Established Evidence Results

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Prenatal Care Access, Access, Provider Training/Education, Telehealth/Virtual Care

Intervention Description: The intervention in the study on the transition of prenatal care to telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City was the adoption and utilization of telehealth for prenatal care visits. The study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of telehealth for prenatal care during the COVID-19 pandemic, which necessitated a shift away from in-person visits to minimize the risk of viral transmission. The telehealth intervention involved the use of video conferencing technology to conduct prenatal care visits remotely. Patients were able to connect with their healthcare providers via video conferencing software, such as Zoom or Skype, to receive prenatal care services. The study analyzed the proportion of prenatal care visits that were conducted via telehealth compared to in-person visits over a 5-week period from March 9 to April 12, 2020, at Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC)-affiliated prenatal practices in New York City . The study also evaluated the challenges and successes associated with the adoption of telehealth for prenatal care, including provider attitudes towards telehealth, patient barriers to accessing telehealth, and operational considerations for clinics and healthcare systems . Overall, the intervention involved the rapid adoption and utilization of telehealth for prenatal care during the COVID-19 pandemic, with the aim of maintaining access to essential prenatal care services while minimizing the risk of viral transmission.

Intervention Results: The study on the transition of prenatal care to telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City found that telehealth was rapidly adopted and utilized for prenatal care during the study period. The study analyzed 4,248 prenatal care visits over a 5-week period, of which approximately one-third were conducted via telehealth (n=1,352, 31.8%). By the fifth week, 56.1% of generalist visits, 61.5% of maternal-fetal medicine (MFM) visits, and 41.5% of clinic visits were conducted via telehealth . The study also found that providers generally had positive attitudes towards telehealth visits, and accessing technology and performing visits, documentation, and follow-up using the telehealth electronic medical record were all viewed favorably by providers . However, the study identified significant barriers to telehealth and in-person visits, including patient fear of COVID-19 infection, limited access to technology and connectivity, and language barriers . The study also found that the transition to virtual prenatal care was more challenging for patients with Medicaid insurance receiving care at health clinics than for women with commercial insurance in generalist and maternal-fetal medicine faculty practices. Factors related to differential care attendance included operational considerations such as requiring increased staffing in clinics and patient factors related to technological proficiency, language barriers, Wi-Fi and data access, child care, and fear of infection. Additional patient-level and operational supports were required to optimize access for patients with Medicaid . Overall, the study suggests that telehealth was feasible and associated with provider satisfaction for prenatal care during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, significant barriers to telehealth may be present for patients with Medicaid insurance, which may require additional support to resolve .

Conclusion: The conclusions drawn from the study on the transition of prenatal care to telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City are as follows: 1. Rapid Transition Feasibility: The study demonstrated that a rapid transition to telehealth for prenatal care was feasible and associated with provider satisfaction. The adoption and utilization of telehealth for prenatal care were viewed favorably by healthcare providers . 2. Differential Uptake Based on Insurance: The study highlighted that telehealth uptake differed based on insurance, with patients with Medicaid insurance experiencing more challenges and barriers to accessing telehealth compared to those with commercial insurance. This finding underscores the need for additional patient-level and operational supports to optimize access for patients with Medicaid . 3. Operational Challenges: The transition to virtual prenatal care was more challenging for patients with Medicaid insurance receiving care at health clinics than for women with commercial insurance in generalist and maternal-fetal medicine faculty practices. Operational considerations, such as requiring increased staffing in clinics, were identified as significant barriers to the adoption of telehealth for prenatal care . 4. Patient Barriers: The study identified various patient-related barriers to telehealth, including technological proficiency, language barriers, Wi-Fi and data access, child care responsibilities, and fear of infection. These barriers need to be addressed to optimize access to telehealth for prenatal care, particularly for patients with Medicaid insurance . In summary, the study underscores the feasibility of rapid transition to telehealth for prenatal care and the need for additional support to address barriers faced by patients with Medicaid insurance. It emphasizes the importance of addressing operational challenges and patient-related barriers to ensure equitable access to telehealth for prenatal care during public health crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic .

Study Design: The study on the transition of prenatal care to telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City utilized a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative analysis and qualitative assessment. Quantitative Analysis: The study analyzed trends in whether prenatal care visits were conducted in-person or via telehealth over a 5-week period from March 9 to April 12 at Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC)-affiliated prenatal practices in New York City during the COVID-19 pandemic. The proportion of visits that were conducted via telehealth was analyzed by visit type by week . This quantitative analysis provided insights into the adoption and utilization of telehealth for prenatal care during the specified period. Qualitative Assessment: In addition to the quantitative analysis, the study conducted a survey and semistructured interviews of healthcare providers to evaluate resources and obstacles in the uptake of telehealth. The survey and interviews aimed to understand provider experiences, satisfaction, and challenges associated with the integration of telehealth into prenatal care. The qualitative assessment provided in-depth insights into the operational challenges and barriers faced by healthcare providers and clinics during the transition to telehealth for prenatal care . By employing both quantitative and qualitative methods, the study aimed to comprehensively assess the transition to telehealth for prenatal care during the COVID-19 pandemic, providing a multifaceted understanding of the challenges, successes, and provider attitudes related to this transition.

