Established Evidence Results

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Counseling (Parent/Family), Patient Reminder/Invitation,

Intervention Description: Patient navigators reviewed the electronic medical records and immunization registry records of eligible postpartum women to determine whether they needed to initiate or complete the human papillomavirus vaccine series. Eligible women were counseled and offered the human papillomavirus vaccine during their hospital stay. Patient navigators scheduled follow-up injections in addition to the mother's postpartum or her infant's well-child visits, made reminder phone calls, and rescheduled missed appointments

Intervention Results: Both the initial and expanded programs achieved vaccine completion rates above 70%. The detailed results are provided in the excerpt

Conclusion: Human papillomavirus vaccination on the postpartum unit is an effective way to increase catchup rates and is well accepted by healthcare providers. High completion rates can be achieved if adequate support is provided, even among patients residing in rural or underserved areas who need extensive support to access primary healthcare services. Although this particular program may be considered costly, it is overall effective because the vaccine prevents 5 different types of cancer in women. The inclusion of human papillomavirus vaccination in routine postpartum care is a relatively easy way to reach many adults not vaccinated at a younger age and could help address low vaccination rates among young women in the United States, including hard-to-reach populations.

Study Design: The study utilized a quantitative and qualitative evaluation to examine the success and limitations of the program when expanded from 1 county to 36 counties.

Setting: The setting of the study is not explicitly mentioned in the provided excerpts.

Population of Focus: The target audience includes postpartum women aged ≤26 years who delivered an infant at the public hospital.

Sample Size: The initial program enrolled 2631 eligible postpartum women, and the expanded program enrolled 4330 eligible postpartum women.

Age Range: The study targeted women aged ≤26 years.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Policy/Guideline (State), Social Supports, Counseling (Parent/Family), Housing Prescriptions

Intervention Description: supportive housing program called Housing Prescriptions as Health Care

Intervention Results: the Housing Prescriptions as Health Care intervention led to improvements in child health and parental mental health over a six-month period for medically complex families in Boston who had experienced homelessness and housing instability. Specifically, there were decreases in the share of children in fair or poor health and in average anxiety and depression scores among parents in the intervention group compared to the control group

Conclusion: a population-specific model integrating health, housing, legal, and social services, such as the Housing Prescriptions as Health Care intervention, can improve health-related outcomes at the household level for medically complex families experiencing homelessness and housing instability. The findings suggest that addressing housing instability through a multifaceted supportive housing intervention can positively impact the health of both children and parents in these families

Study Design: pilot randomized controlled trial.

Setting: Boston, Massachusetts

Sample Size: seventy-eight homeless or housing-unstable families defined as "medically complex"; Sixty-seven families completed a six-month follow-up assessment

Age Range: mean age of the index child in the study was 2.8 years

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Social Supports, Policy/Guideline (State), Counseling (Parent/Family),

Intervention Description: spotlights hardships and supportive factors for unhoused families led by single mothers who have successfully graduated from two transitional housing programs, one rural and one urban.

Intervention Results: Binary logistic regression results indicated education and social support as significant predictors of successful program completion. Qualitative findings further illustrate narratives surrounding supportive factors and program supports (i.e., assistance securing employment, education courses, sense of community), as well as policy implications.

Conclusion: Implications stress the need for enhancing supportive factors (i.e., education and social capital) in early prevention efforts (e.g., schools and community centers), as well as an intentional integration of addressing socio-emotional needs and resources within housing programs and services unique to rural and urban communities.

Study Design: mixed method study

Setting: Urban and Rural

Sample Size: entry and exit surveys (n = 241) as well as qualitative interviews (n = 11).

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Policy/Guideline (National), Counseling (Parent/Family), Access,

Intervention Description: homeless health needs audit adapted to include questions about family health.

Intervention Results: The small population sample surveyed showed high levels of poor mental health in addition to behaviours that increase the risk of physical ill health (such as smoking) and a high use of secondary healthcare services. Engagement with practitioners showed awareness of poor health amongst this population group and challenges with regard to providing appropriate support.

Conclusion: There needs to be a sustainable and representative way of understanding the health needs of this population group including a comparison of the health needs of people placed in temporary accommodation in and out of their resident area.

Study Design: cross-sectional study

Setting: Bromley area in the UK

Population of Focus: public health professionals, policymakers, housing support services, health practitioners, community care providers

Sample Size: n=33

Age Range: 20-50 years of age

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner, CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, Assessment (caregiver), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Online Material/Education/Blogging, Motivational Interviewing, PARENT/FAMILY, Consultation (Parent/Family), Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide)

Intervention Description: A study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of two brief multi-strategic child health nurse delivered interventions in: decreasing the prevalence of infants exposed to SHS; decreasing the prevalence of smoking amongst parent/carers of infants and increasing the prevalence of household smoking bans.

Intervention Results: When compared to the Control group at 12 months, no significant differences in the prevalence of infant exposure to SHS were detected from baseline to follow-up for Treatment condition 1 or Treatment condition 2. Similarly, no significant differences were detected in the proportion of parent/care givers who reported that they were smokers, or in the proportion of households reported to have a complete smoking ban.

Conclusion: Further research is required to identify effective interventions that can be consistently provided by child health nurses if the potential of such settings to contribute to reductions in child SHS exposure is to be realised.

Study Design: Cluster randomized controlled trial

Setting: Community well-child health clinics

Population of Focus: s Infants exposed to second hand smoke

Data Source: Data was collected via computer during the visit, child health clinic records

Sample Size: 1424 parents of children aged 0 to 4 years attending well-child health checks

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Planning for Transition, YOUTH, Peer-led Mentoring/Support Counseling, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner, PARENT/FAMILY, Counseling (Parent/Family)

Intervention Description: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of a transition clinic model on adolescent congenital heart disease (CHD) patients' health perception outcomes. The transition clinic model consists of multidisciplinary standardized interventions to educate and support CHD patients and represents a key element in the adequate delivery of care to these individuals during their transition from childhood to adulthood. Currently, empirical data regarding the impact of transition clinic models on the improvement of health perceptions in CHD adolescent patients are lacking. A quasi-experimental design was employed. Quality of life, satisfaction, health perceptions and knowledge were assessed at the time of enrolment (T0) and a year after enrolment (T1), respectively. During the follow-up period, the patients enrolled (aged 11-18 years) were involved in the CHD-specific transition clinic model (CHD-TC).

Intervention Results: A sample of 224 CHD adolescents was enrolled (60.7% boys; mean age: 14.84 ± 1.78 years). According to Warnes' classification, 22% of patients had simple heart defect, 56% showed moderate complexity and 22% demonstrated severe complexity. The overall results suggested a good impact of the CHD-TC on adolescents' outcomes, detailing in T1 the occurrence of a reduction of pain (P < 0.001) and anxiety (P < 0.001) and an improvement of knowledge (P < 0.001), life satisfaction (P < 0.001), perception of health status (P < 0.001) and quality of life (P < 0.001).

Conclusion: The CHD-TC seems to provide high-quality care to the patient by way of a multidisciplinary team. The results of the present study are encouraging and confirm the need to create multidisciplinary standardized interventions in order to educate and support the delivery of care for CHD adolescents and their families.

Study Design: Quasi- experimental, non-randomized, using a pre/ post-intervention approach

Setting: Clinic-based (Outpatient clinic of a facility for CHD)

Population of Focus: Adolescents with congenital heart disease (CHD)

Data Source: Self-report questionnaires and medical records

Sample Size: 224

Age Range: 11-18 years of age

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Motivational Interviewing, Counseling (Parent/Family),

Intervention Description: The intervention described in the provided PDF file was an individual educational information session with motivational interview (MI) techniques for immunization of infants. The session was delivered to mothers during their postpartum stay (24-48 hours after delivery) at the maternity ward by research nurses trained in MI theory and techniques. The MI intervention was oriented according to Prochaska’s stages of change, a model proposing that people go through several stages when wanting to change a behavior. Thus, each MI intervention was adapted to parents’ readiness to vaccinate their child. Using MI techniques, five points were discussed during this session: 1) summary of the six vaccine-preventable diseases at 2, 4, and 6 months of life; 2) vaccines administered at 2, 4, and 6 months and their effectiveness; 3) importance of the routine immunization schedule at 2, 4, and 6 months; 4) fears and side effects related to vaccination; and 5) organization of local vaccination services in the Eastern Townships ,[object Object],, ,[object Object],.

Intervention Results: The primary results of the study described in the provided PDF file indicated that the 20-minute intervention based on motivational interview (MI) techniques administered during postpartum appeared to be an encouraging tool to address suboptimal vaccination coverage during infancy. The study found that the intervention positively influenced the determinants of vaccination, leading to a global increase of 15% in mother’s vaccination intention. Additionally, the results were confirmed by a significant overall vaccination coverage increase for the 2-, 4-, and 6-month vaccinations. The study also aimed to evaluate the longer-term effects of the intervention on infant’s vaccination coverage at 13, 19, and 24 months of age, indicating a potential impact on vaccination coverage during the entire infancy period ,[object Object],, ,[object Object],.

Conclusion: An educational information session about immunization based on motivational interview techniques conducted during postpartum hospitalization could improve immunization during infancy.

