Established Evidence Results

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, PARENT/FAMILY, Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, CLASSROOM, Adult-led Curricular Activities/Training, SCHOOL, Assembly, Reporting & Response System

Intervention Description: This study is an evaluation of a systemic, two-year, whole-school bullying intervention initiative that was implemented in a US public high school.

Intervention Results: Except for a reduction in victimization, all goals were achieved in some measure. Self-reported bullying decreased 50% or more. Students' reporting that peers intervened in bullying increased. Staff-reported reductions in student aggression, and staff's belief that the school's efforts to address bullying were adequate increased.

Conclusion: This evaluation points to the possible success of a whole-school, systemic approach to managing bullying at the high school level. (Contains 1 figure and 2 tables.)

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest

Setting: US

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Victimization: Pretest (n=874); Posttest (n=817) Perpetration: Pretest (n=870); Posttest (n=818)

Age Range: 14-18

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Community Events,

Intervention Description: The intervention was a flu vaccination event held in a Black church, which included health education and other preventive services such as dental, developmental, vision, hearing, and BMI screenings.

Intervention Results: The study found that the flu vaccination event held in the Black church was successful in increasing flu vaccination rates among Black children. The event also provided an opportunity to offer other preventive services to the community.

Conclusion: The study demonstrates the potential of partnering with faith-based organizations to offer preventive services to underserved communities.

Study Design: The study used a pre-post design to evaluate the impact of a flu vaccination event held in a Black church.

Setting: The study was conducted in a Black church in a low-income neighborhood in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Population of Focus: The target audience was Black children aged 6 months to 18 years and their families.

Sample Size: The sample size was 100 Black children and their families.

Age Range: The age range of the children included in the study was 6 months to 18 years.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, PARENT/FAMILY, Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), CLASSROOM, Adult-led Curricular Activities/Training, Enforcement of School Rules, SCHOOL, Assembly, Reporting & Response System, Bullying Committee, Teacher/Staff Meeting, Teacher/Staff Training, School Rules, Identification and Monitoring of/Increased Supervision in Targeted Areas, POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS, COMMUNITY, Media Campaign (Print Materials, Radio, TV)

Intervention Description: To examine the effectiveness of a widely disseminated bullying prevention program.

Intervention Results: Regression analyses controlling for baseline prevalence and school characteristics showed no overall effect on student victimization. However, when stratified by ethnicity/race, reports of relational and physical victimization decreased by 28% (RR = .72, 95% CI: .53-.98) and 37% (RR = .63, 95% CI: .42-.97), respectively, among white students relative to those in comparison schools. No similar effect was found for students of other races/ethnicities; there were no differences by gender or by grade. Students in intervention schools were more likely to perceive other students as actively intervening in bullying incidents, and 6th graders were more likely to feel sorry and want to help victims.

Conclusion: The program had some mixed positive effects varying by gender, ethnicity/race, and grade but no overall effect. Schools implementing the program, especially with a heterogeneous student body, should monitor outcomes and pay particular attention to the impact of culture, race and family influences on student behavior. Future studies of large-scale bullying prevention programs in the community must be rigorously evaluated to ensure they are effective.

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group

Setting: US

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Intervention (n=4959) Relational Victimization: Pretest (n=4607); Posttest (n=4480) Physical Victimization: Pretest (n=4531); Posttest (n=4419) Control (n=1559) Relational Victimization: Pretest (n=1408); Posttest (n=1456) Physical Victimization: Pretest (n=1373); Posttest (n=1448)

Age Range: NR

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): COMMUNITY, Other Media, Community Events, Television Media, POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS

Intervention Description: The project explored the potential of historically black medical schools to deliver health information to their local communities and used a community-based participatory research approach.

Intervention Results: Significant difference in Pap smear rates between Nashville (intervention) vs Chattanooga (control; 8% effect difference, p≤.01) but not between Atlanta (intervention) vs Decatur (control). Pooled results are not given.

Conclusion: This community intervention trial demonstrated modest success and are encouraging for future efforts of longer duration.