Setting: The setting for the study on the transition of prenatal care to telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic is New York City. Specifically, the study focuses on the prenatal care facilities affiliated with the Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC) located in midtown Manhattan, Washington Heights in Upper Manhattan, Rockland County, and Westchester . These facilities provide care for patients with both Medicaid and commercial insurance, and the patients accessing prenatal care at these sites primarily deliver at NewYork Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children’s Hospital of New York and NewYork Presbyterian/The Allen Hospital . The study provides insights into the adoption of telehealth for obstetric patients in a tertiary referral hospital and clinic system in New York City, offering valuable information on the implementation of telehealth in an urban setting during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Population of Focus: The target audience for the study on the transition of prenatal care to telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City includes a wide range of stakeholders involved in maternal-fetal medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, public health, healthcare administration, and telehealth implementation. This may encompass: 1. Healthcare Providers: Obstetricians, gynecologists, maternal-fetal medicine specialists, and other healthcare professionals involved in prenatal care. 2. Healthcare Administrators: Hospital administrators, clinic managers, and healthcare system leaders responsible for implementing telehealth services and optimizing prenatal care delivery. 3. Public Health Officials: Professionals involved in public health policy, maternal and child health, and healthcare access initiatives. 4. Telehealth Practitioners: Individuals and organizations involved in the provision of telehealth services, including telemedicine companies and technology developers. 5. Researchers and Academics: Scholars and researchers interested in the impact of telehealth on prenatal care, healthcare delivery during crises, and healthcare disparities. 6. Policymakers: Government officials and policymakers involved in shaping healthcare regulations, reimbursement policies, and telehealth legislation. 7. Patient Advocacy Groups: Organizations advocating for improved access to prenatal care and maternal healthcare services. The study's findings are relevant to these stakeholders as they provide insights into the feasibility, challenges, and benefits of transitioning prenatal care to telehealth, particularly in an urban setting during a public health crisis. Additionally, the study's focus on provider attitudes and patient access issues makes it valuable for those interested in improving maternal healthcare delivery and access to early prenatal care.

Sample Size: Specifically, the study surveyed 36 healthcare providers and conducted interviews with 11 of them 8. While the exact sample size for the patient population is not provided, the study analyzed prenatal visits over a 5-week period from March 9, 2020, to April 12, 2020, during which time telehealth was adopted across clinical sites

Age Range: the study focused on prenatal care for pregnant individuals accessing care at the Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC)-affiliated obstetric ambulatory prenatal care facilities in New York City. As such, the patient population likely consisted of pregnant individuals of reproductive age, typically ranging from late teens to early 40s. Given the focus on prenatal care, the study's patient population would primarily include pregnant individuals seeking obstetric and gynecological care during the COVID-19 pandemic. The specific age range of these individuals was not explicitly stated in the available information.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Professional Support,

Intervention Description: Data are from a mixed methods process evaluation of an organization providing free community doula services in San Francisco, California. We conducted two rounds of qualitative interviews with doula clients who identified as Black or Pacific Islander between August 2019 and March 2020. Interviews explored clients’ knowledge of, experiences with, and motivations for seeking doula care and their perceptions of the services they received. We utilized a Rapid Assessment Process to synthesize findings and thematic analysis.

Intervention Results: Clients’ motivations for seeking doula care included general lack of support and knowledge of mistreatment experienced by Black women in hospital settings. Doulas provided support in the form of infor- mation about the perinatal period and clients’ rights, advocacy in hospital settings, and connection to resources beyond pregnancy and birth. Some clients described doulas as helping them stay focused and make decisions during difficult labor experiences and described positive birth experiences despite experiencing complications.

Conclusion: Community doulas play an instrumental role in the birth experiences of Black women and birthing people. Efforts should be made to expand access to this needed support via policy and hospital practices.

Study Design: Qualitative

Setting: Community-based

Population of Focus: Black women

Sample Size: 14

Age Range: 26-33

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT_CONSUMER, Educational Material, Other Education, Partner-Level Intervention, Technology-Based Support,

Intervention Description: One modifiable risk factor amenable to intervention is partner support. Having women work as a team with their co-parents to meet their breastfeeding goals have been found to improve breastfeeding outcomes. eHealth resources have been found to be accessible and feasible ways to provide breastfeeding education yet, the best way to design breastfeeding interventions for mothers and their co-parents is not known. Couples allocated to the eHealth study condition (SC1) were provided with access to a previously created, publicly available eHealth breastfeeding co-parenting website, which they could access independently throughout the perinatal period. Couples allocated to the Available Resources Only condition were informed that they could assess breastfeeding resources generally available in the community. Among couples randomized to the SC1, information was collected regarding participation in the virtual meeting and use of the eHealth resource which was assessed at all follow-up time points.

Intervention Results: Breastfeeding rates were high in both groups (SC1 63% and SC2 57% ‘exclusive’ 6 months) and (SC1 71% and SC2 78% ‘any’ 12 months) and not statistically significantly different. High scores were found in both groups in secondary outcome measures. Generally available breastfeeding resources were used in both groups with websites being used often and rated as most helpful. SC1 rated the eHealth resource provided to them highly.

