Established Evidence Results

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, PARENT/FAMILY, Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), CLASSROOM, Adult-led Curricular Activities/Training, Enforcement of School Rules, SCHOOL, Assembly, Reporting & Response System, Bullying Committee, Teacher/Staff Meeting, Teacher/Staff Training, School Rules, Identification and Monitoring of/Increased Supervision in Targeted Areas, POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS, COMMUNITY, Media Campaign (Print Materials, Radio, TV)

Intervention Description: To examine the effectiveness of a widely disseminated bullying prevention program.

Intervention Results: Regression analyses controlling for baseline prevalence and school characteristics showed no overall effect on student victimization. However, when stratified by ethnicity/race, reports of relational and physical victimization decreased by 28% (RR = .72, 95% CI: .53-.98) and 37% (RR = .63, 95% CI: .42-.97), respectively, among white students relative to those in comparison schools. No similar effect was found for students of other races/ethnicities; there were no differences by gender or by grade. Students in intervention schools were more likely to perceive other students as actively intervening in bullying incidents, and 6th graders were more likely to feel sorry and want to help victims.

Conclusion: The program had some mixed positive effects varying by gender, ethnicity/race, and grade but no overall effect. Schools implementing the program, especially with a heterogeneous student body, should monitor outcomes and pay particular attention to the impact of culture, race and family influences on student behavior. Future studies of large-scale bullying prevention programs in the community must be rigorously evaluated to ensure they are effective.

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group

Setting: US

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Intervention (n=4959) Relational Victimization: Pretest (n=4607); Posttest (n=4480) Physical Victimization: Pretest (n=4531); Posttest (n=4419) Control (n=1559) Relational Victimization: Pretest (n=1408); Posttest (n=1456) Physical Victimization: Pretest (n=1373); Posttest (n=1448)

Age Range: NR

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): , Media Campaign (Print Materials, Radio, TV), Mobile Apps

Intervention Description: The Growing and Glowing campaign was a digital intervention designed to increase access to pregnancy-related health information for Black women in Hillsborough County, Florida. The campaign was based on multiple theories of behavior change and aimed to address the issue of low birthweight, which is disproportionately experienced by Black women. The campaign content was delivered through social media channels and a website, and was tailored to the unique needs of the target population. The content included short videos of local trusted healthcare experts and illustrated imagery, and covered topics such as weight gain and nutrition, prenatal care, general empowerment, and COVID-19. The campaign also featured prenatal care providers who were actively practicing in the area and provided connections to community resources. The campaign was launched publicly in March 2020 and ran for the first year. The campaign was evaluated using two cross-sectional surveys and digital metrics from Google Analytics. The results showed significant improvements in pregnancy-related intentions, awareness of local resources, and the importance of prenatal care among women aware of the campaign. , ,

Intervention Results: The results of the Growing and Glowing campaign showed significant improvements in pregnancy-related intentions among Black women in Hillsborough County, Florida. The campaign attained 1,234 followers, 805,437 impressions, and a reach of 19,875. The web series videos were viewed almost 27,000 times, with 89% average viewer retention, and the website attracted 2,634 unique page views. The evaluation surveys revealed significant improvements in positive pregnancy-related intentions, including intentions to talk about nutrition with a doctor, intentions to discuss weight and exercise, and positive trends in intentions to discuss breastfeeding and the baby’s weight. Additionally, women aware of the campaign had significantly higher awareness of local resources and the importance of prenatal care. Despite the limitations of the small sample size, the data collected provided important insights into pregnancy-related knowledge and attitudes of Black women, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Conclusion: The study concluded that the Growing and Glowing campaign, a digital intervention designed for and by Black women, was effective in delivering pregnancy-related health information to the target population in Hillsborough County, Florida. The campaign achieved significant improvements in pregnancy-related intentions and increased awareness of local resources and the importance of prenatal care among women aware of the campaign. The results also highlighted the potential of digital interventions to reach women who may fall outside traditional health advertising in a cost-effective manner, especially during a time when women are engaging in fewer in-person care visits and spending more time online. The study emphasized the benefits of digital advertising in reaching specific populations and the ability to rapidly pivot messages based on local circumstances, ensuring the conveyance of timely, important information. Additionally, the study underscored the need for creative solutions paired with rigorous evaluation methods to establish an evidence base for best practices in reaching pregnant Black women. Despite the limitations of the study, the data collected provided important information on pregnancy-related knowledge and attitudes of Black women, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Study Design: The study design was a pre-post evaluation of the Growing and Glowing campaign, which aimed to increase access to pregnancy-related health information for Black women in Hillsborough County, Florida. The evaluation included two cross-sectional surveys, one conducted before the campaign implementation and the other conducted after the first year of the campaign. The surveys examined pregnancy-related knowledge, attitudes, intentions, and behaviors, in alignment with the two theories underpinning the campaign strategy and content. The surveys were conducted using Qualtrics panels and digital advertisements on social media platforms, such as Facebook and Instagram, and recruitment focused on oversampling Black women. The study also used digital metrics from Google Analytics to understand the campaign’s reach and engagement across all platforms. ,