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group

Setting: Nashville, TN; Atlanta, GA; Chattanooga, TN; and Decatur, GA

Population of Focus: Women living in predominantly black census tracts in the intervention cities

Data Source: Telephone interview

Sample Size: Baseline(n=4,053) Intervention (n=1,954); Control (n=2,099) Follow-up (n=3,914) Intervention (n=1,959); Control (n=1,955)

Age Range: ≥18

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, CLASSROOM, Enforcement of School Rules, SCHOOL, Bullying Committee, Assembly, Reporting & Response System, Teacher/Staff Meeting, Teacher/Staff Training, School Rules, Identification and Monitoring of/Increased Supervision in Targeted Areas, POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS, COMMUNITY, Media Campaign (Print Materials, Radio, TV)

Intervention Description: This intervention study examined the prevalence of bullying in an urban/suburban middle school and the impact of the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program (OBPP).

Intervention Results: Statistically significant findings were found for 7th grade female students who received 1 year of the OBPP on reports of prevalence of bullying (p = .022) and exclusion by peers (p = .009). In contrast, variability in statistical findings was obtained for 8th grade females and no statistical findings were found for males. Following 1 year of the OBPP, teachers reported statistically significant improvements in their capacity to identify bullying (p = .016), talk to students who bully (p = .024), and talk with students who are bullied (p = .051). Other substantial percentile changes were also noted.

Conclusion: Findings suggest a significant positive impact of the OBPP on 7th grade females and teachers. Other grade and gender findings were inconsistent with previous literature. Recommendations for further research are provided along with implications for school health prevention programming.

Study Design: QE: time-lagged age-equivalent control group

Setting: US

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Intervention (n=112); Control (n=158)

Age Range: NR

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Mobile Programs, Community Events,

Intervention Description: Interprofessional, student-run vaccine outreach program (VOP) that provided free vaccination events in nontraditional community locations

Intervention Results: The VOP reached hundreds of residents who were more vulnerable to influenza infection, including patients who were under- or uninsured, lacked stable housing, and/or were unemployed. Among VOP patients, 377 (21.8%) received their first ever vaccine and 483 (27.9%) obtained the influenza vaccine rarely or every few years which indicates the VOP reached many vaccine-naïve and vaccine-inconsistent individuals. With the addition of a nurse practitioner student to VOP leadership, the 2018–2019 VOP reached the most homeless or temporarily-housed (228, 32.3%), unemployed (313, 18.5%), and disabled (60, 8.5%) patients.

Conclusion: Healthcare students serve as an eager, underutilized resource who can be leveraged to disseminate vaccines to individuals with limited access to care.

Study Design: Retrospective analysis of demographic data collected through an optional survey

Setting: Davidson County, Tennessee, USA

Population of Focus: Marginalized populations, including the uninsured, unemployed, and unhoused individuals

Sample Size: 1,803 patients who received an influenza vaccine between 2015 and 2019

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Psychoeducation, Referrals, Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event,

Intervention Description: The intervention was a transdiagnostic mental health center offering brief psychological assessment and treatment for children and young people and/or their families with mental health needs in the context of long-term physical conditions. The intervention included a suite of empirically grounded interventions, including single sessions, signposting or referral to appropriate services, a comprehensive diagnostic and/or supplementary neurodevelopmental assessment, and brief modular transdiagnostic psychological treatment delivered in the form of guided self-help.

Intervention Results: The results showed that the intervention was feasible and acceptable, with high levels of retention and satisfaction reported by participants. Changes in SDQ scores demonstrated statistical significance, but the effect size was small and does not equate to clinically significant change.

Conclusion: The conclusion from the study was that it is possible to deliver brief transdiagnostic psychological interventions to patients in a pediatric hospital who are experiencing mental health needs alongside long-term physical conditions, as part of a stepped-care pediatric psychology health service. The study provides evidence that such interventions could have an important role in reducing symptoms and improving quality of life.

Study Design: The study design/type was an uncontrolled trial.

Setting: The setting for the study was a national pediatric hospital.

Population of Focus: The target audience for the study was children and young people with mental health needs in the context of long-term physical conditions, as well as their families and caregivers.

Sample Size: The sample size was 186 consented participants.

Age Range: The age range of the participants was not specified in the article.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, CLASSROOM, Adult-led Curricular Activities/Training

Intervention Description: The main goal of the current study was to analyze the spillover effects of the cyberbullying prevention program Media Heroes (Medienhelden) on traditional bullying.

Intervention Results: Media Heroes was found to reduce traditional bullying. Effects were larger for the long-version of the program than for the short 1-day version. No effects were found on victimization by either cyberbullying or traditional bullying.

Conclusion: Strategies to complement traditional and cyberbullying prevention efforts are discussed.