Conclusion: The findings suggest both mothers and their co-parents should be targeted in breastfeeding education and web-based resources designed to meet their needs.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Online

Population of Focus: Expectant women planning to breastfeed for the first time and their co-parents

Sample Size: 113 expectant women and 104 of their co-parents

Age Range: Adults 18 years and older

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Peer Counselor, Telephone Support, Educational Material, PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Community Health Workers (CHWs)

Intervention Description: To assess whether a theory-based, community health worker–delivered intervention for household smokers will lead to reduced secondhand smoke exposure to children in Chinese families.

Intervention Results: Of the 318 families randomized, 98 (60%) of 164 intervention group and 82 (53%) of 154 of controls completed 6-month follow-up assessment. At the 6-month follow-up, 62% of intervention and 45% of comparison group households adopted complete smoking restrictions at home (P = .022); total exposure (mean number of cigarettes per week ± standard deviation) from all smokers at home in the past 7 days was significantly lower among children in the intervention (3.29 ± 9.06) than the comparison (7.41 ± 14.63) group (P = .021); and mean urine cotinine level (ng/mL) was significantly lower in the intervention (0.030 ± .065) than the comparison (0.087 ± .027) group, P < .001). Participants rating of the overall usefulness of the intervention was 4.8 + 0.8 (1 standard deviation) on the 5 point scale (1 not at all and 5 = very useful). Conclusions

Conclusion: The findings of this very first study in China showed that smoking hygiene intervention was effective in reducing children's exposure to secondhand smoke. These findings have implications for the development of primary health care–based secondhand smoke exposure reduction and family oriented smoking cessation interventions as China moves toward a smoke-free society.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (households)

Population of Focus: Smoking parents or caregivers who had a child aged 5 years or younger

Data Source: Health center records and parent selfreport.

Sample Size: 318 families

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Telephone Support, Peer Counselor

Intervention Description: To examine whether telephone counselling based on the stages of change component of Transtheoretical model of behaviour change together with educational materials could help non-motivated smoking parents of young children to cease.

Intervention Results: A total of 952 smoker fathers and mothers were randomized to the intervention (n = 467) and control (n = 485) groups. Most were daily smokers (92.4%) and the mean number of cigarettes smoked per day was 14.5 (SD = 8.9). By using intention-to-treat analysis, the 7 day point prevalence quit rate at 6 month follow up was significantly greater in the intervention group (15.3%; 68/444) than the control group (7.4%; 34/459) (P < 0.001). The absolute risk reduction was 7.9% (95% confidence interval: 3.78% to 12.01%). The number needed to treat to get one additional smoker to quit was 13 (95% CI: 8-26). The crude odds ratio of quitting was 2.3(95% CI: 1.5-3.5). The adjusted odds ratio was 2.1 (95% CI: 1.4-3.4) (adjusted for age, number of years smoked, and alcohol dependency).

Conclusion: Proactive telephone counselling is an effective aid to promote smoking cessation among parents of young children.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (maternal and child health centers)

Population of Focus: Smoking mothers and fathers with young children aged 5 years

Data Source: 1997 Birth Cohort Study of the Department of Community Medicine, University of Hong Kong.

Sample Size: 952 families

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): , Food Prescriptions

Intervention Description: Retrospective, cross-sectional study. Patients, equally divided between groups who redeemed and did not redeem prescriptions, completed a follow-up survey.

Intervention Results: Prescription redeemers were significantly more likely to be very satisfied with the program (P < .001), have FI (P < .01), and have elevated hemoglobin A1C than non-redeemers (6.3 vs 5.5%, P < .001). Distance, time constraints, and forgetting or losing the prescription were common barriers, while convenience and valuing healthy eating facilitated redemption.

Conclusion: Higher FI and worse hemoglobin A1c in patients who redeemed prescriptions suggests that our program reaches the target audience: patients needing food assistance and a healthier diet. Awareness of barriers offers areas for improvement. This provides a feasible model for hospital investment to increase access to produce to improve health and health equity.

Setting: Northern Manhattan, NY.

Population of Focus: 242 patients referred to Nutrition at an academic medical center between June and November 2019.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): CLASSROOM_SCHOOL, Multicomponent School-Based Program

Intervention Description: We monitored children's PA levels over 4 consecutive school days at 6 rural Oregon elementary schools with Walk4Life pedometers. During the same week, teachers recorded all student PA opportunities (recess, PE, and CBPA breaks) and answered a 26-item questionnaire about factors influencing their use of CBPA breaks. Mixed-effects models were used to associate teacher-level factors and PA opportunities with children's moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA; in minutes per day), controlling for child-level covariates.

Intervention Results: When teachers valued PA, students accumulated more MVPA (1.07 min/d; P < .01) than students of teachers reporting low PA value. Students did more MVPA (1 min/d; P < .001) when teachers agreed the school operating conditions posed barriers to providing PA than when teachers disagreed that barriers existed. PE classes contributed significantly to student's PA levels.

