

Data Source: Parent questionnaire on smoking status and child urine sample.

Sample Size: 92 families randomly assigned

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Policy/Guideline (National), Access, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide),

Intervention Description: does not provide a specific intervention

Intervention Results: Of 1 004 000 mothers (mean [SD] age at birth, 29.8 [5.9] years; 44.7% White), 20 022 (2.0%) experienced SMM. Higher municipal rental housing costs were associated with greater odds of SMM (odds ratio [OR], 1.27; 95% CI, 1.01-1.60), particularly among mothers with less than a high school education (OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.06-3.10), and the positive associations decreased at higher levels of affordable housing availability. Among mothers with less than a high school education, the risk of SMM was 8.0% lower (risk ratio, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.85-1.00) for each additional $1000 annual municipal-level housing subsidy per person with an income lower than poverty level after controlling for rental costs and other characteristics, which translated to a 20.7% lower educational disparity in SMM.

Conclusion: In this cross-sectional study, living in a municipality with higher rental housing costs was associated with higher odds of SMM, except when there was high availability of publicly supported affordable housing. These results suggest that greater availability of publicly supported affordable housing has the potential to mitigate the association between rental housing costs and SMM and reduce socioeconomic disparities in SMM.

Study Design: cross-sectional study

Setting: New Jersey

Population of Focus: Women who experienced SMM

Sample Size: 1,004,000 live births

Age Range: 29.8

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), CAREGIVER, Educational Material (caregiver), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Telephone Support

Intervention Description: To determine whether informing families about their children’s urinary cotinine levels curtailed the exposure of children to ETS. Material and methods

Intervention Results: The intervention group contained 65 children of average age of 24.4 ±8.9 months, of whom 46 (70.8%) were male. The non-intervention group contained 69 children of average age of 25.3 ±9.8 months (p > 0.05), of whom 52 (75.4%) were male. The urinary cotinine levels at the time of the second interview were lower in both groups. The number of cigarettes that fathers smoked at home decreased in the intervention group (p = 0.037).

Conclusion: Presenting objective evidence on ETS exposure to families draws attention to their smoking habits. Measurement of cotinine levels is cheap, practical, and noninvasive. Combined with education, creating awareness by measuring cotinine levels may be beneficial.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Allergy and Immunology Department of Dr. Behcet Uz Children’s Hospital

Population of Focus: Children younger than 3 years with episodic wheezing whose parents did not smoke in space shared by children but did have a smoker in the home

Data Source: Questionnaire data and urinary cotinine levels

Sample Size: 193 randomized into intervention and control groups

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), CAREGIVER, Note-Taking (caregiver)

Intervention Description: Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at home increases the risk for numerous diseases in childhood. In this study we asked if maternal tobacco consumption can be reduced by a written advice of the paediatrician.

Intervention Results: Following the written advice of the paediatrician mothers reduced their consumption of tobacco products according to their own information as well as according to the concentrations of cotinine. Confronting mothers with their initial concentrations of cotinine was not found to be an additional factor reducing tobacco consumption.

Conclusion: Maternal consumption of tobacco products can be reduced significantly by an advice of the paediatrician at least for a short time.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Pediatric clinic

Population of Focus: Mothers attending participating pediatric practice and self-reporting smoked at least 10 CPD

Data Source: Urine samples of the mothers in order to measure the concentrations of the nicotine metabolite cotinine.

Sample Size: 40 mothers

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Educational Material (caregiver), PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Training (Parent/Family)

Intervention Description: The purpose of this project was to determine the impact of brief THS intervention on smoking behaviors of caregivers of children seen in an urban pediatric ED. A convenience sample of children < 36 months with caregivers who smoke brought to a pediatric ED was recruited. Consented caregivers were randomized to a control group who received routine education or intervention group who received brief THS education.

Intervention Results: Results revealed the treatment group was more likely to change smoking policies (OR 2.0, 95% CI 0.166–24.069), reduce the number of cigarettes (OR 4.88, 95% CI 0.785–30.286), or quit smoking (OR 1.12, 95% CI 0.346–3.590). This study demonstrated that a brief THS intervention in our sample influenced smokers to change smoking behaviors. These changes would ultimately decrease ETS exposure to children and its adverse health effects.

Conclusion: These changes would ultimately decrease ETS exposure to children and its adverse health effects. With the limitations of small sample size and high loss to follow-up, the study does not show statistical significance for generalizability.

Study Design: RCT; pilot study. This was a prospective 6-month follow-up pilot study of a convenience sample

Setting: Urban pediatric Emergency Department

Population of Focus: Children under 36 months with caregivers who smoke brought to a pediatric ED

Data Source: Parent self-report.

Sample Size: 40 randomized families

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material

Intervention Description: The objective of this study was to reduce postpartum smoking relapse and prolong breastfeeding duration during the first 8 weeks postpartum in mothers who quit smoking just before or during pregnancy and have newborns admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU).

Intervention Results: More mothers were smoke free (81 vs 46%, P<0.001) and breastfeeding (86 vs 21%, P<0.001) in the intervention than in the control group at 8 weeks postpartum.