Study Design: Cluster RCT: pretest-posttest

Setting: Germany

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Total (n=1075) Analysis sample (n=722) Long-Intervention (n=12 classes); Short-Intervention (n=7 classes); Control (n=16 classes) Cyberbullying (n=709); Traditional Bullying (n=709); Cybervictimization (n=714); Traditional Victimization (n=718)

Age Range: 11/17/2022

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Educational Material, PATIENT_CONSUMER, Community Events, COMMUNITY, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE

Intervention Description: The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a cervical cancer prevention education program for rural Korean immigrant women. A total of 46 Korean immigrant women who had not been screened in the past three years participated. The experimental group participated in the intervention program once a week for four weeks and completed a post-program survey in week 12.

Intervention Results: The experimental group participated in the intervention program once a week for four weeks and completed a post-program survey in week 12. Compared to the control group, significant increases were detected in level of knowledge of cervical cancer prevention (p = .001), behavioral attitude toward cervical cancer prevention (p = .029) and behavioral intention regarding cervical cancer prevention (p = .005) in the experimental group. Pap screening rate of the experimental group was significantly increased (p = .029), but the rate of change in the selection of primary care providers was not significant.

Conclusion: The results suggest the need for a multilevel approach to address cultural and systemic barriers to Korean immigrant women in promotion of cervical cancer prevention behavior.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Provider Training/Education, HOSPITAL, Quality Improvement, Policy/Guideline (Hospital), Crib Card, Sleep Environment Modification, Promotional Event, POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS, COMMUNITY, Social Media, CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Educational Material (caregiver), Visual Display (Community)

Intervention Description: To improve sleep environment safety for inpatient infants.

Intervention Results: The proportion of infant cribs without loose objects in them increased (32-72%, p = .025), and safe sleep positioning remained stable (82% vs. 95%, p = .183).

Conclusion: Staff education, swaddle sleep sacks, and bedside storage containers were associated with improved sleep safety among pediatric inpatients at our institution and may help at other institutions.

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest

Setting: University of Iowa Children’s Hospital

Population of Focus: Infants less than 1 year of age developmentally ready for a crib and asleep

Data Source: Crib audit/infant observation

Sample Size: Baseline (n=22) Follow-up 1 (not reported) Follow-up 2 (n=37) Follow-up 3 (n=18)

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Community-Based Group Education, Group Education, Telephone Support, Educational Material, CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Educational Material (caregiver), PARENT/FAMILY, Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide)

Intervention Description: The objective of this trial was to test if parents’ participation in an intervention based on an empowerment ideology and participatory experiences decreased the number of cigarettes smoked in homes.

Intervention Results: The median number of cigarettes smoked in the home daily decreased from 18 to 4 in the total sample (both groups about equally), however no statistically significant difference was detected between groups at 6 months follow-up.

Conclusion: Participation in the study, independent of group, may have resulted in parents decreasing the number of cigarettes smoked in the home. Valuable lessons were learned about recruiting and working with this group of parents, all of whom faced the challenges of tobacco and almost half of whom lived in poverty

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (home)

Population of Focus: Families connected with public health nursing offices, family resource centers, daycare centers, and kindergartens in Prince Edward Island, with at least one cigarette smoked daily in the home, children up to 5 years of age residing there, and one parent (smoker or not) willing to participate

Data Source: Data were collected in two intervieweradministered questionnaires competed in participants’ homes at baseline and 6-months follow-up.

Sample Size: 60 families

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, Training (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Home Visit (caregiver), Education/Training (caregiver), Motivational Interviewing/Counseling

Intervention Description: This study tested the efficacy of coaching to reduce environmental tobacco smoke ETS exposure among asthmatic Latino children.

Intervention Results: Intervention parents reported their children exposed to significantly fewer cigarettes than control parents by 4 months (post-coaching). Reported prevalence of exposed children decreased to 52% for intervention families but only 69% for controls. By month 4, cotinine levels decreased from 54% to 40% among intervention and increased from 43% to 49% among control children. However, cotinine levels decreased among controls to same level achieved by intervention families by the 13-month follow-up.

