Established Evidence Results

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Below are articles that support specific interventions to advance MCH National Performance Measures (NPMs) and Standardized Measures (SMs). Most interventions contain multiple components as part of a coordinated strategy/approach.

Displaying records 1 through 4 (4 total).

Dennison, B. A., FitzPatrick, E., Zhang, W., & Nguyen, T. (2022). New York state paid family leave law associated with increased breastfeeding among Black women. Breastfeeding Medicine, 17(7), 618-626.

Evidence Rating: Emerging

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Policy/Guideline (National), NATIONALLY-BASED, ,

Intervention Description: Evaluate the impact of New York (NY)'s Paid Family Leave (PFL) law on breastfeeding, after it became effective on January 1, 2018.

Intervention Results: Before NYPFL, Black women were least likely to initiate breastfeeding and breastfed for the shortest duration. After NYPFL went into effect, breastfeeding initiation and duration to 8 weeks increased for Black women, but not for other racial/ethnic groups; these findings persisted after adjustment for sociodemographic factors. Use of paid leave after childbirth increased 15% overall, with greater increases among Black women and Hispanic women.

Conclusion: Implementation of the NYPFL law was associated with increased breastfeeding among Black women and increased use of paid leave by all. Greater increases in breastfeeding among Black women significantly reduced breastfeeding disparities by race/ethnicity. More widespread implementation of PFL programs in the United States would promote equity in the use of paid leave, which could reduce disparities in breastfeeding initiation and duration and possibly improve infant and maternal health outcomes.

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Kogan, K., Anand, P., Gallo, S., & Cuellar, A. E. (2023). A Quasi-Experimental Assessment of the Effect of the 2009 WIC Food Package Revisions on Breastfeeding Outcomes. Nutrients, 15(2), 414.

Evidence Rating: Emerging

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): WIC Food Package Change, STATE-BASED, Policy/Guideline (National), NATIONALLY-BASED,

Intervention Description: The 2009 WIC food package revisions were intended to incentivize breastfeeding among the WIC population. To examine the effectiveness of this policy change, we estimated an intent-to-treat regression-adjusted difference-in-difference model with propensity score weighting, an approach that allowed us to control for both secular trends in breastfeeding and selection bias.

Intervention Results: We observed significant increases in infants that were ever breastfed in both the treatment group (10 percentage points; p < 0.01) and the control group (15 percentage points; p < 0.05); however, we did not find evidence that the difference between the two groups was statistically significant, suggesting that the 2009 revisions may not have had an effect on any of these breastfeeding outcomes.

Conclusion: Our study did not find evidence that the 2009 WIC food package revisions had an effect on ever breastfeeding, breastfeeding through 6 months, or exclusively breastfeeding through 6 months among a sample of infants eligible for WIC based on household income. Any positive effects observed in this study and prior studies that assessed this relationship may be reflections of the upward trends in breastfeeding rates that occurred in the U.S. before and after the implementation of the revisions.

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Palmquist, A. E., Tomori, C., Tumlinson, K., Fox, C., Chung, S., & Quinn, E. A. (2022). Pandemic policies and breastfeeding: A cross-sectional study during the onset of COVID-19 in the United States. Frontiers in Sociology, 176.

Evidence Rating: Emerging

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Policy/Guideline (National), NATIONALLY-BASED, ,

Intervention Description: The purpose of this cross-sectional, mixed-methods study was to describe infant and young child feeding intentions, practices, decision-making, and experiences during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S.

Intervention Results: There were immediate positive effects of stay-at-home policies on human milk feeding practices, even during a time of considerable uncertainty about the safety of breastfeeding and the transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 via human milk, constrained access to health care services and COVID-19 testing, and no effective COVID-19 vaccines.

Conclusion: Federally mandated paid postpartum and family leave are essential to achieving more equitable lactation outcomes.

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Pulvera, R., Collin, D. F., & Hamad, R. (2022). The effect of the 2009 WIC revision on maternal and child health: A quasi‐experimental study. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 36(6), 851-860.

Evidence Rating: Emerging

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): WIC Food Package Change, STATE-BASED, Policy/Guideline (National), NATIONALLY-BASED,

Intervention Description: To investigate the impact of the revised WIC program on maternal and child health in a large, multi-state data set.

Intervention Results: The main analysis included 331,946 mother-infant dyads. WIC recipients were more likely to be younger, Black or Hispanic/Latina, unmarried, and of greater parity. The revised WIC program was associated with reduced likelihood of more-than-recommended GWG (−1.29% points, 95% confidence interval [CI] −2.03, −0.56) and increased likelihood of ever breast fed (1.18% points, 95% CI 0.28, 2.08). We also identified heterogeneous effects on GWG, with more pronounced associations among women 35 and older. There were no associations with foetal growth.

Conclusion: The revised WIC program was associated with improvements in women's gestational weight gain and infant breast feeding.

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