Setting: The study was conducted in Hillsborough County, Florida, which is located in the southeastern United States. The Growing and Glowing campaign was designed to reach Black women in this area and provide them with pregnancy-related health information tailored to their unique needs

Population of Focus: The target audience of the Growing and Glowing campaign was Black women in Hillsborough County, Florida. The campaign was designed to provide pregnancy-related health information tailored to the unique needs of this population, with a focus on addressing the issue of low birthweight, which is disproportionately experienced by Black women. The campaign messaging adopted a reproductive empowerment lens and focused on educating women on areas related to low birthweight, including weight gain and nutrition, prenatal care, general empowerment, and COVID-19. The campaign content was delivered through social media channels and a website, and was based on multiple theories of behavior change. ,

Sample Size: he baseline survey included 162 respondents, and the follow-up survey included 265 respondents. In both surveys, efforts were made to oversample Black women, and the majority of the respondents identified as Black. The sample size of the surveys may have limited statistical significance in results, which is a challenge for any study reaching a small audience at the county level. Despite these limitations, the data collected as part of this study provide important information on pregnancy-related knowledge and attitudes of Black women, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic

Age Range: The age range of the respondents in both the baseline and follow-up surveys was 18 to 65 years old. The surveys included similar age ranges, income ranges, and proportion of responses who selected “Other” for their race.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, CLASSROOM, Enforcement of School Rules, SCHOOL, Bullying Committee, Assembly, Reporting & Response System, Teacher/Staff Meeting, Teacher/Staff Training, School Rules, Identification and Monitoring of/Increased Supervision in Targeted Areas, POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS, COMMUNITY, Media Campaign (Print Materials, Radio, TV)

Intervention Description: This intervention study examined the prevalence of bullying in an urban/suburban middle school and the impact of the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program (OBPP).

Intervention Results: Statistically significant findings were found for 7th grade female students who received 1 year of the OBPP on reports of prevalence of bullying (p = .022) and exclusion by peers (p = .009). In contrast, variability in statistical findings was obtained for 8th grade females and no statistical findings were found for males. Following 1 year of the OBPP, teachers reported statistically significant improvements in their capacity to identify bullying (p = .016), talk to students who bully (p = .024), and talk with students who are bullied (p = .051). Other substantial percentile changes were also noted.

Conclusion: Findings suggest a significant positive impact of the OBPP on 7th grade females and teachers. Other grade and gender findings were inconsistent with previous literature. Recommendations for further research are provided along with implications for school health prevention programming.

Study Design: QE: time-lagged age-equivalent control group

Setting: US

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Intervention (n=112); Control (n=158)

Age Range: NR

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Media Campaign (Print Materials, Radio, TV), Social Media,

Intervention Description: The Real Cost is a national public education campaign designed to prevent and reduce smoking among U.S. teenagers. The campaign utilized multimedia channels, including TV, radio, the Internet, out-of-home displays, magazines, and movie theaters, to convey the theme "every cigarette costs you something" and highlight the health effects, toxicity, and loss of control associated with smoking

Intervention Results: The odds of reporting smoking initiation at follow-up was lower among youths in media markets with higher levels of campaign advertisements than among those with less. Both between-wave and cumulative target rating points were associated with decreased risk of smoking initiation (AOR=0.69 [p<0.01] and AOR=0.89 [p<0.05], respectively); for every 3,500 between-wave target rating points on air, there was an associated 30% reduction in the hazard of smoking initiation among youths. Results from self-reported recall of the campaign advertisements found similar dose-response effects. The campaign is associated with an estimated 380,000-587,000 youths aged 11-19 years being prevented from initiating smoking nationwide.

Conclusion: Sustained national tobacco public education campaigns like The Real Cost can change population-level smoking initiation among youths, preventing future generations from tobacco-related harms.

Study Design: Longitudinal observational design

Setting: USA (National)

Population of Focus: Public health professionals, researchres, policymakers

Sample Size: 5103 adolescents

Age Range: ages 11-19

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): COMMUNITY, Media Campaign (Print Materials, Radio, TV), STATE, Campaign, Policy/Guideline (State), Mass Media

Intervention Description: This study examined the impact of antismoking activities targeting the general population and an advertising campaign targeting smoking during pregnancy on the prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in New South Wales (NSW), Australia.