Conclusion: Asthma management education plus coaching can reduce ETS exposure more than expected from education alone, and decreases in the coached condition may be sustained for about a year. The delayed decrease in cotinine among controls is discussed.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (home)

Population of Focus: Latino or Hispanic families with an asthmatic child who lived in a home with a smoker and was exposed to at least 6 cigarettes in the past week

Data Source: Reported ETS exposure, children’s urine cotinine, air nicotine monitors, and parent’s saliva cotinine were measured

Sample Size: 204 Latino children ages 3-17 years with asthma

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, Training (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Home Visit (caregiver), Education/Training (caregiver), Educational Material (caregiver), Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Pharmacotherapy (Nicotine), Home Visits, Educational Material, Motivational Interviewing, Peer Counselor, Telephone Support

Intervention Description: We tested a combined intervention to reduce children's secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) and help parents quit smoking.

Intervention Results: Parents’ reports of their smoking and children’s exposure showed moderate and significant correlation with children’s urine cotinine levels and home air nicotine. 13 intervention group mothers and 4 controls reported quitting smoking for 7 days prior to 1 or more study measurements without biochemical contradiction. Results of generalized estimating equations showed significantly greater decrease in reported SHSe and mothers’ smoking in the counseled group compared with controls. Reported indoor smoking and children’s urine cotinine decreased, yet group differences for changes were not significant.

Conclusion: Nicotine contamination of the home and resulting thirdhand exposure may have contributed to the failure to obtain a differential decrease in cotinine concentration. Partial exposure to counseling due to dropouts and lack of full participation from all family members and measurement reactivity in both conditions may have constrained intervention effects. Secondhand smoke exposure counseling may have been less powerful when combined with smoking cessation.

Study Design: Two-group, repeated measures RCT

Setting: Community (home)

Population of Focus: WIC clients in San Diego, California

Data Source: 3 weekly baseline child urine cotinine measures collected before trial randomization then reported and urine cotinine measures at 3 (midintervention), 6 (post-intervention), 12, and 18 months

Sample Size: 150 families

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, CLASSROOM, Adult-led Curricular Activities/Training, SCHOOL, Teacher/Staff Meeting

Intervention Description: This study assessed an intervention targeting bullying.

Intervention Results: Students reported bullying experiences on the Peer Relations Questionnaire and attitudes using the Attitude to Victim and Bully Scales, prior to the intervention and one year later. There was little difference between conditions on most measures.

Conclusion: Short-term educational approaches appear to have little impact on bullying behaviour, and schools may need to develop alternative approaches.

Study Design: Cluster RCT: pretest-posttest

Setting: Australia

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Pretest: Intervention (n=155); Control (n=289) Posttest: Intervention (n=111); Control (n=207) Analysis: Intervention (n=152); Control (n=248)

Age Range: 12/15/2022

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, Training (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Home Visit (caregiver), Motivational Interviewing/Counseling

Intervention Description: We tested the effectiveness of a program consisting of motivational interviewing (MI) and feedback of urine cotinine to stop passive smoking (PS) in children at risk for asthma.

Intervention Results: After 6 months, a significant group difference was observed for the unverified parental report of stopping PS in children: 27% of parents in the intervention group versus 7% in the control group. For the verified parental report, the difference was similar (23% versus 7%) but was not statistically significant.

Conclusion: Despite a limited sample size, the results suggest that the intervention program is probably an effective strategy to stop PS in children. A program longer than 6 months might be necessary for a longer lasting intervention effect.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Home-based (6 sessions)

Population of Focus: Families with children ages 0-13 with a high risk of asthma and passive smoking exposure

Data Source: Parental self-report, urine cotinine in children

Sample Size: 58 families

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, PARENT_FAMILY, YOUTH

Intervention Description: This pre-experimental study examined the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effects of the MINDSTRONG to Combat Bullying Program for adolescents who have experienced bullying with concurrent mental health symptoms.

Intervention Results: Twenty adolescents and their parent dyads enrolled in the MINDSTRONG to Combat Bullying program. Significant reductions were found over time in adolescent self-reported depressive, anxiety and somatic symptoms as well as bullying victimization frequency, with large positive effect sizes for the intervention. Significant increases in adolescent personal beliefs also were found.

Conclusion: Although several of the intervention sessions needed to be rescheduled and many of the adolescents did not complete their weekly skills building homework, MINDSTRONG to Combat Bullying was found to be a highly acceptable intervention for adolescents that was effective in reducing physical and mental health symptoms as well as perceptions of bullying victimization.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, Peer-led Mentoring/Support Counseling, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, CLASSROOM, Adult-led Curricular Activities/Training, SCHOOL, Reporting & Response System, Teacher/Staff Training, Media Campaign (Print Materials, Public Address System, Social Media)

Intervention Description: This study investigated the effectiveness of the KiVa Antibullying Program in two samples of students, one from Grades 1-3 (7-9 years old, N = 6,927) and the other from Grades 7-9 (13-15 years old, N = 16, 503).