Study Design: The study described in the provided PDF file utilized a quasi-experimental cohort design. It involved an individual educational information session with motivational interview techniques for immunization of infants, which was conducted for the experimental group, while

Setting: The setting is not explicitly stated in the given PDF file. However, it can be inferred that the study was conducted in the Eastern Townships region of Quebec, Canada, as the vaccination data were obtained from LOGIVAC, the immunization registry of the Eastern Townships region ,[object Object],. The study was conducted in the maternity ward of the CHUS (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke), which represents 95% of the total births in the region ,[object Object],.

Population of Focus: The target audience for the study described in the provided PDF file appears to be mothers who have given birth at the CHUS (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke) in the Eastern Townships region of Quebec, Canada. The study involved providing an individual educational information session with motivational interview techniques for immunization of infants during postpartum stay ,[object Object],, ,[object Object],. Additionally, the study population comprised the children of mothers who received the intervention (experimental group) and those who did not (control group) ,[object Object],.

Sample Size: The sample size for the study described in the provided PDF file was calculated to be 943 mothers per group, based on the need to identify a statistically significant improvement of 5% in the vaccine coverage of infants, with a power of 80% and a risk of alpha error of 0.05, taking into account a vaccine coverage of 80% and the 3000 annual births at the maternity ward of the CHUS ,[object Object],. However, it is not explicitly stated whether this sample size was achieved or not.

Age Range: The age range of the participants in the study described in the provided PDF file includes newborn infants up to 24 months of age. The study evaluated the impact of an educational information session on immunization during infancy, and the vaccination coverage was assessed at 3, 5, 7, 13, 19, and 24 months of age ,[object Object],, ,[object Object],.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Counseling (Parent/Family),

Intervention Description: The study implemented a motivational interviewing (MI)-based educational intervention, which addressed various aspects of vaccination, including vaccine-preventable diseases, the effectiveness of vaccines, the importance of the routine immunization schedule, and fears and side effects associated with vaccination. The intervention was developed according to the Quebec Immunization Protocol and utilized an MI-specified empathic communication style ,[object Object],, ,[object Object],.

Intervention Results: The study found that the MI-based educational intervention significantly increased the vaccine coverage (VC) of infants at 7 months old by 7%. In addition, the intervention increased the mothers' intention to vaccinate their child by 15%. The study concluded that MI may represent one of the most promising avenues of vaccination promotion strategies ,[object Object],.

Conclusion: An educational strategy using MI techniques delivered at the maternity ward may be effective in increasing VC of infants at ages 3, 5, and 7 months. MI could be an effective tool to overcome vaccine hesitancy.

Study Design: The study utilized a quasi-experimental cohort design with a static-group comparison, incorporating multiple post-test measurements ,[object Object],.

Setting: The study was conducted in the maternity ward of the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS) in the Eastern Townships region of Quebec, Canada ,[object Object],.

Population of Focus: The target audience for the study was mothers who had given birth at the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS) and their respective newborn infants in the Eastern Townships region of Quebec, Canada ,[object Object],.

Sample Size: The study aimed to recruit a total of 943 mothers per group, with a total of 3000 annual births at the maternity ward of the CHUS ,[object Object],. The experimental group included 1140 newborns, and the control group included 1249 newborns, with additional groups for primary refusals and secondary refusal or impossible intervention ,[object Object],.

Age Range: The study did not specify an age range for the mothers included in the research. However, it mentioned that eligible mothers were aged 18 or over ,[object Object],.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Access, Counseling (Parent/Family), Family-Based Interventions

Intervention Description: Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) and Child-Parent Psychotherapy (CPP)

Intervention Results: Both time-limitedPCITand time-limitedCPPweresuccessfully implementedwithsimilarlyhigh levelsof interventionfidelity(>90%)andsatisfactionbymothers(85%).Completionratesweresimilaracrossboth time-limitedPCIT(76.6%)andtime-limitedCPP(71.4%).Bothtime-limitedCPPandPCITresultedin decreasesinchildren’sposttraumaticstress,parentalstress,andincreasesinmaternalpositiveverbalizations.Onlytime-limitedPCITresultedinsignificant improvementsinexternalizingbehaviorproblemsin childrenandreductionsinmaternalnegativeverbalizations.

Conclusion: Time-limited adaptations of parent–child interaction therapy (PCIT) and child–parent psychotherapy (CPP) within a sample of children experiencing homelessness was acceptable, feasible, and holds significant promise for helping families within a homeless shelter environment and by extension, other transitional and/or shelter environments. A full randomized trial is warranted to determine which program may offer a more effective intervention.

Study Design: randomized controlled trial

Setting: Florida

Population of Focus: public health and mental health professionals

Sample Size: 144 children from 144 families

Age Range: 18 months to 5 yrs of age

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, Training (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Home Visit (caregiver), Education/Training (caregiver), Motivational Interviewing/Counseling

Intervention Description: This study tested the efficacy of coaching to reduce environmental tobacco smoke ETS exposure among asthmatic Latino children.

Intervention Results: Intervention parents reported their children exposed to significantly fewer cigarettes than control parents by 4 months (post-coaching). Reported prevalence of exposed children decreased to 52% for intervention families but only 69% for controls. By month 4, cotinine levels decreased from 54% to 40% among intervention and increased from 43% to 49% among control children. However, cotinine levels decreased among controls to same level achieved by intervention families by the 13-month follow-up.

Conclusion: Asthma management education plus coaching can reduce ETS exposure more than expected from education alone, and decreases in the coached condition may be sustained for about a year. The delayed decrease in cotinine among controls is discussed.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (home)

Population of Focus: Latino or Hispanic families with an asthmatic child who lived in a home with a smoker and was exposed to at least 6 cigarettes in the past week

Data Source: Reported ETS exposure, children’s urine cotinine, air nicotine monitors, and parent’s saliva cotinine were measured

Sample Size: 204 Latino children ages 3-17 years with asthma

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Training (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Motivational Interviewing/Counseling

Intervention Description: To test the efficacy of behavioural counselling for smoking mothers in reducing young children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke.

Intervention Results: Mothers’ reports of children’s exposure to their smoke in the home declined in the counseled group from 27.30 cigarettes/week at baseline to 3.66 at 12 months and in the controls from 24.56 to 8.38; the differences were significant. Most of the change in exposure was during the first three months. Children’s cotinine levels in both groups increased from baseline to three months but then declined slightly in the counselled group whereas it continued to climb in the control group; the same pattern occurred in the mothers.

Conclusion: Counselling was effective in reducing children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Similar counselling in medical and social services might protect millions of children from environmental tobacco smoke in their homes.

Study Design: Randomized double blind controlled trial

Setting: Low income homes in San Diego county, California

Population of Focus: English and Spanish speaking mothers who smoked at least two cigarettes a day and exposed their child aged under 4 years to the smoke from at least one cigarette a day

Data Source: Mothers’ self-report and child urine cotinine measure. Mothers’ saliva was collected at each interview; those who reported stopping smoking were tested and cessation confirmed by cotinine concentration. One week before the three month interview nicotine monitors were placed in the homes of a randomly selected half of the families.

Sample Size: 108 mothers smoking at least 2 CPD with children under 4 years, using a supplemental nutrition program

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, Training (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Home Visit (caregiver), Education/Training (caregiver), Educational Material (caregiver), Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Pharmacotherapy (Nicotine), Home Visits, Educational Material, Motivational Interviewing, Peer Counselor, Telephone Support

Intervention Description: We tested a combined intervention to reduce children's secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) and help parents quit smoking.

Intervention Results: Parents’ reports of their smoking and children’s exposure showed moderate and significant correlation with children’s urine cotinine levels and home air nicotine. 13 intervention group mothers and 4 controls reported quitting smoking for 7 days prior to 1 or more study measurements without biochemical contradiction. Results of generalized estimating equations showed significantly greater decrease in reported SHSe and mothers’ smoking in the counseled group compared with controls. Reported indoor smoking and children’s urine cotinine decreased, yet group differences for changes were not significant.

Conclusion: Nicotine contamination of the home and resulting thirdhand exposure may have contributed to the failure to obtain a differential decrease in cotinine concentration. Partial exposure to counseling due to dropouts and lack of full participation from all family members and measurement reactivity in both conditions may have constrained intervention effects. Secondhand smoke exposure counseling may have been less powerful when combined with smoking cessation.

Study Design: Two-group, repeated measures RCT

Setting: Community (home)

Population of Focus: WIC clients in San Diego, California

Data Source: 3 weekly baseline child urine cotinine measures collected before trial randomization then reported and urine cotinine measures at 3 (midintervention), 6 (post-intervention), 12, and 18 months

Sample Size: 150 families

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner, YOUTH, Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, PARENT/FAMILY, Training (Parent/Family), Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Educational Material (caregiver), Home Visit (caregiver)

Intervention Description: A 2-year randomized, controlled trial involving 95 children measured the impact of a comprehensive home and ambulatory program for pediatric asthma management using objective outcome measures.

Intervention Results: There were no significant differences in medical visits, theophylline levels, or records of asthma symptomsOne year after discontinuing the intervention, a marked "washout" effect was observed.

Conclusion: Comprehensive ambulatory programs of childhood asthma management can improve objective measures of illness severity but must be sustained.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Homes and well-child clinics

Population of Focus: Patients admitted to the Izaak Walton Killam Children’s Hospital with a diagnosis of asthma in the preceding 5 years

Data Source: Medical personnel

Sample Size: 95 children

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, Training (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Home Visit (caregiver), Motivational Interviewing/Counseling

Intervention Description: We tested the effectiveness of a program consisting of motivational interviewing (MI) and feedback of urine cotinine to stop passive smoking (PS) in children at risk for asthma.