Intervention Results: Prevalence of smoking during pregnancy decreased from 2003 to 2011 overall (0.39% per month), and for all strata examined. For pregnancies overall, none of the evaluated initiatives was associated with a change in the trend of smoking during pregnancy. Significant changes associated with increased tobacco tax and the extension of the smoking ban (in combination with graphic warnings) were found in some strata.

Conclusion: The declining prevalence of smoking during pregnancy between 2003 and 2011, while encouraging, does not appear to be directly related to general population antismoking activities or a pregnancy-specific campaign undertaken in this period.

Study Design: Quasi experimental cross sectional

Setting: Statewide and community: national antismoking campaigns

Population of Focus: Health records of all pregnancies resulting in a live birth between 2003 to 2011 in one state (New South Wales)

Data Source: Health records for all pregnancies resulting in birth in New South Wales

Sample Size: 800,619 pregnancies among 534,513 women in New South Wales

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Media Campaign (Print Materials, Radio, TV),

Intervention Description: Participants were 543 U.S. adolescents ages 13-17. In an online experiment, we randomized participants to either: 1) persuasive e-cigarette prevention video ads from the Food and Drug Administration's The Real Cost campaign that was targeted to adolescents or 2) information-only e-cigarette harms control videos (control condition). Participants in each condition viewed 2 videos in a random order. After ad exposure, the survey assessed PME (message and effects perceptions), risk beliefs about vaping, attitudes toward vaping, and intentions to vape.

Intervention Results: The FDA's The Real Cost ads led to higher beliefs about the harms of vaping (p < .001), more negative attitudes toward vaping (p < .001), and lower intentions to vape (p < .05) compared to the control videos. The Real Cost ads also scored higher on both message perceptions (p < .001) and effects perceptions (p < .001) compared to control videos. Effects perceptions were associated with all three outcomes (all ps < 0.001, adjusting for both types of PME and covariates), but message perceptions did not offer additional predictive value.

Conclusion: Exposure to The Real Cost vaping prevention ads gave adolescents a more negative view of vaping and lowered their intentions to vape compared to control videos. Effects perceptions may be superior to message perceptions as a proxy for e-cigarette prevention ad impact.

Study Design: Randomized controlled trial

Setting: USA (national convenience sample)

Population of Focus: Researchers, public health professionals, policymakers

Sample Size: 543 youth

Age Range: ages 13-17

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT_FAMILY, Training (Parent/Family), Electronic PA, Family-Based Interventions, Media Campaign (Print Materials, Radio, TV), COMMUNITY

Intervention Description: Social media is an important communication tool during times of crisis because of its vast reach. Understanding the effectiveness of sharing public health guidance and promoting school children's physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic can inform dissemination best practices. We classified 418 posts from parent/community members of a school-based physical activity Facebook group by content type, and used concurrent mixed methods to examine (1) differences in dissemination effectiveness (reactions, shares, and comments) between two pandemic phases and (2) themes and sentiments of comments. Phase I included school closures through the release of national school re-entry guidelines (March 1, 2020 – May 15, 2020) and Phase II extended through the school year start (May 16, 2020 – August 1, 2020).

Intervention Results: Policy and guidance posts prompted more comments while feel-good stories produced more reactions compared to other content types. Members reacted more during Phase II, which mainly consisted of policy and guidance (86%). Four major themes of information and resources, personal disclosures, questions and concerns, and support for educators emerged.

Conclusion: Sharing public health guidance for schoolchildren on social media was an effective strategy to disseminate information when in-person discourse was limited. Creating social media spaces where discussion is encouraged can provide social and emotional support for parents/community members.

Study Design: Concurrent Mixed Methods

Setting: Social media (public Facebook group in a large metropolitan area in the southwest US)

Population of Focus: Parents of school-aged children

Sample Size: 418 posts to a public Facebook group with approximately 1,500 members

Age Range: N/A

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, PARENT/FAMILY, CLASSROOM, Adult-led Curricular Activities/Training, Enforcement of School Rules, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), SCHOOL, Bullying Committee, Reporting & Response System, Teacher/Staff Training, School Rules, POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS, COMMUNITY, Media Campaign (Print Materials, Radio, TV), Presentation

Intervention Description: The goal of this large population-based initiative was to reduce bullying by producing a quantifiable change in school climate using an established program and standardized measurement tool.

Intervention Results: After 1 to 2 years of program implementation, across cohorts, there were reductions in student self-reports of bullying others, and improvements in student perceptions of adults' responsiveness, and students' attitudes about bullying.