Intervention Results: Multilevel regression analyses revealed that after 9 months of implementation, the intervention had beneficial effects in Grades 1-3 on self-reported victimization and bullying (odds ratios approximately equal to 1.5), with some differential effects by gender. In Grades 7-9, statistically significant positive results were obtained on 5 of 7 criterion variables, but results often depended on gender and sometimes age. The effects were largest for boys' peer reports: bullying, assisting the bully, and reinforcing the bully (Cohen's ds 0.11-0.19).

Conclusion: Overall, the findings from the present study and from a previous study for Grades 4-6 (Karna, Voeten, Little, Poskiparta, Kaljonen, et al., 2011) indicate that the KiVa program is effective in reducing bullying and victimization in Grades 1-6, but the results are more mixed in Grades 7-9. (Contains 1 figure, 7 tables, and 1 footnote.)

Study Design: Cluster RCT: pretest-posttest

Setting: Finland

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Total (n=16503)

Age Range: 13-15

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, Community Events,

Intervention Description: The intervention described in the study was designed to promote youth thriving and included additional training for mentors and group and dyadic activities for mentors and youth to participate in together. This mentoring program was unique in its focus on promoting youth thriving and its inclusion of additional training and activities for mentors and youth.

Intervention Results: The results of the study showed that program staff characteristics and approaches, such as work engagement, adherence to program guidelines, and supervisor-rated staff competence, predicted more favorable mentoring relationship quality. By contrast, a nondirective approach to supporting mentors predicted lower relationship quality.

Conclusion: The conclusion of the study was that further investigation of program staff influences on mentoring relationship development could be fruitful and ultimately provide a basis for enhancing program effectiveness.

Study Design: The study design was a randomized comparative effectiveness trial of an intervention intended to enhance youth outcomes in CBM programs operated by 10 agencies affiliated with Big Brothers Big Sisters of America.

Setting: community-based youth mentoring programs, specifically the Big Brothers Big Sisters program

Population of Focus: mentor-youth pairs in the Big Brothers Big Sisters program, as well as program staff who support the development of these relationships.

Sample Size: 450 mentor-youth pairs supported by 76 program staff across 10 agencies.

Age Range: child adolescent

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Training/Education, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), HOSPITAL, Quality Improvement, Promotional Event, Audit/Attestation (Provider)

Intervention Description: Physicians from various units within the hospital system created and led multidisciplinary safe sleep teams. After attending a kickoff event to learn more about infant mortality and sleep related deaths, safe sleep champions from four teams were encouraged to work with their teams to tailor interventions, both specific to the needs of their areas and to address the global aim of county-wide sleep-related death reduction. The teams collaborated and produced a hospital-wide key driver diagram, highlighting the importance of screening, family education, staff education, and hospital reporting interventions. They were encouraged to complete as many Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles as necessary to improve safe sleep practices in both hospital and home settings.

Intervention Results: Our teams have significantly increased compliance with safe sleep practices in the inpatient and neonatal intensive care unit settings (P < 0.01). We have also increased screening and education on appropriate safe sleep behaviors by ED and primary care providers (P < 0.01). Our county's sleep-related death rate has not significantly decreased during the collaborative.

Conclusion: Our collaborative has increased American Academy of Pediatrics-recommended safe sleep practices in our institution, and we decreased sleep-related deaths in our primary care network. We have created stronger ties to our community partners working to decrease infant mortality rates. More efforts will be needed, both within and outside of our institution, to lower our community's sleep-related death rate.

Setting: Nationwide Children’s Hospital and delivery hospitals throughout Columbus Ohio

Population of Focus: Hospital healthcare providers

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Provider Training/Education, Provision of Safe Sleep Item, HOSPITAL, Quality Improvement, Policy/Guideline (Hospital), Crib Card, Visual Display (Hospital), Sleep Environment Modification, Promotional Event, CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Educational Material (caregiver), Attestation (caregiver), HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Audit/Attestation

Intervention Description: The purpose of this quality improvement project was to promote the AAP safe sleep recommendations and provide appropriate role modeling of these recommendations for hemodynamically stable infants throughout their hospital stay.