Conclusion: Provision of PE, increasing teacher value for PA, and further investigation of how teacher-level factors relate to students' MVPA levels during CBPA breaks at rural elementary schools are warranted.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Rural elementary schools

Population of Focus: Children in rural elementary schools

Data Source: Pedometers and teacher selfreport

Sample Size: 1,739 children

Age Range: Ages 6-11

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT_CONSUMER, Online Games

Intervention Description: The proliferation of the video game era has increased sedentary behaviours among children and adolescents. Contemporary interventions involve the use of video games to introduce fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption among children and adolescents. A comprehensive list of licenced video games (n = 671) released for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) console were reviewed for thematic content and qualitative characteristics of the game's activity relevant to F&V. Seventy-five video games were included in the study sample and categorised by release year, prevalence of F&V, and thematic content.

Intervention Results: Mild associations were found comparing release year to F&V totals (r = 0.21) and release year to theme (r = 0.19). F&V themes embedded within classic video games could serve as health-promoting lessons for forthcoming video games. Future games produced by the video gaming industry should continue to focus on nutrition-embedded messages promoting F&V.

Conclusion: Video game development and marketing could be an avenue that incorporates healthy nutrition themes.

Study Design: The proliferation of the video game era has increased sedentary behaviours among children and adolescents. Contemporary interventions involve the use of video games to introduce fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption among children and adolescents. A comprehensive list of licenced video games (n = 671) released for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) console were reviewed for thematic content and qualitative characteristics of the game's activity relevant to F&V. Seventy-five video games were included in the study sample and categorised by release year, prevalence of F&V, and thematic content.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Telephone Support, Parent Engagement, Patient Reminder/Invitation

Intervention Description: This study aims to test the acceptability and feasibility of SmokefreeMOM, a national smoking cessation text-messaging program for pregnant smokers.

Intervention Results: Results indicate that the SmokefreeMOM program was highly rated overall and rated more favorably than the control condition in its helpfulness at 3-month follow-up (P<.01) and in its frequency of messaging at both 1-month and 3-month follow-ups (P<.001, P<.01, respectively). Despite the presence of technical problems, the vast majority of intervention participants read all program messages, and few participants unsubscribed from the program. There were no significant differences between groups on the use of extra treatment resources or on smoking-related outcomes. However, at the 3-month follow-up, some outcomes favored the intervention group.

Conclusion: SmokefreeMOM is acceptable for pregnant smokers. It is recommended that SmokefreeMOM be further refined and evaluated.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Obstetrics-gynecology clinics

Population of Focus: Women who are currently pregnant, English proficient, with a mobile phone and unlimited text messaging, that are currently smoking or smoked in the past 2 weeks

Data Source: Surveys and saliva sample

Sample Size: 99 participants (55 in SmokefreeMOM intervention group and 44 in control group)

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Patient Reminder/Invitation, Educational Material, Telephone Support, Parent Engagement, Incentives

Intervention Description: The study aimed to demonstrate the feasibility and acceptability of Quit4baby for women currently enrolled in Text4baby, a perinatal health text messaging program.

Intervention Results: Most participants responded to the program favorably. Highly rated aspects included the content of the program, skills taught within the program, and encouragement and social support provided by the program. Participants reported that the program was helpful in quitting, that the program gave good ideas on quitting, and that they would recommend the program to a friend. Suggestions for improvement included increasing the message dose and making the quitpal more interactive.

Conclusion: This pilot test provides support for the feasibility and acceptability of Quit4baby. Future studies are needed to assess whether Quit4baby is effective for smoking cessation during pregnancy.

Study Design: Single group pre-post test evaluation pilot

Setting: Electronic phone application

Population of Focus: Women over 18 years of age who are currently pregnant, English proficient, that are currently smoking or smoked in the past 2 weeks

Data Source: Telephone surveys, retrospective computer records review of engagement with the technology

Sample Size: 20

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Patient Reminder/Invitation, Educational Material, Parent Engagement, Telephone Support

Intervention Description: The study tests whether an interactive and intensive text messaging program, Quit4baby, can promote smoking cessation for pregnant women already enrolled in a health text messaging program, Text4baby.

Intervention Results: Using an intention-to-treat analysis, 28.80% of the intervention group and 15.79% of the control group reported not smoking in the past 7 days at 1 month (p<0.01), and 35.20% of the intervention group and 22.67% of the control group reported not smoking in the past 7 days at 3 months (p<0.01). Biochemical verification of smoking status at 3 months indicated no significant differences between groups (15.60% in the intervention group and 10.93% in the control group [p=0.13]), although significant differences favoring the intervention were found for older smokers (p<0.05) and for those who enrolled in their second or third trimester of pregnancy (p<0.05). Self-report of late pregnancy 7- and 30-day point prevalence abstinence favored the intervention group (p<0.001, p<0.01). No significant differences were observed at the 6-month follow-up or in the postpartum period.

Conclusion: Results provide limited support of the efficacy of the Quit4baby text messaging program in the short term and late in pregnancy, but not in the postpartum period.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Electronic phone application

Population of Focus: Women over 14 years of age who are currently pregnant, English proficient, that are currently smoking or smoked in the past 2 weeks, who were signed up for Text4Baby message

Data Source: Surveys and saliva sample

Sample Size: 497

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Provider Training/Education, Quality Improvement, EMR Reminder,

Intervention Description: The interventions included nurse-champion training, standardized screening using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), a reminder system for nurses to conduct screenings, and a video training program for nursing staff. These interventions align with a discernable strategy of implementing evidence-based screening tools and providing education and training to healthcare providers to improve their knowledge and comfort level in addressing perinatal mood and anxiety disorders. The study analyzes a multicomponent intervention that includes the four interventions mentioned above. The study aimed to determine if these interventions improved the PPD screening rate, PPD screening positive rate, and related social work referrals and consultation rates at Cedars-Sinai’s postpartum and maternal-fetal care units. The study found that all four interventions were successful in achieving the main outcomes, and the program has improved depression screening and increased social work referral rates at Cedars-Sinai.