Conclusion: Interventions to support mother–infant bonding during a newborn's hospitalization in the NICU are associated with reduced rates of smoking relapse and prolonged duration of breastfeeding during the first 8 weeks postpartum.

Study Design: Prospective randomized clinical trial; RCT

Setting: NICU

Population of Focus: Mothers of infants admitted to the NICU at Loma Linda University Children’s Hospital, who had a history of tobacco use during or within 1 year before pregnancy but who were not currently smoking

Data Source: Smoking status was evaluated by three methods: (1) mother’s report (2) CO-oximetry and (3) salivary cotinine levels

Sample Size: 54 enrolled in study and randomized

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Pharmacotherapy (Nicotine), PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Counseling (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, Motivational Interviewing

Intervention Description: Although many Latinos in the US smoke, they receive assistance to quit less often than non-Latinos. To address this disparity, we recruited Latino couples into a randomized controlled trial and provided a smoking cessation program during a teachable moment, when men’s partners were pregnant.

Intervention Results: We found high rates of cessation but no arm differences in smoking rates at the end of pregnancy (0.31 vs. 0.30, materials only vs. counseling, respectively) and 12 months after randomization (postpartum: 0.39 vs. 0.38). We found high quit rates among nondaily smokers but no arm differences (0.43 vs. 0.46 in pregnancy and 0.52 vs. 0.48 postpartum). Among daily smokers, we found lower quit rates with no arm differences but effects favoring the intervention arm (0.13 vs. 0.16 in pregnancy and 0.17 vs. 0.24 postpartum).

Conclusion: A less intensive intervention promoted cessation equal to more intensive counseling. Postpartum might be a more powerful time to promote cessation among Latino men. Impact Less intensive interventions when delivered during teachable moments for Latino men could result in a high smoking cessation rate and could reduce disparities.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (home)

Population of Focus: Pregnant Latinas and their partners who smoked from 10 county health departments

Data Source: Surveys at end of pregnancy, 3-mo postpartum and 12-mo postpartum; also saliva samples for cotinine analysis.

Sample Size: 348 randomized couples

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, CAREGIVER, Educational Material (caregiver)

Intervention Description: Exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) is a major public health problem and a risk factor for morbidity and mortality. The objective of this randomized trial was to estimate the impact of a culturally-sensitive intervention to reduce SHS exposure in Mexican-American households.

Intervention Results: Ambient nicotine levels significantly decreased over the 12 study months (F=13.6, DF=147; p<0.001); with a significantly greater decrease in the EI households compared to the SC households (F=4.1, DF=72; p<0.05). At 12 months, 73% of EI households had banned smoking vs. 56% of SC households. Ambient nicotine levels, measured using nicotine air sampling monitors, were significantly associated with self-reported SHS exposure at the 12-month follow-up. Knowledge of the health effects of SHS increased from baseline to 6 and 12 months in the EI condition but not in the SC condition (F=6.0, DF=238; p<0.01), and smokers and quitters in the EI group reported an increased perception of health vulnerability compared to those in the SC group.

Conclusion: Our low-cost intervention impacted SHS-related knowledge and exposure among Mexican Americans. This culturally-appropriate intervention has the potential to decrease SHS-related health problems in the target population substantially.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Home-based intervention

Population of Focus: 91 households (with a child under 18 years of age and two adults, one of whom was a smoker)

Data Source: 74 households (83%) provided baseline, 6-month, and 12-month survey and nicotine monitor data. An ambient air monitor, for assessing levels of nicotine due to secondhand smoke, was installed in each participating residence at baseline.

Sample Size: 91 households randomized

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), CAREGIVER, Educational Material (caregiver), Education/Training (caregiver), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Other Education

Intervention Description: The purpose of this longitudinal, five-week, quasi-experimental pilot study was to determine whether “smoking hygiene,” an educational intervention, reduces the frequency of respiratory symptoms experienced by infants whose mothers both smoke and breastfeed.

Intervention Results: Of the 21 mother-infant pairs who completed the study, 66% of the nine infants in the control group experienced respiratory illness, compared to 42% of the 12 infants in the intervention group (x2 .814; p > .05). Thus, the difference was statistically nonsignificant in this small sample, but the trend worsened the anticipated direction. The study demonstrates some of the difficulties of intervening with this group of mothers. The findings of this study suggest that, with modification, smoking hygiene may become a valuable educational tool that can be used by health care professionals to help women who smoke and breastfeed decrease the health risks to their infants.

Conclusion: The study demonstrates some of the difficulties of intervening with this group of mothers.

Study Design: Longitudinal quasiexperimental pilot study

Setting: Maternity patients

Population of Focus: Mothers who smoked >5 cigarettes a day prenatally, planned to breastfeed, planned to be discharged with the baby, and had no significant health problems

Data Source: Questionnaire to determine mother’s smoking habits at week 5. The infant respiratory signs and symptoms that were queried at each of the three home visits (Weeks 2, 3, and 5) included wheezing, cough, upper respiratory infection (cold), ear infection, pneumonia, bronchitis, and hospitalization.

Sample Size: 29 mother-infant pairs

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Referrals, CAREGIVER, Educational Material (caregiver), Educational Material, Telephone Support

Intervention Description: We sought to evaluate the efficacy of a brief intervention with smoking parents on smoking cessation rates after child hospitalization with a randomized, controlled trial.