Intervention Results: Observations noted an improvement from 70% to 90% (p< 0.01) of infants in a safe sleep position when comparing pre- and postintervention results. There were some improvements in knowledge of and agreement with the AAP guidelines after the educational intervention, but not as much as expected.

Conclusion: There was inconsistency between nursing knowledge and practice about safe infant sleep. Nurses were aware of the AAP recommendations, but it took time to achieve close to full compliance in changing clinical practice. Observation was an important part of this initiative to reinforce knowledge and role model best practice for parents.

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest

Setting: Golisano Children’s Hospital at the University of Rochester in NY

Population of Focus: Hemodynamically stable infants less than 1 year of age in the mother-baby unit and nine pediatric units

Data Source: Crib audit/infant observation

Sample Size: Baseline (n=65) Follow-up (n=60)

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Peer-led Mentoring/Support Counseling, CLASSROOM, Presentation/meeting/information Session (Classroom), SCHOOL, Assembly, Media Campaign (Print Materials, Public Address System, Social Media), POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS, COMMUNITY, Event, Outreach

Intervention Description: An investigation of whether and to what extent a peer-led model is able to counteract mechanisms underlying bullying in peer groups, seeking clarification of divergence in reported results on the efficacy of peer-led models.

Intervention Results: Two studies were carried out in Italy within a project tackling bullying and cyberbullying in secondary schools. In the first study (n= 386), concerning the first phase of the project, a significant decrease was found only for cyberbullying, most of all for male peer educators. For the second study (n= 375) the model was improved and significant effects were found for several participating groups (peer educators and the experimental classes), who exhibited a decrease in bullying, victimization, and cybervictimization.

Conclusion: Results suggest that peer educators can act as agents of change in the broader context.

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group

Setting: Italy

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Study 1: Intervention 1 (n=126); Intervention 2 (n=63); Control (n=47) Study 2: Intervention (n=231); Control (n=144)

Age Range: 14-20

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Peer-led Mentoring/Support Counseling, CLASSROOM, Presentation/meeting/information Session (Classroom), Peer-led Curricular Activities/Training, SCHOOL, Assembly, Media Campaign (Print Materials, Public Address System, Social Media), POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS, COMMUNITY, Event, Presentation

Intervention Description: The NoTrap! (Noncadiamointrappola!) program is a school-based intervention, which utilizes a peer-led approach to prevent and combat both traditional bullying and cyberbullying. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of the third Edition of the program in accordance with the recent criteria for evidence-based interventions.

Intervention Results: Towards this aim, two quasi-experimental trials involving adolescents (age M = 14.91, SD = .98) attending their first year at different high schools were conducted. In Trial 1 (control group, n = 171; experimental group, n = 451), latent growth curve models for data from pre-, middle- and post-tests showed that intervention significantly predicted change over time in all the target variables (victimization, bullying, cybervictimization, and cyberbullying). Specifically, target variables were stable for the control group but decreased significantly over time for the experimental group. Long-term effects at the follow up 6 months later were also found. In Trial 2 (control group, n = 227; experimental group, n = 234), the moderating effect of gender was examined and there was a reported decrease in bullying and cyberbullying over time (pre- and post-test) in the experimental group but not the control group, and this decrease was similar for boys and girls.

Conclusion: The significant improvement in target variables in trials of the third edition, compared to the non-significant improvements found for the first and second editions, suggests that the new/modified components may have improved the efficacy of the program.

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group

Setting: Italy

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Total (n=375) Intervention (n=231); Control (n=144)

Age Range: 14-18

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Peer-led Mentoring/Support Counseling, CLASSROOM, Presentation/meeting/information Session (Classroom), SCHOOL, Assembly, Media Campaign (Print Materials, Public Address System, Social Media), POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS, COMMUNITY, Event, Presentation

Intervention Description: The aim of the present study is to describe and evaluate an ongoing peer-led model against bullying and cyberbullying carried out with Italian adolescents.

Intervention Results: Results showed a significant decrease in the experimental group as compared to the control group for all the variables except for cyberbullying. Besides, in the experimental group we found a significant increase in adaptive coping strategies like problem solving and a significant decrease in maladaptive coping strategies like avoidance: these changes mediate the changes in the behavioural variables. In particular, the decrease in avoidance predicts the decrease in victimization and cybervictimization for peer educators and for the other students in the experimental classes whereas the increase in problem solving predicts the decrease in cyberbullying only in the peer educators group.