Intervention Results: After 6 months, a significant group difference was observed for the unverified parental report of stopping PS in children: 27% of parents in the intervention group versus 7% in the control group. For the verified parental report, the difference was similar (23% versus 7%) but was not statistically significant.

Conclusion: Despite a limited sample size, the results suggest that the intervention program is probably an effective strategy to stop PS in children. A program longer than 6 months might be necessary for a longer lasting intervention effect.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Home-based (6 sessions)

Population of Focus: Families with children ages 0-13 with a high risk of asthma and passive smoking exposure

Data Source: Parental self-report, urine cotinine in children

Sample Size: 58 families

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Motivational Interviewing, Counseling (Parent/Family), Training (Parent/Family),

Intervention Description: Contraception and Alcohol Risk Reduction Internet Intervention (CARRII). CARRII is a fully automated, interactive, and tailored Internet intervention designed to reduce the risk of alcohol-exposed pregnancies. It included motivational interviewing techniques, open questioning, reflection, and goal setting. Participants completed online diaries that provided graphical feedback of their progress during each week of the intervention period. The intervention aimed to address risky drinking and contraception use, and it was based on the successful CHOICES paradigm for reducing alcohol-exposed pregnancy risk

Intervention Results: CARRII participants showed significant reductions in rate of unprotected sex from pretreatment (88.9%) to posttreatment (70.6%) (p < 0.04) and to 6-M follow-up (51.5%) (p = 0.001); rate of risky drinking from pretreatment (75.0%) to posttreatment (50.0%) (p < 0.02), but insignificant change from pretreatment to 6-M follow-up (57.6%) (p < 0.09); and rate of AEP risk from pretreatment (66.7%) to posttreatment (32.4%) (p = 0.001) and to 6-M follow-up (30.3%) (p = 0.005). PE participants demonstrated no significant changes on all 3 variables across all time points. Intent-to-treat group-by-time tests were not significant, but power was limited by missing diaries. Over 72% of CARRII participants completed all 6 Cores. Exploratory analyses suggest that higher program utilization is related to change.

Conclusion: These data show that CARRII was acceptable, feasible, promising to reduce AEP risk, and merits further testing in a fully powered RCT.

Study Design: pilot randomized clinical trial (RCT). The participants were randomly assigned to either the CARRII intervention group or the patient education (PE) control group

Setting: internet-based platform (CARRII)

Population of Focus: women who were at risk for alcohol-exposed pregnancies due to risky drinking and ineffective contraception use

Sample Size: 71 women

Age Range: 18-44

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Assessment, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), CAREGIVER, Educational Material (caregiver), Counseling (Parent/Family)

Intervention Description: To investigate whether a biomarker screening approach for tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) conducted concurrently with lead screening at well-child visits would increase parental smoking cessation and implementation of home smoking restrictions.

Intervention Results: Eighty-four percent of eligible parents agreed to have their child tested for TSE along with lead testing. Measurable cotinine was identified in 93% of children. More parents in the intervention group received tobacco treatment than in the comparison group (74% vs. 0%) and more parents reported 7-day point-prevalent abstinence from smoking at 8 weeks (29% vs. 3%).

Conclusion: These data demonstrate the feasibility of adding cotinine measurement to routine well-child lead screening to document TSE in small children. Data suggest providing this information to parents increases engagement in tobacco treatment and prompts smoking cessation.

Study Design: Observational, quasiexperimental

Setting: Pediatric clinic in Minneapolis, Minnesota

Population of Focus: Parents who smoked and their children presenting for well-child visits

Data Source: Parental self-report and child cotinine level.

Sample Size: 80 parents

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Counseling (Parent/Family),

Intervention Description: It utilized data from the National Immunization Survey-Flu (NIS-Flu) to assess the prevalence of provider recommendations for influenza vaccination and its association with vaccination status among children aged 6 months to 17 years in the United States. The study aimed to identify factors associated with parental receipt of a provider recommendation and determine whether parental receipt of a provider recommendation is independently associated with influenza vaccination status among children. ,[object Object],

Intervention Results: The study found that approximately 70% of children 6 months–17 years had a parent report receipt of a provider recommendation for influenza vaccination for their child. Children for whom a parent reported receipt of a provider recommendation were approximately twice as likely to be vaccinated compared with children whose parent did not report receiving a provider recommendation, even after controlling for other demographic characteristics in the model. The study also identified groups of children for whom improvements in provider recommendations are needed, notably older children and children living below poverty. ,[object Object], ,[object Object], ,[object Object],

Conclusion: This study affirms the importance of provider recommendation for influenza vaccination among children. Ensuring that parents of all children receive a provider recommendation may improve vaccination coverage.

Study Design: The study utilized data from the National Immunization Survey-Flu (NIS-Flu) for the 2013-14 through 2015-16 influenza seasons. The NIS-Flu is an ongoing, national list-assisted random-digit-dialed dual frame landline and cellular telephone survey of households with children. The study design involved analyzing the data to assess parental receipt of a provider recommendation for influenza vaccination for their child and influenza vaccination coverage by receipt of a provider recommendation during the three seasons. The study aimed to quantify the proportion of children for whom a provider recommendation for influenza vaccination was received, identify factors associated with parental receipt of a provider recommendation, and determine whether parental receipt of a provider recommendation is independently associated with influenza vaccination status among children 6 months–17 years. ,[object Object],

Setting: The setting of the study is the United States, using data from the National Immunization Survey-Flu (NIS-Flu) for the 2013-14 through 2015-16 influenza seasons. The data was collected through a telephone survey of households with children. ,[object Object],

Population of Focus: The target audience for the study includes children aged 6 months to 17 years in the United States, as well as their parents or guardians who were surveyed as part of the National Immunization Survey-Flu (NIS-Flu). The study aims to understand the prevalence of provider recommendations for influenza vaccination and its association with vaccination status in this population. ,[object Object],

Sample Size: The sample size for the study includes children in the NIS-Flu who had at least one visit to a doctor or other health professional since July 1st during the influenza season of the interview and had information about whether a provider recommendation for influenza was received. The Council of American Survey and Research Organizations (CASRO) response rates ranged from 53.5%–64.8% for landline and 29.9%–38.8% for cellular telephones. The sample size varied by state and by season, with a total sample size of 13,387 children across the three seasons analyzed. ,[object Object],

Age Range: The age range of the children included in the study is 6 months to 17 years. The study encompasses a broad age range to assess the prevalence of provider recommendations for influenza vaccination and vaccination coverage across different age groups of children. ,[object Object],

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, PARENT/FAMILY, CAREGIVER, Educational Material (caregiver), Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, Consultation/Counseling (Parent/Family), Counseling (Parent/Family)

Intervention Description: To determine whether repeated infancy-onset lifestyle counselling alters parental smoking and children's exposure to tobacco smoke.

Intervention Results: Parents' smoking decreased during the study similarly in the intervention and control groups. Of the 8-y-old children, 46% had detectable serum cotinine concentration, suggesting exposure to tobacco smoke during the past few days. All children were non-smokers. Serum cotinine concentrations did not differ between the intervention and control children. Children's cotinine values were highest in the families where either father or both parents were smokers.

Conclusion: Participation in the atherosclerosis prevention trial slightly decreased smoking among the intervention and control parents. However, counselling led to no differences in parental smoking between the two groups, or in exposure of the intervention and control children to tobacco smoke. This study suggests that more detailed and targeted intervention is required to achieve a significant effect on children's tobacco smoke exposure.

Study Design: Randomized prospective intervention trial

Setting: Pediatric well-child visits

Population of Focus: Families presenting at a well-baby clinic with a child 5 months old.

Data Source: Cotinine measurements of mothers, fathers, and children; Reported smoking of parents during annual office visit to pediatrician (via questionnaires and interviews)

Sample Size: 1062 families (Intervention= 540; Control = 522)

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Peer Counselor, Telephone Support, Other Education, Motivational Interviewing, CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Educational Material (caregiver), Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Consultation/Counseling (Parent/Family), Counseling (Parent/Family)

Intervention Description: We hypothesized that a multilevel treatment model integrating pediatric clinic-level AAR with individual-level, telephone counseling would promote greater long-term (12-month) child TSE reduction and parent smoking cessation than clinic-level AAR alone.

Intervention Results: Child TSE (urine cotinine) declined significantly in both intervention and control groups from baseline to 12-months with no between-group differences. There was s statistically significant effect on 12-month bioverified quit status-intervention group participants were 2.47 times more likely to quit smoking than those in the control group.

Conclusion: Pediatrician advice alone may be sufficient to increase parent protections of children from TSE. Integrating clinic-level intervention with more intensive individual-level smoking intervention is necessary to promote parent cessation.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Telephone counseling

Population of Focus: Parents/caregivers

Data Source: Self-reported interview data

Sample Size: 327 were randomized (164-control and 163-intervention)

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Consultation/Counseling (Parent/Family), Counseling (Parent/Family), Educational Material (caregiver)

Intervention Description: Children with asthma who are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke are at increased risk for adverse health consequences. An experimental design was used to evaluate a minimal-contact intervention aimed at modifying parents' smoking behavior in their homes.

