Benjamin-Chung, Jade, et.al. 2021. City-wide school-located influenza vaccine: A retrospective cohort study. Vaccine. 2021 Oct 8; 39(42): 6302–6307. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.099 [Flu Vaccination SM]
Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Comprehensive School-Based PA Program,
Intervention Description: The intervention evaluated in the study described in the PDF file is a city-wide school-located influenza vaccination (SLIV) program called Shoo the Flu, which has delivered free influenza vaccinations to schools in Oakland, California since 2014 ,[object Object],. The intervention was delivered to children in all public and charter elementary schools in Oakland Unified School District (OUSD, the “intervention district”) and offered to all other charter and private pre-schools and elementary schools in Oakland ,[object Object],. From 2014 to 2017, Shoo the Flu vaccinated 7,502 – 10,106 students annually (22 – 28% of eligible students) in 102–138 schools ,[object Object],. Each influenza season, 23–24% of intervention participants reported KPNC health plan membership ,[object Object],. In 2014–15 and 2015–16, the intervention provided the live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) to students. Students with LAIV contraindications were offered the trivalent inactivated injectable influenza vaccine (IIV3), as were staff and teachers. Because LAIV effectiveness in children was low in 2014–15 and 2015–16, the intervention offered IIV4 to all participants following the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices’ recommendation to use IIV for all children
Intervention Results: The study described in the PDF file found that the city-wide school-located influenza vaccination (SLIV) program called Shoo the Flu was associated with higher influenza vaccination coverage, lower Oseltamivir prescriptions in school-aged children, and lower medically attended acute respiratory illness (MAARI) among people over 65 years, suggesting possible indirect effects of SLIV among older adults ,[object Object],. The proportion of KPNC members vaccinated for influenza by KPNC or the SLIV program was 8–11% higher in the intervention site than the comparison site during the intervention period ,[object Object],. Among school-aged children, SLIV was associated with lower Oseltamivir prescriptions per 1,000 but not with other outcomes ,[object Object],. SLIV was associated with lower MAARI per 1,000 in adults 65 + years ,[object Object],. However, the study is subject to several limitations, including its observational design, unmeasured confounding, differences in sociodemographic characteristics between the study population and the general and student populations in the study sites, rare outcomes, and incomplete individual vaccination information ,[object Object],.
Conclusion: The study described in the PDF file suggests that a city-wide school-located influenza vaccination (SLIV) program called Shoo the Flu was associated with higher influenza vaccination coverage, lower Oseltamivir prescriptions in school-aged children, and lower medically attended acute respiratory illness (MAARI) among people over 65 years, suggesting possible indirect effects of SLIV among older adults ,[object Object],. However, the study is subject to several limitations, including its observational design, unmeasured confounding, differences in sociodemographic characteristics between the study population and the general and student populations in the study sites, rare outcomes, and incomplete individual vaccination information ,[object Object],. Therefore, further research is needed to confirm these findings and to better understand the potential benefits and limitations of SLIV programs in reducing the burden of influenza in the community.
Study Design: The study described in the PDF file is a retrospective cohort study that evaluated the effectiveness of a city-wide school-located influenza vaccination (SLIV) program implemented in over 102 elementary schools in Oakland, California ,[object Object],. The study compared the influenza vaccination coverage and related health outcomes of Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) members residing in either the intervention or a multivariate-matched comparison site from September 2011 to August 2017 ,[object Object],. The study used a genetic multivariate matching algorithm to pair-match public elementary schools in the intervention district and each candidate comparison district using pre-intervention school-level characteristics ,[object Object],. The study also adjusted for available potential confounders with at least 5% prevalence in each analysis, including race, ethnicity, sex, mediCAL, subsidized KPNC health plan, and primary language spoken ,[object Object],.
Setting: The setting of the provided PDF file is focused on the evaluation of a city-wide school-located influenza vaccination (SLIV) program implemented in over 102 elementary schools in Oakland, California ,[object Object],. The study evaluates the effectiveness of this program in increasing vaccine coverage among schoolchildren and reducing influenza transmission community-wide ,[object Object],.
Population of Focus: The target audience for the information in the PDF file includes researchers, public health professionals, and policymakers interested in understanding the effectiveness of a city-wide school-located influenza vaccination (SLIV) program and its impact on influenza vaccination coverage and related health outcomes. Additionally, individuals interested in public health interventions, influenza vaccination strategies, and community-wide disease prevention may also find the information relevant.
Sample Size: The sample size of the study described in the PDF file varies depending on the specific analysis being conducted. The study conducted a retrospective cohort study among Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) members of all ages residing in either the intervention or a multivariate-matched comparison site from September 2011 - August 2017 ,[object Object],. The analyses included 175,628 to 269,266 individuals and 9,436,202 to 11,500,570 person-weeks of observations per calendar year from 2011 to 2017 ,[object Object],.
Age Range: The study included Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) members of all ages residing in either the intervention or a multivariate-matched comparison site from September 2011 to August 2017 ,[object Object],. The age groups considered in the analysis were stratified as 0–4, 5–12, 13–17, 18–64, and 65+ years ,[object Object],. This indicates that the study encompassed a wide age range, from young children to older adults.
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