Conclusion: Results are discussed following recent reviews on evidence based efficacy of peer led models.

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group

Setting: Italy

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Trial 1: Intervention (n=451); Control (n=171) Trial 2: Intervention (n=234); Control (n=227)

Age Range: Mean: ~16.23

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Education on Disease/Condition, Community Events,

Intervention Description: The purpose of this study was to develop and implement a community-based program aiming for smoking, alcohol, and substance use prevention based on multiple disciplinary literacy strategies. A one-group pretest-and-posttest comparison design was used to test the feasibility of the new substance use prevention program. Thirty-two adolescents, most from families with minority and low-socioeconomic status backgrounds, participated. The group met for a 1-hour session once a week for 10 weeks. The program was implemented in a suburban setting in a southeastern state in the United States.

Intervention Results: The results of the study indicated that the community-based youth substance use prevention program using disciplinary literacy strategies was well-received by the participants, with high levels of satisfaction reported. Significant positive changes were observed in participants' knowledge, skills, assets related to substance use, intention not to smoke, perception of the unhealthiness of tobacco, perceived benefits of remaining tobacco-free, and attitudes toward smoking.

Conclusion: The study found that the community-based youth substance use prevention program was effective in improving participants' knowledge, skills, assets related to substance use, intention not to smoke, perception of the unhealthiness of tobacco, perceived benefits of remaining tobacco-free, and attitudes toward smoking.

Study Design: Pre/post intervention design

Setting: Suburban community in a southeastern USA state

Population of Focus: Practitioners of community-based youth substance prevention programs

Sample Size: 32 adolescents

Age Range: No age range given, only that "adolescents" were study participants

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Access, Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, Community Events, YOUTH, COMMUNITY

Intervention Description: In October 2013, Johns Hopkins Medicine clinicians established the Center for Salud/Health and Opportunities for Latinos (Centro SOL) to better address the health needs of Baltimore's growing Latino community. Centro SOL's mission focuses on four core activities: clinical services; advocacy and community engagement efforts; pipeline/education opportunities; and research consultations. Progress is measured through a scorecard reviewed annually by Centro SOL leadership.

Intervention Results: Centro SOL's program has expanded health care access for undocumented immigrants, patient safety and quality of service/care programs for patients with limited English proficiency, and pipeline opportunities for Latino youth. In 2017, 2,763 uninsured patients received primary or specialty care and 290 people received group therapy to address stress-related conditions. In addition, 49 Latino students (ranging from high school to postgraduate students) received mentorship at Centro SOL.

Conclusion: In the next five years, Centro SOL plans to expand the pipeline for Latinos interested in health professions fields and to further improve access to health services for Latino families through both advocacy efforts and enhanced clinical services.

Study Design: Program evaluation

Setting: Centro SOL established by Johns Hopkins Medicine to address the healthcare needs of the emeging Latino settlement in Baltimore, Maryland

Population of Focus: Latino immigrant community in Baltimore, Maryland

Sample Size: 2,763 uninsured patients from different age groups, including children and adults, received primary or specialty care; 49 Latino high school and postgraduate students aged 15-20 received mentorship and provided feedback

Age Range: Children and adolescents 0-20 years of age

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, PARENT/FAMILY, Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, CLASSROOM, Adult-led Curricular Activities/Training, Class Rules, SCHOOL, Teacher/Staff Meeting, Teacher/Staff Training, School Rules

Intervention Description: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate behavioural effectiveness of a school-based anti-bullying approach within Flemish schools. In addition, specific attention was given to the relationship between outcome findings and external support.

Intervention Results: The findings regarding the effects of the school-based anti-bullying intervention programme on the extent of bullying and victimisation showed a mixed pattern of positive changes in primary schools and zero outcomes in secondary schools. The findings regarding the effects of external support revealed limited outcomes.

Conclusion: The outcomes of the evaluation study confirm that a school-based anti-bullying intervention strategy can be effective in reducing problems with bullying, especially within primary schools. It was argued that the developmental characteristics of secondary school students interfered with the programme outcomes. In addition, the findings revealed no extra effects of specific training sessions.