Conclusion: This initiative reaffirms the efficacy of the OBPP, emphasizes the importance of an identified coalition, and highlights several positive outcomes. It is recommended that the OBPP be implemented through the establishment of community partnerships and coalitions as consistent with the public health model.

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest age-equivalent cohort

Setting: US

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: HALT! Schools Cohort 1: Middle school (n=0); High school (n=999) Cohort 2: Middle school (n=12972); High school (n=7436) PA CARES Schools: Middle school (n=9899); High School (n=6048)

Age Range: NR

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): CLASSROOM, Peer-led Curricular Activities/Training, SCHOOL, Assembly, Media Campaign (Print Materials, Public Address System, Social Media), POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS, COMMUNITY, Training, Event, Media Campaign (Print Materials, Radio, TV), Distribution of Promotional Items (Classroom/School), Distribution of Promotional Items (Community)

Intervention Description: In a community randomized controlled trial, intervention middle school students from small towns were exposed to a community and school-based anti-violence intervention ("Resolve It, Solve It").

Intervention Results: Students in the intervention group reported a significantly higher rate of decline in verbal victimization compared to control students. The difference was only significant among males. For physical victimization, the decline in the intervention group compared to the control group was in the expected direction but did not reach statistical significance (p=0.069). This near significant difference was accounted for by males.

Conclusion: These results suggest that a media and reinforcing community intervention led by older peers can alter rates of growth for some measures of violence and associated factors among small-town youth. Further research is indicated to determine how different campaign messages influence students by sex.

Study Design: Cluster RCT: pretest-posttest

Setting: US

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Total (n=1492) Intervention (n=712); Control (n=780)

Age Range: NR

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Media Campaign (Print Materials, Radio, TV), Screening Tool Implementation, Counseling (Parent/Family),

Intervention Description: Mass media advertisements; Targeted health promotion messaging; Community midwives screened all pregnant women for alcohol use in pregnancy (AUP); Increased focus of child health services on multidisciplinary developmental screening

Intervention Results: Alcohol use reduced significantly from 2010 (61.0%) to 2015 (31.9%) with first-trimester use reducing significantly from 2008 (45.1%) to 2015 (21.6%). Across all years, 40.8% reported alcohol use during pregnancy and 14.8% reported use in both first and third trimesters. Most women attended the midwife in the first trimester. There was a significant relationship between increased maternal age and third-trimester alcohol use.

Conclusion: The reduction in reported prenatal alcohol exposure in an Aboriginal community setting during a period of prevention activities provides initial evidence for a community-led strategy that might be applicable to similar communities. Implications for public health: The reductions in alcohol use reduce the risk of children being born with FASD in an area with high prevalence, with possible resultant reductions in associated health, economic and societal costs.

Study Design: retrospective analysis of administrative data collected from midwife paper records, pregnancy outcome records, and antenatal check-ups in the Fitzroy Valley and other areas of the Kimberley region in Western Australia.

Setting: Fitzroy Valley, which comprises approximately 3,500 predominantly Aboriginal people living in more than 40 remote communities in north-western Australia

Population of Focus: healthcare professionals, public health officials, policymakers, and researchers with an interest in prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) prevention in Indigenous communities, community leaders, service providers and organizations involved in Aboriginal health.

Sample Size: 654 records with recorded midwife attendance

Age Range: 13-43 with a mean of 25.37 years old

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Community Health Services Policy, , COMMUNITY, Media Campaign (Print Materials, Radio, TV)

Intervention Description: In this study, our aim was to establish whether the TiRO campaign was followed by a decrease in hospital admissions for childhood asthma and other respiratory conditions related to second-hand smoke exposure across Scotland.

Intervention Results: After TiRO in 2014, we identified a decrease relative to the underlying trend in the slope of admissions for asthma (-0·48% [-0·85 to -0·12], p=0·0096) in younger children (age <5 years), but not in older children (age 5-15 years). Asthma admissions did not change after TiRO among children 0-15 years of age when data were analysed according to area deprivation quintile. Following the 2006 legislation, independent of TiRO, asthma admissions decreased in both younger children (-0·36% [-0·67 to -0·05], p=0·021) and older children (-0·68% [-1·00 to -0·36], p<0·0001), and in children from the most deprived (SIMD 1; -0·49% [-0·87 to -0·11], p=0·011) and intermediate deprived (SIMD 3; -0·70% [-1·17 to -0·23], p=0·0043) area quintiles, but not in those from the least deprived (SIMD 5) area quintile.

Conclusion: Our findings suggest that smoke-free home interventions could be an important tool to reduce asthma admissions in young children, and that smoke-free public space legislation might improve child health for many years, especially in the most deprived communities.