Intervention Results: Sixty smoking parents participated in the study. The majority of study participants were uninsured women under age 30 who smoked approximately half of a pack per day. There were no statistically significant differences between control and intervention groups for our outcomes. However, 45% (CI: 33–57%) of all participants reported at least one quit attempt during the 2-month study period and 18% (CI: 10–30%) of participants were quit at study conclusion.

Conclusion: Willingness to quit smoking was much higher than expected in this population of parenting smokers.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (hospital)

Population of Focus: Parents who smoke of a hospitalized children

Data Source: Telephone interview at 2 months and self-report of quit status

Sample Size: 62 parents randomized; 41 completed study

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Counseling (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Educational Material (caregiver), Motivational Interviewing/Counseling

Intervention Description: Smoking caregivers of children hospitalized for respiratory illness at the University of New Mexico were offered a smoking cessation intervention during the child's hospitalization.

Intervention Results: Fourteen percent of participants in the counseling group and 5% in the brief message group were self-reported quitters at 6 months. A significant percentage of smoking parents of children hospitalized for respiratory illness are willing to receive smoking cessation counseling while their child is in the hospital. Abstinence rates appear similar to other pediatric office-based interventions. Child hospitalization should be considered an important opportunity to provide parents with smoking cessation services, particularly since many smoking parents will not have access to these services elsewhere.

Conclusion: Child hospitalization should be considered an important opportunity to provide parents with smoking cessation services, particularly since many smoking parents will not have access to these services elsewhere.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (hospitalization for Respiratory Illness)

Population of Focus: Parents of children hospitalized for respiratory illness

Data Source: Validated questionnaires and Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (self-report) All participants were followed by phone at 3 and 6 months posthospitalization for quit attempts.

Sample Size: 42 randomly assigned parents

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Text Messaging,

Intervention Description: At half of the centres, midwives provided the standard Spanish postpartum contraceptive counselling (control group, CG). At the other half, supplemental perinatal contraceptive counselling was provided in addition to standard counselling (intervention group, IG) at different time points during pregnancy and postpartum. This consisted of a leaflet and a blog with practical information about all contraceptive options plus a short reminder message in the mobile phone during the third quarter of pregnancy and a face-to-face or a virtual meeting lasting 20 min in the first 15 days postpartum. Midwives used ad hoc questionnaires to collect information at week 30 of pregnancy (recruitment), and week 6, month 6 and month 12 postpartum.

Intervention Results: 975 women were eligible for analysis (482 in the CG and 493 in the IG). ~33% women had resumed sexual intercourse by week 6, and nearly all by months 6 and 12. Use and effectiveness of contraceptives was similar in both groups at week 6 and month 6. At month 12, more women in the IG used more effective contraception and less women used contraceptives considered somewhat effective vs. those of the CG (P = 0.006). When considering the place of origin, this was only true for Spanish women. Women of other origins had a much higher use of very effective contraceptives at month 12 also in the CG, with contraceptive counselling having scarce effect. On multivariate analysis, conducted only in Spanish women, the additional counselling resulted in a higher use of highly effective methods while having a university degree increased 3.6 times the OR for this behaviour. A bias towards fostering use of very effective contraceptives among women with low education was seen in standard clinical practice. Satisfaction with counselling and the type of contraception chosen was higher in the IG.

Conclusion: Our study has shown that the supplemental counselling tested has a moderate impact on contraceptive use and use of effective contraception in postpartum women. Results of this effort were seen after 6 months postpartum. A possible bias towards women who were more socially vulnerable was found in standard clinical practice, which reduced the effectiveness of the intervention in women who were otherwise the most needy.

Study Design: Randomized controlled trial

Setting: Primary care clinic in National Health Care System, Catalonia, Spain

Sample Size: 975 women (482 in control group; 493 in intervention group)

Age Range: At least 18 years old, no maximum age provided

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Home Visits, Educational Material, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Home Visit (caregiver), Educational Material (caregiver)

Intervention Description: Secondhand smoke (SHS) and other air pollutants adversely affect the health of pregnant women and infants. A feasibility study aimed at reducing air pollution in homes of pregnant women or infants living with a smoker was completed.

Intervention Results: Post-intervention, 70% of participants reported smokers were less likely to smoke indoors, and 77% had at least one air purifier turned on at the final visit. Participant satisfaction was high (91%) and 98% would recommend air purifiers. Indoor PM2.5 was significantly decreased (P < 0.001). Salivary cotinine was significantly decreased for non-smoking women (P < 0.01) but not infants, and no significant change in air nicotine occurred (P = 0.6).

Conclusion: Air purifiers with SHS education is a feasible intervention in homes of women and infants. These data demonstrate reduction in indoor PM2.5 and salivary cotinine in non-smoking adults. Air purifiers are not an alternative for smoking cessation and a home/car smoking ban. Smoking cessation should be strongly encouraged for all pregnant women, and nonsmoking mothers with infants should be counseled to completely avoid SHS exposure. This study provides support for a future intervention evaluating clinical endpoints.