Intervention Results: The four interventions increased nurse-champion screening comfort and perinatal mood and anxiety disorder knowledge, PHQ-9 screening rates from 10% to 99%, and screen-positive rates from 0.04% to 2.9%, and rates of social work consultation from 1.7% to 8.4% . Before training, 43% of surveyed nurses felt “very comfortable” screening patients for depression. After training, overall comfort increased to 73%. Nurse champions showed increased comfort discussing perinatal mental health, facilitating mental health referrals, and providing information to patients . After completion of 5 months of video training, the screening rate remained at 99%. Of those screened, 19% screened positive and as many as 39% of them consulted with social work . The SPC chart showed that screening rates had a sharp increase between March 2017 and June 2017 from 0.01% to 59.54% . The program sustained progress achieved by the first 4 interventions detailed in the report, and data from the next 4 interventions are currently being analyzed.

Conclusion: Quality improvement results from the first 3 years of the program suggest that 4 interventions improved screening rates, screen-positive rates, and social work consultation rates. Future work will focus on method of screening, patients at highest risk of perinatal mood and anxiety disorders, and ongoing nurse training.

Study Design: The study design used the Standards for QUality Improvement Reporting Excellence 2.0 guidelines to report outcomes from the four interventions. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of the interventions on the postpartum depression screening, education, and referral program at Cedars-Sinai. The interventions included nurse-champion training, use of the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire-9 in the postpartum unit, a series of brief in-service trainings, and a 10-minute video training. The study collected data including nurse feedback, screening rates, screen-positive rates, and social work consultation rates

Setting: The study was conducted at Cedars-Sinai, a nonprofit hospital located in Beverly Hills, California. The hospital has a postpartum and maternal-fetal care unit where the interventions were implemented to improve the screening, education, and referral program for postpartum depression. The study included a sample of 19,564 women who delivered their babies at Cedars-Sinai over the course of two years

Population of Focus: The target audience of this study appears to be healthcare professionals, specifically those working in the postpartum and maternal-fetal care units at Cedars-Sinai. The study aimed to improve the screening, education, and referral program for postpartum depression at Cedars-Sinai, and the interventions were targeted towards nursing staff and social workers. The study also reported on the outcomes of the interventions, including nurse feedback, screening rates, screen-positive rates, and social work consultation rates, which may be of interest to healthcare professionals working in similar settings.

Sample Size: The sample size for the study was 19,564 women who delivered their babies at Cedars-Sinai over the course of two years. This sample size was used to evaluate the outcomes of the interventions aimed at improving the screening, education, and referral program for postpartum depression at the hospital

Age Range: The study did not report a specific age range for the sample of women who delivered their babies at Cedars-Sinai. However, the study did report that the average patient age was 33.95 years old

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Multicomponent School-Based Program, CLASSROOM_SCHOOL

Intervention Description: This study fills a gap in research on multi-level school-based approaches to promoting positive youth development and reducing bullying, in particular cyberbullying, among middle school youth.

Intervention Results: The intervention did not yield significant changes in the treatment schools. However, student self-reported experience with restorative practices significantly predicted improved school climate and connectedness, peer attachment, and social skills, and reduced cyberbullying victimization.

Conclusion: While more work is needed on how interventions can reliably produce restorative experiences, this study suggests that the restorative model can be useful in promoting positive behaviors and addressing bullying.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Comprehensive School-Based PA Program, CLASSROOM_SCHOOL, Multicomponent School-Based Program

Intervention Description: The 12 month intervention encouraged healthy eating and physical activity, including a daily additional 30 minute school time physical activity opportunity, a six week interactive skill based programme in conjunction with Aston Villa football club, signposting of local family physical activity opportunities through mail-outs every six months, and termly school led family workshops on healthy cooking skills.

Intervention Results: Data for primary outcome analyses were: baseline, 54 schools: 1392 pupils (732 controls); first follow-up (15 months post-baseline), 53 schools: 1249 pupils (675 controls); second follow-up (30 months post-baseline), 53 schools: 1145 pupils (621 controls). The mean BMI z score was non-significantly lower in the intervention arm compared with the control arm at 15 months (mean difference -0.075 (95% confidence interval -0.183 to 0.033, P=0.18) in the baseline adjusted models. At 30 months the mean difference was -0.027 (-0.137 to 0.083, P=0.63). There was no statistically significant difference between groups for other anthropometric, dietary, physical activity, or psychological measurements (including assessment of harm).

Conclusion: The primary analyses suggest that this experiential focused intervention had no statistically significant effect on BMI z score or on preventing childhood obesity. Schools are unlikely to impact on the childhood obesity epidemic by incorporating such interventions without wider support across multiple sectors and environments.