Intervention Results: More treatment (35%) than control (17%) subjects reported smoking outside their homes at posttest (and their children’s cotinine levels were lower), but this difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusion: difference was not statistically significant.

Study Design: Experimental design

Setting: Pediatric pulmonary clinics in U of MI

Population of Focus: Parents of children with asthma

Data Source: Parent questionnaire on smoking status and child urine sample.

Sample Size: 92 families randomly assigned

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Education on Disease/Condition, Counseling (Parent/Family), School-Based Health Centers,

Intervention Description: SACRED Connections was a 5-year RCT that formed an effective university-community partnership to culturally adapt, implement, and evaluate a brief evidence-based motivational substance use intervention among NA youth in Midwestern rural communities.

Intervention Results: Findings of this 5-year RCT revealed a statistically significant protective relationship between Native Reliance and baseline lifetime and past month alcohol and marijuana use; additionally, the likelihood of reporting marijuana use at 3 months post-intervention was significantly lower among the active condition than among the control condition.

Conclusion: As supported by the literature (Getty, 2010; Liddell & Burnette, 2017; Marsiglia & Booth, 2015), the partnership between the researchers and the tribal community was critical to the success of this project and resulted in effective cultural tailoring. The partnership with the tribal community ensured that NA cultural values were integrated into implementation and not simply acknowledged (Burnette & Figley, 2016; Whitbeck, 2006; Whitbeck et al., 2012), which facilitated tribal community ownership (Whitbeck, 2006). D&I science, specifically the RE-AIM model, provided a framework that guided the adaptation of the evidence-based practice, Motivational Interviewing, for implementation allowing for adaptations while still holding to the integrity of the evidence-based practice and supporting “long standing partnerships beyond the term of the research” (Whitbeck, 2006). Results demonstrated that: (1) a culturally responsive MI-based brief intervention may be effective in reducing substance use among NA youth with statistically significant reductions in marijuana use at 3 months; (2) Native Reliance theory is an appropriate framework and protective factor; and (3) an intentional, well planned, and flexible university-tribal partnership utilizing CBPR methods and a D&I model allowed effective implementation and engagement with a hard to reach underserved community.

Study Design: Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)

Setting: The study "SACRED Connections" took place in Midwestern rural communities in the United States. The setting for the study was school-based initiatives, specifically targeting Native American youth aged 12-17 in six rural public high schools across two counties

Population of Focus: Native American youth aged 12-17

Sample Size: The study included 434 participants, including tribal community elders, Health Educators, and youth.

Age Range: Adolescents aged 12-17

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Counseling (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, Attestation (caregiver)

Intervention Description: The current study examined home and full (i.e., home plus car) smoking ban adoption as secondary outcomes to a randomized controlled trial targeting reduced secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) for children under treatment for cancer.

Intervention Results: Regardless of group assignment, there was an increase in home (odds ration [OR] = 1.16, p = .074) and full (OR = 1.37, p = .001) smoking ban adoption across time. Families in the intervention group were more likely to adopt a full ban by 3 months, but this difference was nonsignificant by 12 months.

Conclusion: Smoking bans are in-line with Healthy People 2020’s tobacco objectives and may be more feasible for parents with medically compromised children for immediate SHSe reduction. Furthermore, interventions targeting full smoking bans may be a more effective for comprehensive elimination of SHSe.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Pediatric oncology hospital setting

Population of Focus: Parents (at least 1 adult smoker in home) of children under treatment for cancer

Data Source: Parent self-report on household and car smoking behavior, demographic, psychosocial, and medical/treatmentrelated information.

Sample Size: 119 families randomized

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Counseling (Parent/Family), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Motivational Interviewing, CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling

Intervention Description: Our objectives were to determine the effectiveness of a brief primary care intervention directed at parents who smoke in reducing babies’ TSP exposure, and to establish variables related to greater exposure.

Intervention Results: During follow-up, TSP-avoidance strategies improved more in the IG than in the CG: 35.4% and 26.9% ( p=0.006) at home, and 62.2% and 53.1% in cars (p=0.008). Logistic regression showed adjusted ORs for appropriate measures in the IG versus CG of 1.59 (95% CI 1.21 to 2.09) at home and 1.30 (95% CI 0.97 to 1.75) in cars. Hair samples showed that 78.7% of the babies tested were exposed. Reduced nicotine concentration was associated with improved implementation of effective strategies reported by parents at home (p=0.029) and in cars (p=0.014).

Conclusion: The intervention produced behavioural changes to avoid TSP exposure in babies. The proportion of babies with nicotine (>=1ng/mg) in hair samples at baseline is a concern.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Primary care well-child visit

Population of Focus: Babies whose parents were smokers

Data Source: Outcomes were measured by parents’ reported strategies to avoid TSP exposure. Baseline clinical data and characteristics of each baby’s TSP exposure were collected, along with infant hair samples and parents’ tobacco use and related attitudes/ behaviors.

Sample Size: 1101 families

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Counseling (Parent/Family), Family-Based Interventions, Access,

Intervention Description: Parents as key protective systems in the lives of children experiencing homelessness

Intervention Results: Results suggest that associations of emotional reactivity with parenting behavior depend on the context of the parent–child interaction and how emotional reactivity is measured.

Conclusion: Observed and subjective emotional reactivity were largely uncorrelated, except for positive emotions during problem-solving tasks. Adaptive parenting behavior was related to lower scores on measures of subjective and observed negative emotions and higher observed scores for positive emotions during problem-solving tasks, as well as higher observed scores of positive emotions during teaching tasks. Physiological reactivity was not related to parenting behaviors.

Study Design: examined how subjective (i.e., self-report), observed, and physiological measures of parent emotional reactivity relate to each other and to observed parenting behaviors in problem-solving and teaching parent–child interaction tasks.

Setting: Emergency Homeless shelter

Population of Focus: researchers, public health professionals, mental health professionals

Sample Size: 50 children and their caregivers

Age Range: 4-7 year olds

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Pharmacotherapy (Nicotine), PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Counseling (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, Motivational Interviewing

Intervention Description: Although many Latinos in the US smoke, they receive assistance to quit less often than non-Latinos. To address this disparity, we recruited Latino couples into a randomized controlled trial and provided a smoking cessation program during a teachable moment, when men’s partners were pregnant.

Intervention Results: We found high rates of cessation but no arm differences in smoking rates at the end of pregnancy (0.31 vs. 0.30, materials only vs. counseling, respectively) and 12 months after randomization (postpartum: 0.39 vs. 0.38). We found high quit rates among nondaily smokers but no arm differences (0.43 vs. 0.46 in pregnancy and 0.52 vs. 0.48 postpartum). Among daily smokers, we found lower quit rates with no arm differences but effects favoring the intervention arm (0.13 vs. 0.16 in pregnancy and 0.17 vs. 0.24 postpartum).

Conclusion: A less intensive intervention promoted cessation equal to more intensive counseling. Postpartum might be a more powerful time to promote cessation among Latino men. Impact Less intensive interventions when delivered during teachable moments for Latino men could result in a high smoking cessation rate and could reduce disparities.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (home)

Population of Focus: Pregnant Latinas and their partners who smoked from 10 county health departments

Data Source: Surveys at end of pregnancy, 3-mo postpartum and 12-mo postpartum; also saliva samples for cotinine analysis.

Sample Size: 348 randomized couples

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Online Material/Education/Blogging, Counseling (Parent/Family),

Intervention Description: The intervention in the study was a multimedia educational tool (MET) that aimed to increase the uptake of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARC) in individuals with high-risk pregnancies. The MET was a preloaded 3-5 minute interactive multimedia presentation that provided information on LARC and their benefits, including the intrauterine device (IUD) and implant. The presentation was viewed on a tablet without the presence of research staff.

Intervention Results: From July 2020 through December 2020, 536 persons were screened and 380 randomized as follows: 190 for the multimedia educational tool and 190 for routine care. Demographic characteristics were similar between groups. The primary outcome-available for more than 90% of participants-was higher in the MET group (32.4%) than in the routine care (RC) group (20.9%) (RR 1.55; 95% CI 1.09-2.21; NNT nine, with 95% CI 5-42). Overall use of contraception was also higher in the MET group than in the RC group (RR 1.16; 95% CI 1.03-1.32).

Conclusion: Among individuals with high-risk pregnancies, compared with routine care, use of a multimedia-based educational tool increased the uptake of postpartum LARC by 55%.

Study Design: Randomized controlled trial

Setting: McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Science Center, Houston Texas; Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island

Sample Size: 380 high risk pregnancies

Age Range: 13-50

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Counseling (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Educational Material (caregiver), Motivational Interviewing/Counseling

Intervention Description: Smoking caregivers of children hospitalized for respiratory illness at the University of New Mexico were offered a smoking cessation intervention during the child's hospitalization.

Intervention Results: Fourteen percent of participants in the counseling group and 5% in the brief message group were self-reported quitters at 6 months. A significant percentage of smoking parents of children hospitalized for respiratory illness are willing to receive smoking cessation counseling while their child is in the hospital. Abstinence rates appear similar to other pediatric office-based interventions. Child hospitalization should be considered an important opportunity to provide parents with smoking cessation services, particularly since many smoking parents will not have access to these services elsewhere.