Study Design: Cluster RCT: pretest-posttest

Setting: Belgium

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Treatment with Support (n=284) Treatment without Support (n=277) Control (n=151)

Age Range: NR

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): CLASSROOM, Peer-led Curricular Activities/Training, SCHOOL, Assembly, Media Campaign (Print Materials, Public Address System, Social Media), POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS, COMMUNITY, Training, Event, Media Campaign (Print Materials, Radio, TV), Distribution of Promotional Items (Classroom/School), Distribution of Promotional Items (Community)

Intervention Description: In a community randomized controlled trial, intervention middle school students from small towns were exposed to a community and school-based anti-violence intervention ("Resolve It, Solve It").

Intervention Results: Students in the intervention group reported a significantly higher rate of decline in verbal victimization compared to control students. The difference was only significant among males. For physical victimization, the decline in the intervention group compared to the control group was in the expected direction but did not reach statistical significance (p=0.069). This near significant difference was accounted for by males.

Conclusion: These results suggest that a media and reinforcing community intervention led by older peers can alter rates of growth for some measures of violence and associated factors among small-town youth. Further research is indicated to determine how different campaign messages influence students by sex.

Study Design: Cluster RCT: pretest-posttest

Setting: US

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Total (n=1492) Intervention (n=712); Control (n=780)

Age Range: NR

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Patient Navigation, Enabling Services, COMMUNITY, Community Events, POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS, Home Visits

Intervention Description: A group-randomized controlled trial to evaluate a cervical cancer screening intervention program targeting Seattle’s Cambodian refugee community.

Intervention Results: The proportion of women in the intervention group reporting recent cervical cancer screening increased from 44% at baseline to 61% at follow-up (+17%). The corresponding proportions among the control group were 51 and 62% (+11%). These temporal increases were statistically significant in both the intervention (P < 0.001) and control (P = 0.027) groups.

Conclusion: This study was unable to document an increase in Pap testing use specifically in the neighborhood-based outreach intervention group; rather, we found an increase in both intervention and control groups. A general awareness of the project among women and their health care providers as well as other ongoing cervical cancer screening promotional efforts may all have contributed to increases in Pap testing rates.

Study Design: Cluster RCT

Setting: Seattle, Washington

Population of Focus: Cambodian women

Data Source: Self-report through personal interviews and verified through medical record review

Sample Size: Total (N=370) Analysis (n=289) Intervention (n=144); Control (n=145)

Age Range: ≥18

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Other Person-to-Person Education, Enabling Services, Other Media, Community Events, COMMUNITY, POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS

Intervention Description: In a randomized controlled trial of 20 communities, the study examined whether a comprehensive intervention influenced cancer screening behaviors and lifestyle practices in rural communities in Eastern Washington State. Cross-sectional surveys at baseline and post-intervention included interviews with a random sample of approximately 100 households per community. The interview included questions on ever use and recent use of Pap test, mammogram, and fecal occult blood test (FOBT) and sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy, fruit and vegetable consumption and smoking practices.

Intervention Results: The study found few significant changes in use of screening services for cervical (Pap test), breast (mammogram) or colorectal cancer (fecal occult blood test (FOBT) or sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy) between intervention and control communities. Results showed no significant differences in fruit and vegetable consumption nor in smoking prevalence between the two groups. We found more awareness of and participation in intervention activities in the treatment communities than the control communities.

Conclusion: Our null findings might be attributable to the low dose of the intervention, a cohort effect, or contamination of the effect in non-intervention communities. Further research to identify effective strategies to improve cancer prevention lifestyle behaviors and screening practices are needed.

Study Design: Cluster RCT

Setting: Twenty communities in the Lower Yakima Valley of WA

Population of Focus: Women

Data Source: Self-report through personal interviews

Sample Size: Total (N=1,962) Analysis (n=1,851) Intervention (n=894); Control (n=957)

Age Range: ≥18

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, CLASSROOM, Adult-led Curricular Activities/Training

Intervention Description: the present study introduces a theory-based cyberbullying prevention program (Media Heroes; German original: Medienhelden) and evaluates its effectiveness.

Intervention Results: While the present results revealed worrying prevalence rates of cyberbullying in middle school, multilevel analyses clearly demonstrate the program's effectiveness in reducing cyberbullying behavior within intervention classes in contrast to classes of the control group.

Conclusion: Hence, this study presents a promising program which evidentially prevents cyberbullying in schools

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group

Setting: Germany

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Total (n=593) Long Version (n=194); Short Version (n=104); Control (n=295)

Age Range: Mean: 13.3