Study Design: A single arm, unmasked clinical trial

Setting: Home-based (4 home-visits during the 5 week study)

Population of Focus: Women > 18 years of age and either pregnant nonsmokers or post-partum (any smoking status) with an infant age 0-12 months

Data Source: Air quality assessment, salivary cotinine

Sample Size: 50 women, 32 had infants and 18 were pregnant at time of enrollment

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Continuity of Care (Caseload), Enabling Services, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, PATIENT_CONSUMER, PARENT_FAMILY

Intervention Description: To identify the diverse services required by families of children with special health care needs (CSHCN) and identify the specific care coordination (CC) efforts associated with the most common types of observed diagnoses. Requested services were categorized into specific sectors, and CC efforts were quantified by observed diagnoses and defined sectors.

Intervention Results: A total of 2682 CSHCN records were reviewed. The majority (59%) required services/resources in 1 to 2 sectors, 24% required services/resources in 3 to 5 sectors, and 17% required services/resources in 6 or more sectors. Including informational service, the most frequently required sectors across the study population were education, financial, medical/dental, social connections, and advocacy. Children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder had the highest needs across all sectors

Conclusion: Most CSHCN and their families use a substantial amount of CC time and effort to secure services from diverse sectors. High-quality and efficient CC requires an understanding of the specific needs of these CSHCN and their families and how to link them to a diverse array of services and resources.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Home Visits, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Counseling (Parent/Family), PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner, Educational Material

Intervention Description: As asthma is the most common chronic disease in childhood, much attention is directed towards primary prevention. Here, the clinical effectiveness of a multifaceted educational prevention was studied.

Intervention Results: The results of this study indicate that the intervention was able to reduce exposure to mite, pet and food allergens, but not to passive smoking. Despite this reduction, there was no effect on either parentally reported or GP-observed symptoms during first 2 yrs of life, nor on total and specific IgE at 2 yrs. However, asthma-like symptoms at the end of the 2nd yr were less frequently reported in the intervention group.

Conclusion: In conclusion, the intervention used in this study was not effective in reducing asthma-like symptoms in high-risk children during the first 2 yrs of life, although it was modestly effective at 2 yrs. Follow-up is necessary to confirm whether the intervention can actually prevent the development of asthma.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community

Population of Focus: Pregnant moms whose child would be high-risk for developing asthma

Data Source: Parental and GP report of asthma-like symptoms using questionnaires Measurement of mite, cat and dog allergen levels at baseline and 1 year.

Sample Size: 476 randomized to intervention and control groups

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, PARENT/FAMILY, CLASSROOM, Adult-led Curricular Activities/Training, Enforcement of School Rules, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), SCHOOL, Bullying Committee, Reporting & Response System, Teacher/Staff Training, School Rules, POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS, COMMUNITY, Media Campaign (Print Materials, Radio, TV), Presentation

Intervention Description: The goal of this large population-based initiative was to reduce bullying by producing a quantifiable change in school climate using an established program and standardized measurement tool.

Intervention Results: After 1 to 2 years of program implementation, across cohorts, there were reductions in student self-reports of bullying others, and improvements in student perceptions of adults' responsiveness, and students' attitudes about bullying.

Conclusion: This initiative reaffirms the efficacy of the OBPP, emphasizes the importance of an identified coalition, and highlights several positive outcomes. It is recommended that the OBPP be implemented through the establishment of community partnerships and coalitions as consistent with the public health model.

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest age-equivalent cohort

Setting: US

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: HALT! Schools Cohort 1: Middle school (n=0); High school (n=999) Cohort 2: Middle school (n=12972); High school (n=7436) PA CARES Schools: Middle school (n=9899); High School (n=6048)

Age Range: NR

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Telephone Support, Peer Counselor, Educational Material, Motivational Interviewing, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Counseling (Parent/Family)

Intervention Description: To test the effectiveness of tailored quitline (telephone) counselling among smoking parents recruited into cessation support through their children's primary schools.

Intervention Results: Parents who received quitline counselling were more likely to report 7-day point-prevalence abstinence at 12-month assessment [34.0 versus 18.0%, odds ratio (OR) = 2.35, confidence interval (CI) = 1.56–3.54] than those who received a standard self-help brochure. Parents who received quitline counselling were more likely to use nicotine replacement therapy (P < 0.001) than those who received a standard self-help brochure. Among parents who did not achieve abstinence, those who received quitline counselling smoked fewer cigarettes at 3-month (P < 0.001) and 12-month assessment (P < 0.001), were more likely to make a quit attempt (P < 0.001), to achieve 24 hours' abstinence (P < 0.001) and to implement a complete home smoking ban (P < 0.01).

Conclusion: Intensive quitline support tailored to smoking parents is an effective method for helping parents quit smoking and promoting parenting practices that protect their children from adverse effects of smoking.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Home-based telephone counseling

Population of Focus: Smoking parents

Data Source: Parent and child each completed a separate questionnaire. The primary outcome measure was 7-day pointprevalence abstinence at 12-month follow-up.

Sample Size: 512 parents who were smokers enrolled in RCT with children between the 9 and 12 years old

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Counseling (Parent/Family), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Home Visits, Other Person-to-Person Education, Educational Material

Intervention Description: To determine if low-cost air-quality monitors providing personalised feedback of household second-hand smoke (SHS) concentrations plus standard health service advice on SHS were more effective than standard advice in helping parents protect their child from SHS.