Study Design: Cluster RCT

Setting: 53 schools

Population of Focus: Ages 5-6

Data Source: Actiheart worn continuously for 5 days

Sample Size: 1467 children

Age Range: Ages 5-6

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PAYER, Expanded Insurance Coverage

Intervention Description: The present study uses a quasi-experimental design using data from the California Women's Health Survey and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) for exposure and comparison groups, before and after California's Planning Access Care and Treatment waiver.

Intervention Results: Estimates from the California Women's Health Survey analysis indicate that among parents 100% to 200% of the FPL, the waiver led to an 8-percentage point increase in the receipt of a routine checkup and a 12-percentage point increase (p = .03) in discussion of birth control. There was an estimated 3-percentage point decline (p = .05) in current pregnancies among nulliparous women. Multistate analysis using the BRFSS confirmed positive effects on routine checkups (p < .01).

Conclusion: The waiver appears to have led to a reduction in pregnancy rates and increased receipt of reproductive health care, particularly routine checkups.

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group

Setting: California

Population of Focus: Women in California with incomes under 200% of the Federal Poverty Level (FPL)

Data Source: California Women’s Health Survey and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System

Sample Size: California Women’s Health Survey: Pre-waiver Intervention group ranges from n=220 to n=1,971 Control group ranges from n=206 to n=1,598 Post-waiver Intervention group ranges from n=399 to n=4,123 Control group ranges from n=497 to n=2,782 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System: Pre-waiver Intervention (n=1,735); Control (n=2,564) Post-waiver Intervention (n=3,750); Control (n=10,963)

Age Range: 18-44

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Quality Improvement/Practice-Wide Intervention, Provider Training/Education, Guideline Change and Implementation, Provider Tools

Intervention Description: Parents were interviewed and instructed on creating a care map. That map was then shared with HCP. Both parents and HCP were intereviewed to learn what their thoughts were about implementing both care maps and care plans.

Intervention Results: Two themes reflected two primary categories: (a) the utility of care plans and care maps, and (b) the intersection of care plans and care maps. results indicated that care maps are useful and should be created and discussed with HCP prior to creating a care plan.

Conclusion: No Conclusion: Results: Data analysis exploring the relationship and utility of care plans and care maps revealed six primary themes related to using care plans and care maps that were grouped into two primary categories: (a) utility of care plans and maps; and (b) intersection of care plans and care maps. Discussion: Care plans and care maps were identified as valuable complementary documents. Their integration offers context about family experience and respects the parents' experiential wisdom in a standard patient care document, thus promoting improved understanding and integration of the family experience into care decision making

Study Design: A qualitative design with thematic analysis

Setting: CMC: Hospital/Clinic - tertiary pediatric academic health sciences center, The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), and at a community hospital, North York General Hospital (NYGH), both located in Ontario, Canada.

Population of Focus: CMC - healthcare providers, including pediatricians, pediatric subspecialists, pediatric nurse practitioners, social workers, occupational and physiotherapists, pharmacists, and community nurses, who provide care for children with medical complexity.

Sample Size: 15 parents, 30 HCP - 15 parents of children with medical complexity who created care maps, and 30 healthcare providers who provided care to children with medical complexity.

Age Range: 1/17/2024

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PAYER, Expanded Insurance Coverage

Intervention Description: Objectives: To use Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data to determine (1) whether adolescent well visit rates increased from the pre-ACA period to post-ACA period, and (2) whether caregivers' reports of past-year preventive services delivery increased from the pre- to post-ACA period among adolescents with any past-year health care visit.

Intervention Results: Under objective 1, we found that well-visit rates increased from 41% to 48% post-ACA implementation (odds ratio, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.2-1.5); minority and low-income groups had the greatest increases. Under objective 2, we found that among those with any past-year visit, most preventive services rates (8 of 9) increased post-ACA implementation (range, 2%-9%, absolute), with little or no change when controlling for demographic variables. Time alone with clinicians increased 1%, significant only when covariates were controlled (adjusted odds ratio, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.0-1.3).

Conclusion: Despite modest to moderate increases, with greatest gains for underserved youth, adolescent preventive care rates remain low, highlighting the need for increased efforts to bring adolescents into well care and improve clinician delivery of preventive care within their practices.

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest

Setting: U.S.

Population of Focus: Adolescents ages 10-17

Data Source: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey

Sample Size: Total (N=25,695)

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): School-Based Health Centers, Medicaid,

Intervention Description: This study measures effects on the receipt of preventive care among children enrolled in Georgia's Medicaid or Children's Health Insurance Program associated with the implementation of new elementary school-based health centers. The study sites differed by geographic environment and predominant race/ethnicity (rural white, non-Hispanic; black, small city; and suburban Hispanic). A quasi-experimental treatment/control cohort study used Medicaid/Children's Health Insurance Program claims/enrollment data for children in school years before implementation (2011-2012 and 2012-2013) versus after implementation (2013-2014 to 2016-2017) of school-based health centers to estimate effects on preventive care among children with (treatment) and without (control) access to a school-based health center. Data analysis was performed in 2017-2019. There were 1,531 unique children in the treatment group with an average of 4.18 school years observed and 1,737 in the control group with 4.32 school years observed. A total of 1,243 Medicaid/Children's Health Insurance Program-insured children in the treatment group used their school-based health centers.