Conclusion: Child hospitalization should be considered an important opportunity to provide parents with smoking cessation services, particularly since many smoking parents will not have access to these services elsewhere.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (hospitalization for Respiratory Illness)

Population of Focus: Parents of children hospitalized for respiratory illness

Data Source: Validated questionnaires and Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (self-report) All participants were followed by phone at 3 and 6 months posthospitalization for quit attempts.

Sample Size: 42 randomly assigned parents

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Assessment, PARENT/FAMILY, Counseling (Parent/Family), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Motivational Interviewing, CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling

Intervention Description: Tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) harms children, who are often “captive smokers” in their own homes. Project Zero Exposure is a parent-oriented, theory-based intervention designed to reduce child TSE. This paper reports on findings from the pilot study, which was conducted in Israel from 2013 to 2014

Intervention Results: Twenty-six of the 29 recruited families completed the study. The intervention was feasible to implement and acceptable to participants. Among the 17 children with reliable hair samples at baseline and follow-up, log hair nicotine dropped significantly after the intervention (P = .04), hair nicotine levels decreased in 64.7% of children, and reductions to levels of nonexposed children were observed in 35.3% of children. The number of cigarettes smoked by parents (P = .001) and parent-reported child TSE declined (P = .01). Logistical issues arose with measurement of all objective measures, including air nicotine, which did not decline; home air particulate matter; and hair nicotine.

Conclusion: A program based on motivational interviewing and demonstrating TSE and contamination to parents in a concrete and easily understandable way is a promising approach to protect children from TSE. Further research is needed to enhance current methods of measurement and assess promising interventions.

Study Design: Single group pre- and post-test design

Setting: Home-based with child biomarker and home air quality feedback

Population of Focus: Parents from families in which smoking occurred were recruited from areas adjacent to NA’AMAT child day care centers by using the snowball technique

Data Source: Baseline questionnaire (reported exposure, child health, demographics). Objective assessments of child TSE via biomarkers (hair nicotine) and measurement of home air quality (air nicotine, particulate matter). Motivational interviewing action plan. Follow-up questionnaire (reported exposure).

Sample Size: 26 of the 29 recruited families completed the study

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Home Visits, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Counseling (Parent/Family), PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner, Educational Material

Intervention Description: As asthma is the most common chronic disease in childhood, much attention is directed towards primary prevention. Here, the clinical effectiveness of a multifaceted educational prevention was studied.

Intervention Results: The results of this study indicate that the intervention was able to reduce exposure to mite, pet and food allergens, but not to passive smoking. Despite this reduction, there was no effect on either parentally reported or GP-observed symptoms during first 2 yrs of life, nor on total and specific IgE at 2 yrs. However, asthma-like symptoms at the end of the 2nd yr were less frequently reported in the intervention group.

Conclusion: In conclusion, the intervention used in this study was not effective in reducing asthma-like symptoms in high-risk children during the first 2 yrs of life, although it was modestly effective at 2 yrs. Follow-up is necessary to confirm whether the intervention can actually prevent the development of asthma.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community

Population of Focus: Pregnant moms whose child would be high-risk for developing asthma

Data Source: Parental and GP report of asthma-like symptoms using questionnaires Measurement of mite, cat and dog allergen levels at baseline and 1 year.

Sample Size: 476 randomized to intervention and control groups

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Telephone Support, Peer Counselor, Educational Material, Motivational Interviewing, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Counseling (Parent/Family)

Intervention Description: To test the effectiveness of tailored quitline (telephone) counselling among smoking parents recruited into cessation support through their children's primary schools.

Intervention Results: Parents who received quitline counselling were more likely to report 7-day point-prevalence abstinence at 12-month assessment [34.0 versus 18.0%, odds ratio (OR) = 2.35, confidence interval (CI) = 1.56–3.54] than those who received a standard self-help brochure. Parents who received quitline counselling were more likely to use nicotine replacement therapy (P < 0.001) than those who received a standard self-help brochure. Among parents who did not achieve abstinence, those who received quitline counselling smoked fewer cigarettes at 3-month (P < 0.001) and 12-month assessment (P < 0.001), were more likely to make a quit attempt (P < 0.001), to achieve 24 hours' abstinence (P < 0.001) and to implement a complete home smoking ban (P < 0.01).

Conclusion: Intensive quitline support tailored to smoking parents is an effective method for helping parents quit smoking and promoting parenting practices that protect their children from adverse effects of smoking.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Home-based telephone counseling

Population of Focus: Smoking parents

Data Source: Parent and child each completed a separate questionnaire. The primary outcome measure was 7-day pointprevalence abstinence at 12-month follow-up.

Sample Size: 512 parents who were smokers enrolled in RCT with children between the 9 and 12 years old

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Counseling (Parent/Family), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Home Visits, Other Person-to-Person Education, Educational Material

Intervention Description: To determine if low-cost air-quality monitors providing personalised feedback of household second-hand smoke (SHS) concentrations plus standard health service advice on SHS were more effective than standard advice in helping parents protect their child from SHS.

Intervention Results: 120 mothers were recruited of whom 117 were randomised. Follow up was completed after 1-month in 102 and at 6-months in 78 participants. There was no statistically significant reduction in PM2.5 concentrations by either intervention type at 1-month or 6-months, nor significant differences between the two groups at 1-month (p = 0.76) and 6-month follow-up (p = 0.16).

Conclusion: Neither standard advice nor standard advice plus personalised air-quality feedback were effective in reducing PM2.5 concentrations in deprived households where smoking occurred. Finding ways of identifying homes where air-quality feedback can be a useful tool to change household smoking behaviour is important to ensure resources are targeted successfully.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Home-based

Population of Focus: Disadvantaged mothers who were exposed to SHS at home

Data Source: Air quality data, and caregiver selfreport

Sample Size: 117 mothers

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Policy/Guideline (State), Social Supports, Counseling (Parent/Family), Housing Supports

Intervention Description: Design: Participants were randomly assigned to: (1) housing + support services (n = 80), (2) housing-only (n = 80), or (3) services as usual (SAU) (n = 80) and were re-assessed at 3-, 6-, 9- and 12-months postbaseline. Settings: The study recruited a community-based sample from homeless service agencies and advertisements in a large Midwestern city. Participants: The study recruited two hundred forty (N = 240) women between the ages of 18 to 24 years, experiencing homelessness and with a substance use disorder (SUD) who also had a biological child under the age of 6 years in their care. Measurements: We measured frequency of alcohol and drug use using the Form 90 semi-structured interview, and self-efficacy using Pearlin and Schooler's (1978) 7-item Mastery Scale.

Intervention Results: mothers showed significant improvement in substance use and self-efficacy over time in each condition. However, as expected, patterns of change differentiated intervention groups with more mothers showing better substance use and self-efficacy outcomes in housing + supportive services than in SAU. Unexpectedly, more mothers in SAU showed better outcomes than those in housing-only.

Conclusion: Substance use decreased and self-efficacy increased over time, but patterns of change characterized the intervention groups. In particular, findings suggest that when providing housing to this population, supportive services should also be offered.

Setting: large Midwestern city

Sample Size: (1) housing + support services (n = 80), (2) housing-only (n = 80), or (3) services as usual (SAU) (n = 80) and were re-assessed at 3-, 6-, 9- and 12-months postbaseline.

Age Range: women between the ages of 18 to 24 years, experiencing homelessness and with a substance use disorder (SUD) who also had a biological child under the age of 6 years in their care.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Access, Counseling (Parent/Family)

Intervention Description: Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT)

Intervention Results: Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy resulted in substantial reductions in both maternal and self-reported severity of youth PTSD symptomology, which were largely attributable to reductions in re-experiencing and arousal.

Conclusion: Illustrate the importance of assessing and addressing the mental health and trauma-related needs of sheltered youth and the feasibility and efficacy of embedding an evidence-based trauma-focused treatment protocol within a shelter environment.

Study Design: quantitative investigation

Setting: Florida

Population of Focus: mental health professionals

Sample Size: Three hundred and twenty-one youth and their mothers

Age Range: Median age was 10 yrs of age

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Motivational Interviewing, PARENT/FAMILY, Counseling (Parent/Family), Telephone Support

Intervention Description: The intervention was a randomized-controlled pilot study of a brief, motivational SHS exposure intervention was conducted with mothers of infants hospitalized in a NICU, with the primary aim of reducing household SHS exposure via the implementation of home and car smoking bans. Caregivers were randomized to two sessions of motivational interviewing conducted in the hospital, usual care, or usual care-reduced measurement with follow-up at 1- and 6-months post discharge. The motivational interviewing group had 2 hospital-based sessions of approximately 40 minutes each, 2 personalized letters, and 2 phone feedback sessions targeting infant ETS reduction.

Intervention Results: Lower rates of total smoking bans (both home and car) in the usual care-reduced measurement group but not significantly different for home alone. 63.6% receiving motivational interviewing had a ban by 1-month post-discharge compared to 20% of the usual care group. Six months’ post discharge, fewer smoking bans were noted in the usual care-reduced measurement relative to motivational interviewing and usual care. While report of smoking bans increased in frequency, no differences were detected in household nicotine levels. However, there was a 10.8% decrease in household nicotine level from 1-6 months’ post-discharge. Participant report or smoking bans and results from nicotine monitors are two distinct measures of SHS exposure, with different sources of error and will not necessarily demonstrate identical data patterns.