Intervention Results: 120 mothers were recruited of whom 117 were randomised. Follow up was completed after 1-month in 102 and at 6-months in 78 participants. There was no statistically significant reduction in PM2.5 concentrations by either intervention type at 1-month or 6-months, nor significant differences between the two groups at 1-month (p = 0.76) and 6-month follow-up (p = 0.16).

Conclusion: Neither standard advice nor standard advice plus personalised air-quality feedback were effective in reducing PM2.5 concentrations in deprived households where smoking occurred. Finding ways of identifying homes where air-quality feedback can be a useful tool to change household smoking behaviour is important to ensure resources are targeted successfully.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Home-based

Population of Focus: Disadvantaged mothers who were exposed to SHS at home

Data Source: Air quality data, and caregiver selfreport

Sample Size: 117 mothers

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver)

Intervention Description: Pediatric well-care visits provide a clinical opportunity to counsel new mothers about their smoking and the deleterious effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on infant health.

Intervention Results: The intervention reduced smoking (5.9% vs 2.7%) and relapse (55% vs 45%) at 6-month follow-up, but logistic regression analysis at 12 months revealed no significant treatment effect. The intervention had a positive effect on secondary outcome variables, such as readiness to quit and attitude toward and knowledge of ETS. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that husband/partner smoking was the strongest predictor of maternal quitting or relapse.

Conclusion: A pediatric office-based intervention can significantly affect smoking and relapse prevention for mothers of newborns, but the effect decreases with time. Consistent prompting of the provider to give brief advice and materials at well-care visits could provide a low-cost intervention to reduce infant ETS exposure.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Pediatric well-care visits

Population of Focus: Mothers of newborns who were currently smoking or had quit for pregnancy

Data Source: Outcome data were obtained from 6- and 12-month follow-up questionnaires mailed to all participants.

Sample Size: 2,901 randomized to minimal (usual care) and Extended (received advice and materials)

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Continuing Education of Hospital Providers, Education/Training (caregiver), Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), PARENT_FAMILY, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, HOSPITAL

Intervention Description: The purpose of this study is to determine knowledge of perinatal nurses, nursing assistants, physicians, and ancillary personnel about safe sleep recommendations and implementation of safe sleep practices on the mother-baby unit.

Intervention Results: N = 144 surveys were completed; most participants (86%) were nurses. They had high levels of knowledge about safe sleep recommendations and 74% reported making at least one safe sleep adjustment during one shift per week. The most common modifications at least once per week were removing baby from a sleeping caregiver (30%) and removing items from baby's bassinet (26%). Safe sleep audit findings revealed 32 out of 120 couplets were not fully following safe sleep recommendations, with most common unsafe sleep practice metrics being items in the baby's bassinet (18%) and bassinets propped up (8%).

Conclusion: During the hospitalization for childbirth, new parents can learn about safe sleep practices from the perinatal health care team. Sharing information and role modeling safe sleep practices can promote continuation of safe sleep practices for the newborn at home after hospital discharge.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, CAREGIVER, Educational Material (caregiver), Counseling (Parent/Family), Peer Counselor, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling

Intervention Description: We report on a randomized controlled trial conducted between 1996 and 2001 to evaluate a minimal contact behavioral counseling intervention to decrease household SHS exposure among children with asthma from low-income, predominantly ethnic minority families.

Intervention Results: The intervention was unsuccessful with respect to reduction of household smoking and household SHS exposure of these children. In addition, while most households that remained in the study reported full household smoking bans by the end of the study, the study team found no difference in control/intervention households citing a ban on smoking.

Conclusion: Despite these results, our study provided several important insights. The “null” results of our trial suggest that a minimal intervention with limited contact may not suffice to achieve a reduction in household tobacco exposure among low income minority families that have children with asthma. However, although no intervention/control group differences were found, our study suggests that it is possible to implement household restrictions that were not previously in place, including among low-income and minority families, since most households reported implementing full smoking bans by the end of the study (136 of the original 242 at baseline, 56%). This is significant in light of the implications of such restrictions for reduced exposure [43] and the association of bans with smoking cessation and decreased cigarette consumption. Our research also points to the need for further study of the process by which change occurs, i.e., what changes families believe they are making and actually achieve.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (home)

Population of Focus: Children 2-14 years of age with asthma and a parent or guardian from each child’s household

Data Source: Parental survey (baseline data); urine cotinine; air nicotine monitor readings; and in-person follow-up.

Sample Size: 242 child/adult dyads

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Patient-Centered Medical Home, Educational Material (Provider), Continuity of Care (Caseload), CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Educational Material (caregiver), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Referrals, Other Education

Intervention Description: This study examines the effect of a provider alliance on service utilization, satisfaction , self efficacy, and attachment to a regular source of care for participating low income urban children and their families.

Intervention Results: The use of Physician Assistants and community health workers to expand community outreach, primary care services, pediatric sub-specialty care, and service coordination within and between care settings improved health services utilization, satisfaction with health services, parental self efficacy in navigating the health care system for their children, and service convenience for an at-risk population. Also, the use of Physician Assistants to provide pediatric sub-specialty services did not have a negative effect on parental satisfaction with a child's care.

