Established Evidence Results

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Community Events,

Intervention Description: The intervention was a flu vaccination event held in a Black church, which included health education and other preventive services such as dental, developmental, vision, hearing, and BMI screenings.

Intervention Results: The study found that the flu vaccination event held in the Black church was successful in increasing flu vaccination rates among Black children. The event also provided an opportunity to offer other preventive services to the community.

Conclusion: The study demonstrates the potential of partnering with faith-based organizations to offer preventive services to underserved communities.

Study Design: The study used a pre-post design to evaluate the impact of a flu vaccination event held in a Black church.

Setting: The study was conducted in a Black church in a low-income neighborhood in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Population of Focus: The target audience was Black children aged 6 months to 18 years and their families.

Sample Size: The sample size was 100 Black children and their families.

Age Range: The age range of the children included in the study was 6 months to 18 years.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): COMMUNITY, Other Media, Community Events, Television Media, POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS

Intervention Description: The project explored the potential of historically black medical schools to deliver health information to their local communities and used a community-based participatory research approach.

Intervention Results: Significant difference in Pap smear rates between Nashville (intervention) vs Chattanooga (control; 8% effect difference, p≤.01) but not between Atlanta (intervention) vs Decatur (control). Pooled results are not given.

Conclusion: This community intervention trial demonstrated modest success and are encouraging for future efforts of longer duration.

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group

Setting: Nashville, TN; Atlanta, GA; Chattanooga, TN; and Decatur, GA

Population of Focus: Women living in predominantly black census tracts in the intervention cities

Data Source: Telephone interview

Sample Size: Baseline(n=4,053) Intervention (n=1,954); Control (n=2,099) Follow-up (n=3,914) Intervention (n=1,959); Control (n=1,955)

Age Range: ≥18

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Mobile Programs, Community Events,

Intervention Description: Interprofessional, student-run vaccine outreach program (VOP) that provided free vaccination events in nontraditional community locations

Intervention Results: The VOP reached hundreds of residents who were more vulnerable to influenza infection, including patients who were under- or uninsured, lacked stable housing, and/or were unemployed. Among VOP patients, 377 (21.8%) received their first ever vaccine and 483 (27.9%) obtained the influenza vaccine rarely or every few years which indicates the VOP reached many vaccine-naïve and vaccine-inconsistent individuals. With the addition of a nurse practitioner student to VOP leadership, the 2018–2019 VOP reached the most homeless or temporarily-housed (228, 32.3%), unemployed (313, 18.5%), and disabled (60, 8.5%) patients.

Conclusion: Healthcare students serve as an eager, underutilized resource who can be leveraged to disseminate vaccines to individuals with limited access to care.

Study Design: Retrospective analysis of demographic data collected through an optional survey

Setting: Davidson County, Tennessee, USA

Population of Focus: Marginalized populations, including the uninsured, unemployed, and unhoused individuals

Sample Size: 1,803 patients who received an influenza vaccine between 2015 and 2019

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Educational Material, PATIENT_CONSUMER, Community Events, COMMUNITY, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE

Intervention Description: The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a cervical cancer prevention education program for rural Korean immigrant women. A total of 46 Korean immigrant women who had not been screened in the past three years participated. The experimental group participated in the intervention program once a week for four weeks and completed a post-program survey in week 12.

Intervention Results: The experimental group participated in the intervention program once a week for four weeks and completed a post-program survey in week 12. Compared to the control group, significant increases were detected in level of knowledge of cervical cancer prevention (p = .001), behavioral attitude toward cervical cancer prevention (p = .029) and behavioral intention regarding cervical cancer prevention (p = .005) in the experimental group. Pap screening rate of the experimental group was significantly increased (p = .029), but the rate of change in the selection of primary care providers was not significant.

Conclusion: The results suggest the need for a multilevel approach to address cultural and systemic barriers to Korean immigrant women in promotion of cervical cancer prevention behavior.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, Community Events,

Intervention Description: The intervention described in the study was designed to promote youth thriving and included additional training for mentors and group and dyadic activities for mentors and youth to participate in together. This mentoring program was unique in its focus on promoting youth thriving and its inclusion of additional training and activities for mentors and youth.

Intervention Results: The results of the study showed that program staff characteristics and approaches, such as work engagement, adherence to program guidelines, and supervisor-rated staff competence, predicted more favorable mentoring relationship quality. By contrast, a nondirective approach to supporting mentors predicted lower relationship quality.

Conclusion: The conclusion of the study was that further investigation of program staff influences on mentoring relationship development could be fruitful and ultimately provide a basis for enhancing program effectiveness.

Study Design: The study design was a randomized comparative effectiveness trial of an intervention intended to enhance youth outcomes in CBM programs operated by 10 agencies affiliated with Big Brothers Big Sisters of America.

Setting: community-based youth mentoring programs, specifically the Big Brothers Big Sisters program

Population of Focus: mentor-youth pairs in the Big Brothers Big Sisters program, as well as program staff who support the development of these relationships.

Sample Size: 450 mentor-youth pairs supported by 76 program staff across 10 agencies.