Conclusion: We conclude that recruitment and intervention with NICU parents in a SHSe study is feasible, although improvements are needed. MI as implemented did not increase effects over assessment alone. Thus, assessment and discussion of SHSe in the NICU may increase the likelihood of a smoke-free home post-discharge, yet more intensive intervention is needed to strengthen effects. Effective interventions to reduce SHSe in households with NICU infants at high respiratory risk could result in substantial decreases in adverse health effects and the very large associated costs. This study was supported by grant R40MC08962 through the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Maternal and Child Health Research Program.

Study Design: Three-group RCT

Setting: Ill-child healthcare setting (NICU, respiratory)

Population of Focus: Primary caregivers of infants at high respiratory risk in the NICU who reported a smoker in the household

Data Source: Air nicotine monitors; infant endtidal carbon monoxide; intervieweradministered questionnaire at baseline and all follow-up assessments to determine smoking bans; and psychosocial and infant severity measures for cognitive and behavioral processes using the Experiential and Behavioral Subscales.

Sample Size: 144 mothers with infants in the NICU

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, CAREGIVER, Educational Material (caregiver), Counseling (Parent/Family), Peer Counselor, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling

Intervention Description: We report on a randomized controlled trial conducted between 1996 and 2001 to evaluate a minimal contact behavioral counseling intervention to decrease household SHS exposure among children with asthma from low-income, predominantly ethnic minority families.

Intervention Results: The intervention was unsuccessful with respect to reduction of household smoking and household SHS exposure of these children. In addition, while most households that remained in the study reported full household smoking bans by the end of the study, the study team found no difference in control/intervention households citing a ban on smoking.

Conclusion: Despite these results, our study provided several important insights. The “null” results of our trial suggest that a minimal intervention with limited contact may not suffice to achieve a reduction in household tobacco exposure among low income minority families that have children with asthma. However, although no intervention/control group differences were found, our study suggests that it is possible to implement household restrictions that were not previously in place, including among low-income and minority families, since most households reported implementing full smoking bans by the end of the study (136 of the original 242 at baseline, 56%). This is significant in light of the implications of such restrictions for reduced exposure [43] and the association of bans with smoking cessation and decreased cigarette consumption. Our research also points to the need for further study of the process by which change occurs, i.e., what changes families believe they are making and actually achieve.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (home)

Population of Focus: Children 2-14 years of age with asthma and a parent or guardian from each child’s household

Data Source: Parental survey (baseline data); urine cotinine; air nicotine monitor readings; and in-person follow-up.

Sample Size: 242 child/adult dyads

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Media Campaign (Print Materials, Radio, TV), Screening Tool Implementation, Counseling (Parent/Family),

Intervention Description: Mass media advertisements; Targeted health promotion messaging; Community midwives screened all pregnant women for alcohol use in pregnancy (AUP); Increased focus of child health services on multidisciplinary developmental screening

Intervention Results: Alcohol use reduced significantly from 2010 (61.0%) to 2015 (31.9%) with first-trimester use reducing significantly from 2008 (45.1%) to 2015 (21.6%). Across all years, 40.8% reported alcohol use during pregnancy and 14.8% reported use in both first and third trimesters. Most women attended the midwife in the first trimester. There was a significant relationship between increased maternal age and third-trimester alcohol use.

Conclusion: The reduction in reported prenatal alcohol exposure in an Aboriginal community setting during a period of prevention activities provides initial evidence for a community-led strategy that might be applicable to similar communities. Implications for public health: The reductions in alcohol use reduce the risk of children being born with FASD in an area with high prevalence, with possible resultant reductions in associated health, economic and societal costs.

Study Design: retrospective analysis of administrative data collected from midwife paper records, pregnancy outcome records, and antenatal check-ups in the Fitzroy Valley and other areas of the Kimberley region in Western Australia.

Setting: Fitzroy Valley, which comprises approximately 3,500 predominantly Aboriginal people living in more than 40 remote communities in north-western Australia

Population of Focus: healthcare professionals, public health officials, policymakers, and researchers with an interest in prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) prevention in Indigenous communities, community leaders, service providers and organizations involved in Aboriginal health.

Sample Size: 654 records with recorded midwife attendance

Age Range: 13-43 with a mean of 25.37 years old

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Counseling (Parent/Family), EMR Reminder, Care Coordination, Integration into Adult Care, Pediatric to Adult Transfer Assistance, Planning for Transition, PARENT_FAMILY, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE

Intervention Description: The Multidisciplinary Intervention Navigation Team (MINT) was developed to decrease variations in pediatric to adult medical transitions. System-level goals were to (1) increase provider and leadership engagement, (2) increase transition tools, (3) increase use of electronic medical record-based clinical decision supports, (4) improve transition practices through development of transition policies and clinical pathways; (5) increase transition education for patients and caregivers; (6) increase the adult provider referral network; and (7) implement an adult transition consult service for complex patients (MINT Consult).

Intervention Results: Between July 2015 and March 2017, MINT identified 11 transition champions, increased the number of divisions with drafted transition policies from 0 to 7, increased utilization of electronic medical record-based transition support tools from 0 to 7 divisions, held seven psychoeducational events, and developed a clinical pathway. MINT has received more than 70 patient referrals. Of patients referred, median age is 21 years (range, 17-43); 70% (n = 42) have an intellectual disability. Referring pediatric providers (n = 25) reported that MINT helped identify adult providers and coordinate care with other Children's Hospital of Philadelphia specialists (78%); and that MINT saved greater than 2 hours of time (48%).

Conclusion: MINT improved the availability, knowledge, and use of transition-related resources; saved significant time among care team members; and increased provider comfort around transition-related conversations.

Study Design: Cohort pilot evaluation

Setting: Hospital-based (Free-standing tertiary pediatric academic hospital (Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP))

Population of Focus: Patients aged 17-43 who had not transitioned from pediatric to adult care for medically complex patients

Data Source: Transition Readiness Assessment Questionnaire; electronic medical records; surveys

Sample Size: Total number not given, but there were 80 consults given over 2 years; 74 were deemed appropriate referrals

Age Range: 17-43 years (median age 20)

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Counseling (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling

Intervention Description: This randomized controlled trial tested the efficacy of parent-based behavioral counseling for reducing secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) among children with cancer. It also examined predictors of smoking and SHSe outcomes.

Intervention Results: Reductions in parent-reported smoking and exposure were observed in both the intervention and control conditions. There was a significantly greater reduction in parent-reported smoking and child SHSe at 3 months for the intervention group compared with the control group. Child SHSe was significantly lower at 12 months relative to baseline in both groups. Children's cotinine levels did not show significant change over time in either group. Exposure outcomes were influenced by the number of smokers at home, smoking status of the parent participating in the trial, and the child's environment (home versus hospital) the day before the assessment.

Conclusion: Children's SHSe can be reduced by advising parents to protect their child from SHSe, combined with routine reporting of their child's exposure and cotinine testing, when delivered in the context of the pediatric cancer setting. More intensive interventions may be required to achieve greater reductions in SHSe.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Ill-child healthcare setting (hospital)

Population of Focus: Parents or guardians of nonsmoking children with cancer, <18 years, at least 30 days post diagnosis, and living with at least one adult smoker

Data Source: Parent reports (child SHS exposure and smoking), child urine cotinine assays, parent satisfaction survey.

Sample Size: 135 parents or guardians

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Counseling (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling

Intervention Description: To explore the reach of a German population-based household sample using proactive recruitment and to test the efficacy of a behavioral change counseling intervention including feedback about children's urine cotinine level (CUCL).

Intervention Results: CUCL below the detection limit in the IG was found in 43.2% at baseline and 44.6% at follow-up and in 44.8% of the CG at baseline and 47.2% at follow-up. The CUCL difference between follow-up and baseline was smaller in the CG than in the IG. The effect was not significant.

Conclusion: Data revealed a high reach of the target population but failed to identify an intervention effect.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (home and telephone)

Population of Focus: Households with at least one child aged below 4 and at last one current smoker

Data Source: Baseline assessment, biomarkers with urine cotinine.

Sample Size: 852 household completed the study protocol: n=428 intervention group; n=424 control group

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Nurse/Nurse Practitioner, Counseling (Parent/Family), Care Coordination, Integration into Adult Care, Pediatric to Adult Transfer Assistance, Planning for Transition, PARENT_FAMILY, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE

Intervention Description: Reaching a certain age, juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) patients in paediatric care are transferred to adult care. An increased disease activity after transfer and increased dropout has been suggested, however, evidence is scarce. Our aim is to determine whether the process of transition is associated with increased disease-activity and dropout, and to identify associated factors. During a 3-year prospective transition cohort study, paediatric patients (14-17yrs) were transferred to adult care. Paediatric (10-13yrs) and adult JIA patients (18-27yrs) were used as control groups. Demographic and disease-related items were obtained yearly. Non-parametric tests were used to compare differences between the groups and mixed models to evaluate disease activity over time, measured by JADAS27 and DAS28. Dropout was defined as not attending the clinic for 2 consecutive visits.

Intervention Results: Groups did not differ regarding baseline variables of subtype, gender, uveitis, ANA-, RF- or HLA B27-positivity and current or past DMARD use. Median disease activity was not different between groups during follow-up. Transfer was not associated with disease activity. Dropout rate was 12%, and was significantly higher in patients under transition (22%) compared with paediatric (3%) and adult care (10%). Patients who dropped out had significantly lower disease activity at baseline and were using less MTX, but did not differ regarding subtype, ANA, RF and HLA-B27.