Conclusion: Parents were slightly more satisfied with services received from a Physician Assistant in comparison with the physician sub- specialists in cardiology and nephrology clinics.

Study Design: Prospective quasiexperimental; Survey

Setting: South Central Los Angeles primary and specialty care clinics

Population of Focus: Children between the ages of 0-18 (“or are adolescents”) who reside within the geographic area of South Los Angeles

Data Source: A 30 item parent survey to assess parents’ perceived difficulty in accessing services and their satisfaction with the services received • Patient database was used to collect service utilization and financial data from operational and administrative tracking instruments and reports at both the primary and specialty care sites

Sample Size: Estimated 727,000 children in the service area; n=11,533 children reach during outreach events; n=80,000 (10% of children in service area) children attached to a medical home; n=8545 children enrolled in available payer sources

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Technology-Based Support, Training (Parent/Family),

Intervention Description: 1. Motivational interviewing techniques to help women identify and change their substance use and sexual risk behaviors. 2. Education on the risks associated with substance use and risky sex during pregnancy. 3. Skills training on how to negotiate safer sex practices and use condoms effectively. 4. Personalized feedback on substance use and sexual risk behaviors. 5. Booster sessions to reinforce the intervention content and provide additional support.

Intervention Results: There were consistently very high ratings of acceptability of the intervention, ranging between 6.3 and 6.8 on a 1-7 scale. At the 4-month follow-up, participants in the intervention arm reported a significantly larger reduction (54%) in any marijuana or alcohol use compared with participants in the control group (16%) (p = 0.015) based on two-group clustered logistic regression using a generalized estimating equations approach. There was a higher reduction in condomless vaginal sex at follow-up in the health checkup for expectant moms (HCEM) arm than control (27% vs. 5%), although this was not significant (p = 0.127).

Conclusion: The results of this pilot study are encouraging with respect to the acceptability and preliminary efficacy of an intervention in reducing alcohol/marijuana use and condomless sex during pregnancy, supporting the next step of testing the intervention in a larger sample.

Study Design: The study design was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) . The study randomized 50 pregnant women who met specific inclusion criteria into either the computer-delivered brief intervention group or the control group

Setting: prenatal clinic in a large inner-city hospital

Population of Focus: pregnant women who met specific inclusion criteria, including those who endorsed condomless vaginal or anal sex at least once in the past 30 days, had an unplanned pregnancy, and reported current alcohol or drug use or were at risk for prenatal alcohol/drug use.

Sample Size: 50 women

Age Range: average age 24 years old

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Counseling (Parent/Family), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, CAREGIVER, Educational Material (caregiver), Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, Motivational Interviewing, Peer Counselor

Intervention Description: We conducted a population-based trial to evaluate the efficacy of an intervention aimed at preventing exposure of young children to parental tobacco smoke.

Intervention Results: A strong association was found between social class and smoking behavior, in particular smoking during meals at home. The intervention itself had limited effectiveness in decreasing the number of smokers. The effect was stronger in mothers and in higher social groups. Among the "white-collar" families belonging to the intervention group, the proportion of mothers who stopped smoking was 3 times higher than in the control group (not statistically significant).

Conclusion: Educational interventions against smoking should be planned taking into account the difference in efficacy according to social class.

Study Design: Control trial with nonrandom assignment

Setting: Community (population based survey) and well-child health care visit

Population of Focus: Parents of newborn babies living in the town of Rivoli before 3 month compulsory vaccination

Data Source: Baseline (pre-intervention) and followup (2 and 4 years post-intervention) questionnaires

Sample Size: 1015 parents with 402 in the intervention group and 613 in the control group

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Motivational Interviewing, Other Education, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Counseling (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Educational Material (caregiver), Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, Education/Training (caregiver)

Intervention Description: To examine the long-term maintenance of a previously reported behavioral counseling intervention to reduce asthmatic children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS).

Intervention Results: The originally reported analysis of baseline to 12 months was reanalyzed with a more robust restricted maximum likelihood procedure. The 2-year follow-up period was analyzed similarly. Significantly greater change occurred in the counseling group than the control groups and was sustained throughout the 2 years of follow-up. Further exploratory analyses suggested that printed counseling materials given to all participants at month 12 (conclusion of the original study) were associated with decreased exposure in the control groups.

Conclusion: Such long-term maintenance of behavior change is highly unusual in the general behavioral science literature, let alone for addictive behaviors. We conclude that ETS exposure can be reduced and that a clinician-delivered treatment may provide substantial benefit.

Study Design: Three-group RCT

Setting: Ill-child healthcare setting (pediatric allergy clinic)

Population of Focus: Families of children with asthma (6 to 17 years) including at least one parent who smoked in the home

Data Source: Interview data, pulmonary function testing, daily peak flow measures, symptom diary recordings, urinary cotinine, environmental air sampling, and permanent product (e.g., cigarette butt counts).

Sample Size: 91 families

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), CAREGIVER, Educational Material (caregiver), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Telephone Support

Intervention Description: Since most smoker parents of children with asthma are unable to quit, an alternative measure that would reduce their children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is to ban smoking in the home.