Intervention Results: Significant increases in well-child visits (5.9 percentage points, p<0.01) and influenza vaccination (6.9 percentage points, p<0.01) were found for children with versus without a new school-based health center. This represents a 15% increase from the pre-implementation percentage (38.8%) with a well-child visit and a 25% increase in influenza vaccinations. Increases were found only in the 2 school-based health centers with predominantly minority students. The 18.7 percentage point (p<0.01) increase in diet/counseling among obese/overweight Hispanic children represented a doubling from a 15.3% baseline.

Conclusion: Implementation of elementary school-based health centers increased the receipt of key preventive care among young, publicly insured children in urban areas of Georgia, with potential reductions in racial and ethnic disparities.

Study Design: Quasi-experimental treatment/control cohort study

Setting: Elementary schools with school-based health centers in urban areas in Georgia

Population of Focus: Children with (treatment) and without (control) access to a school-based health center

Sample Size: Total of 1,531 unique children in the treatment group (those with access to school-based health centers) and 1,737 unique children in the control group (those without access to school-based health centers)

Age Range: Children aged 7 to 9 years old

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Provider Training/Education, Technology-Based Support,

Intervention Description: In the US, many individuals with diabetes do not have consistent access to endocrinologists and therefore rely on primary care providers (PCPs) for their diabetes management. Project ECHO (Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes) Diabetes, a tele-education model, was developed to empower PCPs to independently manage diabetes, including education on diabetes technology initiation and use, to bridge disparities in diabetes.

Intervention Results: PCPs reported improvement in all domains of diabetes education and management. From baseline, PCPs reported improvement in their confidence to serve as the T1D provider for their community (pre vs post: 43.8% vs 68.8%, p=0.005), manage insulin therapy (pre vs post: 62.8% vs 84.3%, p=0.002), and identify symptoms of diabetes distress (pre vs post: 62.8% vs 84.3%, p=0.002) post-intervention. Compared to pre-intervention, providers reported significant improvement in their confidence in all aspects of diabetes technology including prescribing technology (41.2% vs 68.6%, p=0.001), managing insulin pumps (41.2% vs 68.6%, p=0.001) and hybrid closed loop (10.2% vs 26.5%, p=0.033), and interpreting sensor data (41.2% vs 68.6%, p=0.001) post-intervention.

Conclusion: PCPs who participated in Project ECHO Diabetes reported increased confidence in diabetes management, with notable improvement in their ability to prescribe, manage, and troubleshoot diabetes technology. These data support the use of tele-education of PCPs to increase confidence in diabetes technology management as a feasible strategy to advance equity in diabetes management and outcomes.

Study Design: Pre-post study

Setting: Health centers in underserved areas of California and Florida

Population of Focus: Primary care providers (PCPs) who were recruited from federally qualifying health centers and community health centers in underserved areas of California and Florida. The participants included physicians and advanced practice providers, with a focus on those who were responsible for managing diabetes care in these settings

Sample Size: 116 providers

Age Range: Adult providers serving pediatric populations

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Continuity of Care (Caseload), Midwifery, Home Visit (caregiver),

Intervention Description: A model pilot program was established in South Australia to address the ongoing closure of regional maternity services and bring sustainable birthing services to the area with the aim of keeping birthing as close to home as safely possible. This Midwifery Caseload Model of Care (MMoC) model was an all-risk model or care whereby 12.9 full-time equivalent midwives were employed to work in collaboration with general practitioners (GP)/obstetricians across five birthing sites (Port Pirie, Crystal Brook, Wallaroo, Clare and Jamestown). In the MMoC all pregnant women in the region could be referred to the program and allocated to a known midwife once pregnancy had been confirmed. Care was then provided by the MMoC midwife and an obstetric GP or obstetrician. The service delivery model prioritized choice and interdisciplinary care. An anonymous questionnaire incorporating validated surveys and key questions from the Quality Maternal and Newborn Care (QMNC) Framework was used to assess care across the antenatal, intrapartum and postnatal period.

Intervention Results: Most women (97%) received a postnatal visit from a MMoC midwife and 84.1% reported the MMoC midwives were their main postpartum care provider. Shared care GP/MMoC midwives accounted for 8.9% (n = 17) and 6.9% (n = 13) indicated they had “other” postnatal care such as child and family health nurse, midwives and nurses at the birth hospital, and midwives at referral hospital due to baby’s prematurity. Overall women had an average of four postnatal visits. Close to a third of women (32.5%) had six or more visits. Most women (77%) reported receiving their visit in their home or a combination of home and not at home (20%). Only 3.2% of visits were not conducted at home. In addition to midwifery visits, most women (approximately 80%) also used community supports, the most frequently being child and family health nurses.

Conclusion: In this regional/rural MMoC, women were able to receive quality continuity and components of care as have been previously benchmarked against the QMNC Framework. Women embraced the new MMoC, established strong relationships with their midwives and were able to maintain good collaborative arrangements with their local GPs. The generalisability of these results should be considered for other regions which offer maternity services and have GP obstetrician support. These findings are consistent with existing evidence that supports midwifery continuity of care for women and adds to the growing body of evidence for midwifery caseload outside of metropolitan areas

Study Design: Mixed methods design using qualitative and quantitative methodologies

Setting: Five birthing sites in South Australia (Port Pirie, Crystal Brook, Wallaroo, Clare and Jamestown).