Conclusion: The process of transition in JIA is not associated with an increase in disease activity, however, this period carries a risk for drop out especially in patients with low disease activity.

Study Design: e Longitudinal transition cohort study

Setting: Clinic-based (Out-patient clinics of university hospitals)

Population of Focus: Juvenile idiopathic diabetes 1 patients transferring to adult care

Data Source: Medical records

Sample Size: 64 patients

Age Range: 14-17 years of age

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Counseling (Parent/Family), PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner

Intervention Description: All women delivering babies at six participating hospitals received an in-hospital screening and were deemed eligible for the study if they reported smoking during the 30 days before the pregnancy and quitting during pregnancy, and are willing to speak with a Visiting Nurse Association nurse about having quit smoking. At the 2-week, and 2- and 4-month well-baby visits with the pediatric provider they received reinforcement and a plan to try to quit again.

Intervention Results: Women in the experimental group were more likely to report that a doctor or nurse talked with them about smoking at least once since delivery (71% vs. 20% of control group). A significant and strong association emerged between experimental assignment and total number of times the women reported a provider talked about staying quit. Women in the intervention group were also more likely to report receiving written materials about how to stay quit (47% vs. 3% of control group). There was no difference in the relapse rate between women in the intervention (41%) and control (37%) groups.

Conclusion: Women in this study had quit smoking during pregnancy but had a high postpartum relapse rate, indicating the need for eVective relapse prevention interventions to protect new mothers and babies against the ill effects of smoking. Our results show that paediatric providers will deliver relapse prevention messages to infants’ mothers if they are informed that the mothers quit smoking during pregnancy. Despite our success in getting providers to deliver the relapse prevention intervention, the intervention itself was insuffcient to reduce relapse.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Well-child healthcare setting (hospitals and well-baby visits)

Population of Focus: Postpartum women/new mothers with a history of smoking who reported smoking cigarettes 30 days before pregnancy and reported to have quit smoking during their pregnancy or within 30 days of becoming pregnant

Data Source: Baseline face-to-face interview at enrollment and follow-up telephone interview 6 months post-partum.

Sample Size: 287 women were enrolled with 141 in the experimental group and 146 in the control group

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Counseling (Parent/Family), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, CAREGIVER, Educational Material (caregiver), Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, Motivational Interviewing, Peer Counselor

Intervention Description: We conducted a population-based trial to evaluate the efficacy of an intervention aimed at preventing exposure of young children to parental tobacco smoke.

Intervention Results: A strong association was found between social class and smoking behavior, in particular smoking during meals at home. The intervention itself had limited effectiveness in decreasing the number of smokers. The effect was stronger in mothers and in higher social groups. Among the "white-collar" families belonging to the intervention group, the proportion of mothers who stopped smoking was 3 times higher than in the control group (not statistically significant).

Conclusion: Educational interventions against smoking should be planned taking into account the difference in efficacy according to social class.

Study Design: Control trial with nonrandom assignment

Setting: Community (population based survey) and well-child health care visit

Population of Focus: Parents of newborn babies living in the town of Rivoli before 3 month compulsory vaccination

Data Source: Baseline (pre-intervention) and followup (2 and 4 years post-intervention) questionnaires

Sample Size: 1015 parents with 402 in the intervention group and 613 in the control group

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Motivational Interviewing, Other Education, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Counseling (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Educational Material (caregiver), Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, Education/Training (caregiver)

Intervention Description: To examine the long-term maintenance of a previously reported behavioral counseling intervention to reduce asthmatic children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS).

Intervention Results: The originally reported analysis of baseline to 12 months was reanalyzed with a more robust restricted maximum likelihood procedure. The 2-year follow-up period was analyzed similarly. Significantly greater change occurred in the counseling group than the control groups and was sustained throughout the 2 years of follow-up. Further exploratory analyses suggested that printed counseling materials given to all participants at month 12 (conclusion of the original study) were associated with decreased exposure in the control groups.

Conclusion: Such long-term maintenance of behavior change is highly unusual in the general behavioral science literature, let alone for addictive behaviors. We conclude that ETS exposure can be reduced and that a clinician-delivered treatment may provide substantial benefit.

Study Design: Three-group RCT

Setting: Ill-child healthcare setting (pediatric allergy clinic)

Population of Focus: Families of children with asthma (6 to 17 years) including at least one parent who smoked in the home

Data Source: Interview data, pulmonary function testing, daily peak flow measures, symptom diary recordings, urinary cotinine, environmental air sampling, and permanent product (e.g., cigarette butt counts).

Sample Size: 91 families

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Counseling (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, Home Visit (caregiver), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Home Visits, Motivational Interviewing

Intervention Description: Secondhand smoke (SHS) is a significant cause of acute respiratory illness (ARI) and 5 times more common in indigenous children. A single-blind randomized trial was undertaken to determine the efficacy of a family centered SHS intervention to reduce ARI in indigenous infants in Australia and New Zealand.

Intervention Results: Two hundred and ninety-three mother/infant dyads were randomized and followed up. Three quarters of mothers smoked during pregnancy and two thirds were smoking at baseline (as were their partners), with no change for more than 12 months. Reported infant exposure to SHS was low (≥95% had smoke-free homes/cars). Infant CCRs were higher if one or both parents were smokers and if mothers breast fed their infants. There was no effect of the intervention on ARI events [471 intervention vs. 438 usual care (reference); incidence rate ratio = 1.10, 95% confidence intervals (CI) = 0.88–1.37, p = .40].

Conclusion: Despite reporting smoke-free homes/cars, mothers and their partners continue to smoke in the first year of infants’ lives, exposing them to SHS. Emphasis needs to be placed on supporting parents to stop smoking preconception, during pregnancy, and postnatal.

Study Design: Single-blind randomized trial

Setting: Community (homes)

Population of Focus: Indigenous mothers/infants from homes with more than one smoker

Data Source: Baseline data at home visit; Baseline, 2 month, and 3 month quantitative and qualitative process evaluation indicators; outcome data from face-toface home visits and urine samples

Sample Size: 293 mother/infant dyads

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Counseling (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, Educational Material (caregiver)

Intervention Description: To assess counseling to caregivers and classroom health education interventions to reduce environmental tobacco smoke exposure of children aged 5–6 years in China.

Intervention Results: At the 6-month follow-up, children’s urinary cotinine was significantly lower (Z = –3.136; p = 0.002) and caregivers’ 7-day quit rate was significantly higher (34.4% versus 0%) (p < 0.001; adjusted OR = 1.13; 95% CI: 1.02–1.26) in the intervention than control group.

Conclusion: Helping caregivers quitting smoke combined with classroom-based health education was effective in reducing children’s environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Larger-scale trials are warranted.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (preschools)

Population of Focus: Children ages 5-6 and their caregivers from six districts and one county in Changsha in families where one or more parent/caregiver smoked

Data Source: Caregiver interviews; child urine cotinine feedback

Sample Size: 65 smoker caregivers and their children with 33 in the intervention group and 32 in the control group

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Counseling (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling

Intervention Description: Secondhand tobacco smoke exposure impairs the control of pediatric asthma. Evidence of the efficacy of interventions to reduce children’s exposure and improve disease outcomes has been inconclusive.

Intervention Results: In the sample overall, the children in the LET’S intervention had lower follow-up lnCCR values compared with the children in usual care, but the group difference was not significant (β coefficient = −0.307, P = .064), and there was no group difference in the odds of having > one asthma-related medical visit (β coefficient = 0.035, P = .78). However, children with high-risk asthma had statistically lower follow-up lnCCR values compared with children in usual care (β coefficient = −1.068, P = .006).

Conclusion: The LET’S intervention was not associated with a statistically significant reduction in tobacco smoke exposure or use of health-care services in the sample as a whole. However, it appeared effective in reducing exposure in children at high risk for subsequent exacerbations.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Ill-child healthcare setting (respiratory disorders)

Population of Focus: Caregivers of children aged 3 to 12 years with asthma and reported smoke exposure

Data Source: Caregiver interview, urine collection, and spirometry

Sample Size: 352 caregivers with 178 in the intervention group and 174 in the control

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Counseling (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Educational Material (caregiver), Education/Training (caregiver)

Intervention Description: To determine the effectiveness of a cotinine-feedback, behaviorally based education intervention in reducing environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and health-care utilization of children with asthma.

Intervention Results: The intervention was associated with a significantly lower odds ratio (OR) for more than one acute asthma medical visit in the follow-up year, after adjusting for baseline visits (total visits, 87; OR, 0.32; p = 0.03), and a comparably sized but nonsignificant OR for one or more hospitalization (OR, 0.34; p = 0.14). The follow-up CCR measurement and the determination of whether smoking was prohibited inside the home strongly favored the intervention group (n = 51) (mean difference in CCR adjusted for baseline, −0.38; p = 0.26; n = 51) (60; OR [for proportion of subjects prohibiting smoking], 0.24; p = 0.11; n = 60).

Conclusion: This intervention significantly reduced asthma health-care utilization in ETS-exposed, low-income, minority children. Effects sizes for urine cotinine and proportion prohibiting smoking were moderate to large but not statistically significant, possibly the result of reduced precision due to the loss of patients to active follow-up. Improving ETS reduction interventions and understanding their mechanism of action on asthma outcomes requires further controlled trials that measure ETS exposure and behavioral and disease outcomes concurrently.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (pediatric pulmonary service of a pediatric hospital)

Population of Focus: Parents of children 3 to 12 years of age with asthma who were ETS exposed

Data Source: Interview data, pulmonary function, urine cotinine, asthma medications, health care utilization.