Intervention Results: At 6 months, 49.2% of the intervention group reported having banned smoking in the home compared with 41.9% of controls, but the differential rate of change from baseline was not significant (P = 0.40). At follow-up, there were no significant differences between groups in the percentage reporting bans on smoking in the car, the mean reduction from baseline in total daily consumption or consumption in front of the child, children's urinary cotinine level, or parental smoking cessation.

Conclusion: The intervention did not change parents' propensity to create or maintain bans on smoking in their homes or otherwise change smoking habits to reduce their children's exposure to ETS. More intensive interventions may be required to achieve change among low-income smoker parents of children with asthma.

Study Design: Control trial with alternation by week of attendance at clinic

Setting: Ill-child healthcare setting (hospital outpatient clinics for children with asthma)

Population of Focus: Families with children between 1 and 11 years of age with doctorconfirmed asthma who attended pediatric outpatient clinics at two metropolitan hospitals

Data Source: Baseline and follow-up questionnaires; child’s urinary cotinine levels.

Sample Size: Of 378 eligible, 292 participated with 143 in the intervention group and 149 in the control group

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Counseling (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, Educational Material (caregiver)

Intervention Description: To assess counseling to caregivers and classroom health education interventions to reduce environmental tobacco smoke exposure of children aged 5–6 years in China.

Intervention Results: At the 6-month follow-up, children’s urinary cotinine was significantly lower (Z = –3.136; p = 0.002) and caregivers’ 7-day quit rate was significantly higher (34.4% versus 0%) (p < 0.001; adjusted OR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.02–1.26) in the intervention than control group.

Conclusion: Helping caregivers quitting smoke combined with classroom-based health education was effective in reducing children’s environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Larger-scale trials are warranted.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (preschools)

Population of Focus: Children ages 5-6 and their caregivers from six districts and one county in Changsha in families where one or more parent/caregiver smoked

Data Source: Caregiver interviews; child urine cotinine feedback

Sample Size: 65 smoker caregivers and their children with 33 in the intervention group and 32 in the control group

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Outreach (Provider), PARENT_FAMILY, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE

Intervention Description: We are now offering the Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine to any eligible individual in the office during our regularly scheduled clinic hours and are also offering unique vaccination clinics during our evening back-to-school physical nights in the late summer and early fall. Through our experience offering the COVID-19 vaccine to caregivers in our practice, we have found the following: (1) in addition to adolescent and young adult patients receiving the COVID-19 vaccine in the practice, we have provided the vaccine to several caregivers each day (more than 60 doses administered in 1 month); (2) a number of caregivers have reported appreciation for the convenience afforded by getting the vaccine while they were already at a visit for their child; (3) some caregivers have taken the opportunity to receive the vaccine together with their children in solidarity; and (4) several caregivers have stated that they appreciate the comfort and trust of getting the vaccine in the pediatric practice.

Intervention Results: Logistically, vaccinating family members and other nonpatients in our practice required some preparation and additional staffing. We needed a method for scheduling vaccine encounters in the electronic medical record (even for those not previously registered), securing adequate and appropriate vaccine supply and storage, ensuring adequate nursing resources, and developing workflow protocols. We also encouraged all team members who interact with patients and families in the practice (eg, physicians, nurse practitioners, nurses, social workers, behavioral health specialists) to ask about the COVID-19 vaccine, offer the opportunity for discussion with a clinician, and inform them of the opportunity to receive the vaccine in the office if desired (with second booster doses scheduled 3 weeks later for the Pfizer vaccine). In addition to the effort from our dedicated practice staff, the institution was able to support additional part-time nursing coverage (4 hours per day) for vaccination efforts using their COVID-19 emergency funds.

Conclusion: We also encouraged all team members who interact with patients and families in the practice (eg, physicians, nurse practitioners, nurses, social workers, behavioral health specialists) to ask about the COVID-19 vaccine, offer the opportunity for discussion with a clinician, and inform them of the opportunity to receive the vaccine in the office if desired (with second booster doses scheduled 3 weeks later for the Pfizer vaccine). In addition to the effort from our dedicated practice staff, the institution was able to support additional part-time nursing coverage (4 hours per day) for vaccination efforts using their COVID-19 emergency funds.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Counseling (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Educational Material (caregiver), Education/Training (caregiver)

Intervention Description: To determine the effectiveness of a cotinine-feedback, behaviorally based education intervention in reducing environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and health-care utilization of children with asthma.

Intervention Results: The intervention was associated with a significantly lower odds ratio (OR) for more than one acute asthma medical visit in the follow-up year, after adjusting for baseline visits (total visits, 87; OR, 0.32; p = 0.03), and a comparably sized but nonsignificant OR for one or more hospitalization (OR, 0.34; p = 0.14). The follow-up CCR measurement and the determination of whether smoking was prohibited inside the home strongly favored the intervention group (n = 51) (mean difference in CCR adjusted for baseline, −0.38; p = 0.26; n = 51) (60; OR [for proportion of subjects prohibiting smoking], 0.24; p = 0.11; n = 60).