Age Range: child adolescent

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Education on Disease/Condition, Community Events,

Intervention Description: The purpose of this study was to develop and implement a community-based program aiming for smoking, alcohol, and substance use prevention based on multiple disciplinary literacy strategies. A one-group pretest-and-posttest comparison design was used to test the feasibility of the new substance use prevention program. Thirty-two adolescents, most from families with minority and low-socioeconomic status backgrounds, participated. The group met for a 1-hour session once a week for 10 weeks. The program was implemented in a suburban setting in a southeastern state in the United States.

Intervention Results: The results of the study indicated that the community-based youth substance use prevention program using disciplinary literacy strategies was well-received by the participants, with high levels of satisfaction reported. Significant positive changes were observed in participants' knowledge, skills, assets related to substance use, intention not to smoke, perception of the unhealthiness of tobacco, perceived benefits of remaining tobacco-free, and attitudes toward smoking.

Conclusion: The study found that the community-based youth substance use prevention program was effective in improving participants' knowledge, skills, assets related to substance use, intention not to smoke, perception of the unhealthiness of tobacco, perceived benefits of remaining tobacco-free, and attitudes toward smoking.

Study Design: Pre/post intervention design

Setting: Suburban community in a southeastern USA state

Population of Focus: Practitioners of community-based youth substance prevention programs

Sample Size: 32 adolescents

Age Range: No age range given, only that "adolescents" were study participants

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Access, Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, Community Events, YOUTH, COMMUNITY

Intervention Description: In October 2013, Johns Hopkins Medicine clinicians established the Center for Salud/Health and Opportunities for Latinos (Centro SOL) to better address the health needs of Baltimore's growing Latino community. Centro SOL's mission focuses on four core activities: clinical services; advocacy and community engagement efforts; pipeline/education opportunities; and research consultations. Progress is measured through a scorecard reviewed annually by Centro SOL leadership.

Intervention Results: Centro SOL's program has expanded health care access for undocumented immigrants, patient safety and quality of service/care programs for patients with limited English proficiency, and pipeline opportunities for Latino youth. In 2017, 2,763 uninsured patients received primary or specialty care and 290 people received group therapy to address stress-related conditions. In addition, 49 Latino students (ranging from high school to postgraduate students) received mentorship at Centro SOL.

Conclusion: In the next five years, Centro SOL plans to expand the pipeline for Latinos interested in health professions fields and to further improve access to health services for Latino families through both advocacy efforts and enhanced clinical services.

Study Design: Program evaluation

Setting: Centro SOL established by Johns Hopkins Medicine to address the healthcare needs of the emeging Latino settlement in Baltimore, Maryland

Population of Focus: Latino immigrant community in Baltimore, Maryland

Sample Size: 2,763 uninsured patients from different age groups, including children and adults, received primary or specialty care; 49 Latino high school and postgraduate students aged 15-20 received mentorship and provided feedback

Age Range: Children and adolescents 0-20 years of age

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Patient Navigation, Enabling Services, COMMUNITY, Community Events, POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS, Home Visits

Intervention Description: A group-randomized controlled trial to evaluate a cervical cancer screening intervention program targeting Seattle’s Cambodian refugee community.

Intervention Results: The proportion of women in the intervention group reporting recent cervical cancer screening increased from 44% at baseline to 61% at follow-up (+17%). The corresponding proportions among the control group were 51 and 62% (+11%). These temporal increases were statistically significant in both the intervention (P < 0.001) and control (P = 0.027) groups.

Conclusion: This study was unable to document an increase in Pap testing use specifically in the neighborhood-based outreach intervention group; rather, we found an increase in both intervention and control groups. A general awareness of the project among women and their health care providers as well as other ongoing cervical cancer screening promotional efforts may all have contributed to increases in Pap testing rates.

Study Design: Cluster RCT

Setting: Seattle, Washington

Population of Focus: Cambodian women

Data Source: Self-report through personal interviews and verified through medical record review

Sample Size: Total (N=370) Analysis (n=289) Intervention (n=144); Control (n=145)

Age Range: ≥18

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Other Person-to-Person Education, Enabling Services, Other Media, Community Events, COMMUNITY, POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS

Intervention Description: In a randomized controlled trial of 20 communities, the study examined whether a comprehensive intervention influenced cancer screening behaviors and lifestyle practices in rural communities in Eastern Washington State. Cross-sectional surveys at baseline and post-intervention included interviews with a random sample of approximately 100 households per community. The interview included questions on ever use and recent use of Pap test, mammogram, and fecal occult blood test (FOBT) and sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy, fruit and vegetable consumption and smoking practices.

Intervention Results: The study found few significant changes in use of screening services for cervical (Pap test), breast (mammogram) or colorectal cancer (fecal occult blood test (FOBT) or sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy) between intervention and control communities. Results showed no significant differences in fruit and vegetable consumption nor in smoking prevalence between the two groups. We found more awareness of and participation in intervention activities in the treatment communities than the control communities.

Conclusion: Our null findings might be attributable to the low dose of the intervention, a cohort effect, or contamination of the effect in non-intervention communities. Further research to identify effective strategies to improve cancer prevention lifestyle behaviors and screening practices are needed.

Study Design: Cluster RCT

Setting: Twenty communities in the Lower Yakima Valley of WA

Population of Focus: Women

Data Source: Self-report through personal interviews

Sample Size: Total (N=1,962) Analysis (n=1,851) Intervention (n=894); Control (n=957)

Age Range: ≥18