Sample Size: 87 parents

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Counseling (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling

Intervention Description: The objective of this study was to test the feasibility and acceptability of introducing an intervention to address mothers' and fathers' smoking during the postpartum hospitalization.

Intervention Results: Enrolling mothers and father into tobacco treatment services during the immediate postpartum hospital stay is feasible and seems to stimulate quit attempts. The birth of an infant presents a teachable moment to reach both parents and to provide cessation assistance. Results were not significant for self-reported 7-day abstinence or 24-hour quit attempts.

Conclusion: Enrolling mothers and fathers into tobacco treatment services during the immediate postpartum hospital stay is feasible and seems to stimulate quit attempts. The birth of an infant presents a teachable moment to reach both parents and to provide cessation assistance.

Study Design: Quasi-experimental RCT

Setting: Well-child healthcare setting (hospital and community child health checks)

Population of Focus: Mothers and fathers of newborns recruited on the postnatal ward who were current smokers or recent quitters

Data Source: Saliva cotinine measurements; SmokeFree Families Core Assessment Forms, HEDIS Measures Interview Survey.

Sample Size: 101 mothers and fathers with 48 in the intervention group and 53 in control group

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Counseling (Parent/Family), Family-Based Interventions, Access,

Intervention Description: ested a model of parenting stress as a mediator between maternal depressive symptoms, emotion regulation, and child behavior problems using a sample of homeless, substance-abusing mothers.

Intervention Results: A path analysis showed that maternal depressive symptoms were positively associated with child behavior problems through increased parenting stress whereas maternal cognitive reappraisal was negatively associated with child behavior problems through decreased parenting stress. Moreover, maternal expressive suppression was negatively related to child externalizing problems. Findings support the parenting stress theory and highlight maternal parenting stress as a mechanism associated with homeless children's mental health risk.

Conclusion: This study has significant implications for understanding the parenting processes underlying child's resilience in the context of homelessness and maternal substance use.

Population of Focus: social workers, medical providers, public health professionals

Sample Size: 119 homeless mothers and their young children

Age Range: Mothers aged 18–24 years, children aged 0-6 years old

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Education on Disease/Condition, Counseling (Parent/Family), Planning for Transition, Pediatric to Adult Transfer Assistance, PARENT_FAMILY, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE

Intervention Description: There is no model for the process of transition of adolescents with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) to the adult care protocol. We recently established a transition clinic where 17-year-old to 18-year-old IBD patients are seen by a multidisciplinary team including pediatric and adult gastroenterologists with expertise in IBD treatments, an IBD nurse, and a psychologist. We quantitatively describe this model and its benefits, and correlate demographic and transition parameters to self-efficacy in IBD adolescent patients before and after transition. All adolescent IBD patients enrolled in our transition clinic between January 2013 and December 2015 were included. They completed a self-efficacy questionnaire ('IBD-yourself') before and after the transition. The scores were correlated to demographic, disease, and transition parameters.

Intervention Results: Thirty of the 36 enrolled patients (mean age: 19±1.8 years, range: 17-27) had Crohn's disease. Twenty-seven patients completed the transition protocol, which included an average of 3-4 meetings (range: 2-8) over 6.9±3.5 months. Self-efficacy scores in all domains of the questionnaire were significantly higher after completion of the transition. The weighted average score of the questionnaire's domains was 1.85±0.3 before and 1.41±0.21 after transition (P<0.0001). Age, sex, disease duration, duration of transition, and the number of meetings in the clinic correlated with the questionnaire's scores in the domains of coping with IBD, knowledge of the transition process, and medication use.

Conclusion: A well-planned adolescent IBD transition clinic contributes significantly toward improved self-efficacy in IBD. We recommend its implementation in IBD centers to enable a personalized transition program tailored to the needs of adolescents with IBD in specific domains.

Study Design: Quasi- experimental pre post

Setting: Hospital-based (Pediatric and adult IBD centers in a hospital)

Population of Focus: 36 IBD patients who started the transition process (January 2013-December 2015) in the adolescent transition clinic in the institute/hospital

Data Source: Questionnaires

Sample Size: 36 patients

Age Range: 17-27 years of age (median: 18.5)

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Counseling (Parent/Family), PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner

Intervention Description: To determine if mothers receiving a smoking cessation intervention emphasizing health risks of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) for their children have a higher quit rate than mothers who received routine smoking cessation advice, which focused on their own health, or a control group of mothers.

Intervention Results: Provision to mother of both groups of health risks of tobacco smoke resulted in significantly higher rate of cessation of smoking and smoking location change than those of the control group, with child intervention group having significantly higher rate of cessation of smoking and smoking location change than those of the maternal intervention group. Post-intervention knowledge scores differed significantly for all groups; however, child intervention group was the only significantly better group than the others. As such, an intervention including a detailed discussion with mothers and supplemented by a written document provides a substantial quit rates.

Conclusion: Discussion during short paediatric visits on effects of smoking on child's or maternal health may result in a significant smoking cessation, smoking location change rate or knowledge change. Those who cannot give up smoking usually change their location of smoking. Provision of information on effects of smoking on child's health, rather than maternal, may result in more significant changes in behaviour or knowledge. Maternal education on smoking should include information on effects of smoking on both child's and maternal health, but should be especially focused on child's health.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Well-child healthcare setting (clinic in a children’s hospital)

Population of Focus: Mothers with children attending well-child clinic or with any primary complaint

Data Source: Questionnaires at baseline and 6 months.

Sample Size: 363 mothers with 111 in intervention 1, 131 in intervention 2, and 121 in control

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Telephone Support, Other Person-to-Person Education, Peer Counselor, Motivational Interviewing, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Counseling (Parent/Family)

Intervention Description: Mobile-phone-based smoking cessation intervention has been shown to increase quitting among smokers.

Intervention Results: All findings were between intervention group B and control. No differences found between intervention group A and control or between groups A and B. Father self-reported smoking abstinence at 6 months was significantly increased in group B compared to control and even higher at 12 months. Although no reduction in self-reported exposure rates were found at 6 months, the rate as 12 months was significantly decreased in group B when compared to control group.

Conclusion: The findings suggest that adding mHealth interventions to traditional face-to-face health counseling may be an effective way to increase male smoking cessation and reduce mother and newborn SHS exposure in the home.

Study Design: Single-blind randomized control trial

Setting: Home-based (baseline, 6 months, 12 months with in person counseling); Mobile-based

Population of Focus: Parents of newborns

Data Source: Self-report survey data.

Sample Size: 342 (114 in each of the three groups)

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Home Visits, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Counseling (Parent/Family), Telephone Support, Motivational Interviewing, CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, Outreach (caregiver), Home Visit (caregiver)

Intervention Description: The aim of this randomized-controlled trial was to evaluate the effectiveness of an intensive intervention to reduce children’s environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure at their home compared with a minimal intervention.

Intervention Results: The levels of cotinine in the intensive intervention and minimal intervention groups in the final follow-up were significantly lower than the initial levels. The proportion of mothers reporting a complete smoking ban at home in the final follow-up was higher in the intensive intervention group than the minimal intervention group. This increase was statistically significant. The education provided during the home visits and the reporting of the urinary cotinine levels of the children were effective in lowering the children’s exposure to ETS at their home. The decrease in cotinine levels was higher in the intensive intervention group than the minimal intervention group but the difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusion: The education provided during the home visits and the reporting of the urinary cotinine levels of the children were effective in lowering the children’s exposure to ETS at their home.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (home and hospital)

Population of Focus: Mothers of children aged 1-5 who lived in the Cengizhan district of Izmir in Turkey, who smoked and/or whose spouses smoked

Data Source: Urinary cotinine samples and forms

Sample Size: 80 mothers with 40 in the intensive intervention group and 40 in the minimal intervention group

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Counseling (Parent/Family), CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling

Intervention Description: The present randomized controlled trial tested the effectiveness of a behavioral counseling program for reducing children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Counseling was delivered by clinic staff as part of well-child health care services in a community clinic setting.

Intervention Results: In both groups, children’s reported exposure to their mothers’ tobacco smoke in the home declined steeply from baseline to 6-months post-test and remained essentially level during follow-up. The sharpest decline occurred by 3 months. Children’s urinary cotinine concentrations did not show a significant chance over time in either the intervention or control group. Mothers’ self-reported 7-day quit status did not vary by experimental group at 3, 6, or 12 months. At 12 months, a significant group difference was found in SCN- verified 7-day quit status.

Conclusion: Findings on the fidelity of treatment implementation suggest that the structure and funding of the community clinic health care system and associated staff turnover and training issues resulted in participants receiving a less efficacious intervention than in our past efficacy trials. Implications for future effectiveness trials are discussed.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Well-child healthcare setting (community clinic)

Population of Focus: English or Spanish-speaking smoking mothers with children aged 4 or younger

Data Source: Children’s urinary cotinine measures, saliva samples from mothers, parent report from interviews at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months, and nicotine monitors.

Sample Size: 150 mothers with 76 in the intervention group and 74 in the control group

Age Range: Not specified