Conclusion: This intervention significantly reduced asthma health-care utilization in ETS-exposed, low-income, minority children. Effects sizes for urine cotinine and proportion prohibiting smoking were moderate to large but not statistically significant, possibly the result of reduced precision due to the loss of patients to active follow-up. Improving ETS reduction interventions and understanding their mechanism of action on asthma outcomes requires further controlled trials that measure ETS exposure and behavioral and disease outcomes concurrently.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (pediatric pulmonary service of a pediatric hospital)

Population of Focus: Parents of children 3 to 12 years of age with asthma who were ETS exposed

Data Source: Interview data, pulmonary function, urine cotinine, asthma medications, health care utilization.

Sample Size: 87 parents

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Telephone Support

Intervention Description: We tested a health education intervention program to reduce passive smoking in infancy. The aim was to develop an instrument for study of tobacco smoke exposure and childhood respiratory illness.

Intervention Results: There was a reduction in maternal smoking associated with contact with research staff, but this was not statistically significant (mother reported quitting: intervention 6%, control 2.2%). There were no differences between the groups in the exposure of infants to tobacco smoke.

Conclusion: There was a reduction in maternal smoking associated with contact with research staff, but this was not statistically significant. There were no differences between the groups in the exposure of infants to tobacco smoke. Reasons for this finding may include the timing of the intervention, the heterogeneity of the target group, and the manner in which information was presented on health risks caused by parental smoking.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Well-child healthcare setting (maternity hospital, peripartum)

Population of Focus: Parents of newborn babies whose mothers smoked during pregnancy

Data Source: Questionnaires and urinary cotinine assays.

Sample Size: 184 parents

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Counseling (Parent/Family), PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner

Intervention Description: To determine if mothers receiving a smoking cessation intervention emphasizing health risks of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) for their children have a higher quit rate than mothers who received routine smoking cessation advice, which focused on their own health, or a control group of mothers.

Intervention Results: Provision to mother of both groups of health risks of tobacco smoke resulted in significantly higher rate of cessation of smoking and smoking location change than those of the control group, with child intervention group having significantly higher rate of cessation of smoking and smoking location change than those of the maternal intervention group. Post-intervention knowledge scores differed significantly for all groups; however, child intervention group was the only significantly better group than the others. As such, an intervention including a detailed discussion with mothers and supplemented by a written document provides a substantial quit rates.

Conclusion: Discussion during short paediatric visits on effects of smoking on child's or maternal health may result in a significant smoking cessation, smoking location change rate or knowledge change. Those who cannot give up smoking usually change their location of smoking. Provision of information on effects of smoking on child's health, rather than maternal, may result in more significant changes in behaviour or knowledge. Maternal education on smoking should include information on effects of smoking on both child's and maternal health, but should be especially focused on child's health.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Well-child healthcare setting (clinic in a children’s hospital)

Population of Focus: Mothers with children attending well-child clinic or with any primary complaint

Data Source: Questionnaires at baseline and 6 months.

Sample Size: 363 mothers with 111 in intervention 1, 131 in intervention 2, and 121 in control

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Telephone Support, Other Person-to-Person Education, Peer Counselor, Motivational Interviewing, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Counseling (Parent/Family)

Intervention Description: Mobile-phone-based smoking cessation intervention has been shown to increase quitting among smokers.

Intervention Results: All findings were between intervention group B and control. No differences found between intervention group A and control or between groups A and B. Father self-reported smoking abstinence at 6 months was significantly increased in group B compared to control and even higher at 12 months. Although no reduction in self-reported exposure rates were found at 6 months, the rate as 12 months was significantly decreased in group B when compared to control group.

Conclusion: The findings suggest that adding mHealth interventions to traditional face-to-face health counseling may be an effective way to increase male smoking cessation and reduce mother and newborn SHS exposure in the home.

Study Design: Single-blind randomized control trial

Setting: Home-based (baseline, 6 months, 12 months with in person counseling); Mobile-based

Population of Focus: Parents of newborns

Data Source: Self-report survey data.

Sample Size: 342 (114 in each of the three groups)

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Home Visits, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Counseling (Parent/Family), Telephone Support, Motivational Interviewing, CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, Outreach (caregiver), Home Visit (caregiver)

Intervention Description: The aim of this randomized-controlled trial was to evaluate the effectiveness of an intensive intervention to reduce children’s environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure at their home compared with a minimal intervention.

Intervention Results: The levels of cotinine in the intensive intervention and minimal intervention groups in the final follow-up were significantly lower than the initial levels. The proportion of mothers reporting a complete smoking ban at home in the final follow-up was higher in the intensive intervention group than the minimal intervention group. This increase was statistically significant. The education provided during the home visits and the reporting of the urinary cotinine levels of the children were effective in lowering the children’s exposure to ETS at their home. The decrease in cotinine levels was higher in the intensive intervention group than the minimal intervention group but the difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusion: The education provided during the home visits and the reporting of the urinary cotinine levels of the children were effective in lowering the children’s exposure to ETS at their home.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (home and hospital)

Population of Focus: Mothers of children aged 1-5 who lived in the Cengizhan district of Izmir in Turkey, who smoked and/or whose spouses smoked

Data Source: Urinary cotinine samples and forms

Sample Size: 80 mothers with 40 in the intensive intervention group and 40 in the minimal intervention group

Age Range: Not specified