Established Evidence Results

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PAYER, Expanded Insurance Coverage, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Public Insurance (Health Care Provider/Practice), Collaboration with Local Agencies (State), Collaboration with Local Agencies (Health Care Provider/Practice), CLASSROOM_SCHOOL, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Outreach (caregiver), Communication Tools, Distribution of Promotional Items (Classroom/School)

Intervention Description: In Michigan, a school-based outreach effort was piloted using existing school communication tools to identify children who are currently uninsured and may be eligible for state-subsidized health insurance. School districts were provided with two health insurance status collection forms to be included with the free and reduced school lunch application, and as part of the student registration packet and welcome materials for school. Completed forms were sent to a state registered application-assisting agency to ensure families can access the coverage and services they need. A final step in the process is outreach to eligible respondents by the Michigan Primary Care Association to help ensure that they receive information and access to the healthcare coverage and services they need.

Intervention Results: As a result of the survey, 156 children were identified as not having health insurance. This represents more than 44% of the 358 children who are eligible for State subsidized health insurance, in the participating school districts, but are uninsured. Integrating the collection of health insurance status into routine school communication channels is an effective way to identify children who do not have health insurance and may be eligible for state subsidized benefits.

Conclusion: 1. The Michigan Department of Community Health should lead the effort to work with the Michigan Department of Education to modify the Free and Reduced Lunch Application to capture whether or not the applicant has health insurance. 2. The Michigan Department of Community Health should lead the effort to incorporate into the direct certified free and reduced lunch eligibility process a systematic check as to whether or not the applicant has State subsidized health insurance. 3. The Michigan Department of Community Health should provide resources from the expected performance bonus to work with schools across the State to implement these changes.

Study Design: Cross-sectional pilot study

Setting: Schools (School districts in Van Buren County, Michigan)

Population of Focus: Uninsured children

Data Source: Survey data

Sample Size: 8,999 children

Age Range: School-aged children

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Telephone Support, COMMUNITY, Community Health Services Policy, Distribution of Promotional Items (Classroom/School), Distribution of Promotional Items (Community), Educational Material

Intervention Description: The intervention consists of three mailings and one brief coaching call delivered by 2-1-1 staff over 6 weeks. Emphasizes establishing a smoke-free home rather than smoking cessation.

Intervention Results: Overall, 40.1% reported creating a full household smoking ban. Among the nonsmoking adults reached at follow-up, days of SHS exposure in the past week decreased from 4.9 to 1.2. Among the 1148 smokers reached for follow-up, 211 people quit, an absolute reduction in smoking of 18.4% (p < .0001), with no differences by gender. Among those reached for 2-month follow-up, the proportion who reported establishing a smoke-free home was comparable to or higher than smoke-free home rates in the prior controlled research studies.

Conclusion: Among those reached for 2-month follow-up, the proportion who reported establishing a smoke-free home was comparable to or higher than smoke-free home rates in the prior controlled research studies.

Study Design: RCTs; 1st was efficacy trial, 2nd was effectiveness trial, 3rd was a generalizability trial, [4th-5th not described in article]

Setting: Telephone counseling for an educational intervention

Population of Focus: 5 2-1-1 centers chosen via competitive applications for a national grants program

Data Source: Participant reports; Tracking Tool for programs to record process of project

Sample Size: 2345 households at five 2-1-1 organizations

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Distribution of Promotional Items (Classroom/School),

Intervention Description: The intervention description mentioned in the provided text varies depending on the study being referred to. For the study involving GP practices, the intervention was a behaviorally-informed invitation letter sent to parents of two- and three-year-olds, which included several behavioral techniques such as simplification, personalization, and implementation intentions. The control group received usual care ,[object Object],, ,[object Object],. For the study involving schools, the interventions included a behaviorally-informed letter and a reminder (SMS/email) sent to parents. The behaviorally-informed letter included several behavioral techniques such as simplification, personalization, and a positive social norm statement. The reminder was sent by the schools to parents in the reminder arms. The control group received either a standard letter or no reminder ,[object Object],, ,[object Object],, ,[object Object],.

Intervention Results: The results mentioned in the provided text vary depending on the study being referred to. For the study involving GP practices, the behaviorally-informed invitation letter increased the uptake of childhood flu vaccine in general practice by 13.7% in absolute terms, compared to usual practice. The effect of the intervention remained significant after adjusting for demographic variables and interaction effects. The effect of the intervention did not differ between those who had and had not received a vaccination the previous year. Practices using SystmOne had higher uptake. There was variation between practices and CCGs, suggesting that there are practice/school level factors that influence uptake ,[object Object],, ,[object Object],. For the study involving schools, the behaviorally-informed letter did not have a statistically significant effect on vaccination uptake, but the reminder did lead to a small increase in uptake of the influenza vaccine in schools. The proportion of eligible students in the school year who were vaccinated increased with the reminder, but there was no effect of the letter nor any interaction effect. There was variation between school years and schools, suggesting that there are practice/school level factors that influence uptake ,[object Object],, ,[object Object],, ,[object Object],.

Conclusion: The conclusion mentioned in the provided text is that sending a behaviorally-informed invitation letter can increase uptake of childhood influenza vaccines at GP surgeries compared to usual practice. However, the effect size of the intervention was much smaller in school-based programs, with the behaviorally-informed letter not having a statistically significant effect on vaccination uptake. A reminder SMS or email, which follows on from an invitation letter, can lead to a small increase in uptake of the influenza vaccine in schools. The studies suggest that there are practice/school level factors that influence uptake, and future research investigating the effectiveness of behaviorally-informed letters should undertake process evaluation to better understand how and why the interventions may be effective ,[object Object],, ,[object Object],, ,[object Object],, ,[object Object],.

Study Design: The study design mentioned in the provided text is a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of behaviorally-informed interventions to improve childhood flu vaccination uptake in school-based programs. The study used a 2 × 2 factorial design, with schools within each strata randomly assigned to one of four intervention arms, one for each combination of interventions. The interventions included behaviorally-informed letters and reminders to assess their effects on vaccination uptake at GP practices and schools ,[object Object],, ,[object Object],.

Setting: The setting in the provided text appears to be related to a study or research project involving schools, child health, and vaccination uptake. The text mentions the religious denomination of the school, the type of school (state-funded primary, state-funded secondary, or independent), and the postcode of schools linked to the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) data. Additionally, it discusses the sample size and power calculations based on the number of schools and children involved in the study ,[object Object],.

Population of Focus: The target audience for the information provided in the PDF seems to be researchers, public health professionals, and policymakers interested in childhood flu vaccination uptake in school-based programs. The content discusses a randomized controlled trial of behaviorally-informed interventions to improve vaccination uptake in schools, as well as the effects of letters and reminders on vaccine uptake at GP practices and schools ,[object Object],, ,[object Object],.

Sample Size: The sample size for the study involving schools and childhood flu vaccination uptake was determined by the number of schools in participating areas. Power calculations indicated that with the original number of schools available (~1700 schools and six providers) and assuming no variation between local authorities and an average of 100 children in years 1–3 in each school, the study would have 90% power to detect a 1% absolute increase in uptake, from 63% to 64% ,[object Object],.

Age Range: The age range mentioned in the provided text is 2 to 16 years old. The UK Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation recommended a national childhood influenza immunisation program to be rolled out to 2- to 16-year-olds, using a live attenuated influenza vaccine ,[object Object],.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Presentation/meeting/information Session (Classroom), Distribution of Promotional Items (Classroom/School), CLASSROOM_SCHOOL

Intervention Description: This study aims to implement and evaluate an educational intervention on bullying prevention among junior high school students in Shantou, China.

Intervention Results: The results showed that the intervention group's awareness of bullying (percentage of the students who knew bullying very well, male: before vs. after intervention: 16.3% vs. 37.6%, P < 0.001; female: before vs. after intervention: 11.8% vs. 38.8%, P < 0.01), and the female students' acceptance of anti-bullying education (before vs. after intervention: 89.3% vs. 97.6%, P < 0.05) was improved after intervention. The incidence of cyber victimization (male: 32.3% vs. 18.5%, P < 0.05; female: 22.4 to 7.0%, P < 0.01) was also reduced in the intervention group, with the reduction in the incidence of social (19.4% vs. 8.7%, P < 0.05), verbal (40.9% vs. 27.2%, P < 0.05) victimization, and peer (36.6% vs. 20.7%, P < 0.05) and social bullying (11.8% vs. 2.2%, P < 0.01) among male students after intervention.

Conclusion: This educational intervention was the first important step to develop effective intervention strategies for bullying prevention among junior high school students in China.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): CLASSROOM, Peer-led Curricular Activities/Training, SCHOOL, Assembly, Media Campaign (Print Materials, Public Address System, Social Media), POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS, COMMUNITY, Training, Event, Media Campaign (Print Materials, Radio, TV), Distribution of Promotional Items (Classroom/School), Distribution of Promotional Items (Community)

Intervention Description: In a community randomized controlled trial, intervention middle school students from small towns were exposed to a community and school-based anti-violence intervention ("Resolve It, Solve It").

Intervention Results: Students in the intervention group reported a significantly higher rate of decline in verbal victimization compared to control students. The difference was only significant among males. For physical victimization, the decline in the intervention group compared to the control group was in the expected direction but did not reach statistical significance (p=0.069). This near significant difference was accounted for by males.

Conclusion: These results suggest that a media and reinforcing community intervention led by older peers can alter rates of growth for some measures of violence and associated factors among small-town youth. Further research is indicated to determine how different campaign messages influence students by sex.

Study Design: Cluster RCT: pretest-posttest

Setting: US

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Total (n=1492) Intervention (n=712); Control (n=780)

Age Range: NR