Population of Focus: Pregnant women in regional/rural areas

Sample Size: 205

Age Range: 16-42 years

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT_CONSUMER, Childbirth Education Classes

Intervention Description: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study of nulliparous and multiparous pregnant women at a large urban tertiary care center. On admission, patients are routinely asked if they participated in a childbirth education (CBE) class or have a birth plan. This information is charted by nurses and available for abstraction from the electronic medical record. Clinical data abstraction was performed to obtain self-reported attendance at a CBE class or to identify the presence of a written birth plan. A subset analysis was performed on nulliparous women only (n = 9,168).

Intervention Results: In this study, 14,630 deliveries met the inclusion criteria: 31.9 percent of the women attended CBE class, 12.0 percent had a birth plan, and 8.8 percent had both. Women who attended CBE or had a birth plan were older (p < 0.001), more likely to be nulliparous (p < 0.001), had a lower body mass index (p < 0.001), and were less likely to be African-American (p < 0.001). After adjusting for significant covariates, women who participated in either option or both had higher odds of a vaginal delivery (CBE: OR 1.26 [95% CI 1.15-1.39]; birth plan: OR 1.98 [95% CI 1.56-2.51]; and both: OR 1.69 [95% CI 1.46-1.95]) compared with controls.

Conclusion: Attending CBE class and/or having a birth plan were associated with a vaginal delivery. These findings suggest that patient education and birth preparation may influence the mode of delivery. CBE and birth plans could be used as quality improvement tools to potentially decrease cesarean rates.

Setting: Large urban tertiary care center

Population of Focus: Women with singleton pregnancy >24 weeks gestation

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Care Coordination, Pediatric to Adult Transfer Assistance, Planning for Transition, PROVIDER/PRACTICE

Intervention Description: The purpose of the study was to evaluate an adult health care program model for emerging adults with type 1 diabetes transitioning from pediatric to adult care.

Intervention Results: From baseline to 6 months, mean A1C decreased by 0.7% (8 mmol/mol), and BGMF increased by 1 check per day. Eighty-eight percent of participants attended ≥2 visits in 6 months, and the program was rated highly by participants and providers (pediatric and adult).

Conclusion: This study highlights the promise of an adult health care program model for pediatric to adult diabetes transition.

Study Design: Pre, post, and retrospective cohort

Setting: Clinic-based (Pediatric to Adult Diabetes Transition Clinic at academic institution (UPenn))

Population of Focus: Emerging adults with type 1 diabetes

Data Source: Transfer summaries and electronic medical records, including pre- and post- program assessments

Sample Size: N=72

Age Range: 18-25 years

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Presentation/meeting/information Session (Classroom), CLASSROOM_SCHOOL, Extra-Curricular Activities

Intervention Description: This study assesses the effectiveness and implementation fidelity of the ACT Out! Social Issue Theater program, a 1-hour psychodramatic intervention by professional actors; it also measures students' receptiveness to the intervention.

Intervention Results: Intervention fidelity was uniformly excellent (>96% adherence), and students were highly receptive to the program. However, trial results did not support the hypothesis that the intervention would increase participants' social-emotional competence. The intervention's impact on bullying was complicated to interpret and included some evidence of small interaction effects (reduced cyberbullying victimization and increased physical bullying perpetration). Additionally, pooled within-group reductions were also observed and discussed but were not appropriate for causal attribution.

Conclusion: This study found no superiority for a 1-hour ACT Out! intervention compared to treatment as usual for social-emotional competence or offline bullying, but some evidence of a small effect for cyberbullying. On the basis of these results and the within-group effects, as a next step, we encourage research into whether the ACT Out! intervention may engender a bystander effect not amenable to randomization by classroom. Therefore, we recommend a larger trial of the ACT Out! intervention that focuses specifically on cyberbullying, measures bystander behavior, is randomized by school, and is controlled for extant bullying prevention efforts at each school.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Provider, Education; Hospital, Chart audit and feedback, Elective induction policy, Guideline change and implementation, Quality improvement , HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Provider Training/Education, HOSPITAL, Chart Audit and Feedback, Elective Induction Policy, Guideline Change and Implementation, Quality Improvement

Intervention Description: At a large Southern US women's hospital, new measures were made to reduce the rates of cesarian delivery at the facility. Endeavors were led by nurse / doctor leaders (VP & chief of staff). These included monitoring, benchmarking & disseminating information about CD at the facility; new protocols for oxytocin administration; Bishop's score assessment; elective CD performed only at 39 weeks; new protocols and intrapartum alternative positioning devices, the process of laboring down, and closed glottis pushing attempts in second-stage labor.

Intervention Results: Collectively, these interdisciplinary interventions have resulted in significant decreases in overall cesarean birth rates and comparable significant reductions in the NTSV cesarean rates.

Conclusion: Concerted efforts to reduce rates of nonmedically indicated cesarean birth have resulted in the development and implementation of comprehensive action plans aimed at effecting reductions and enhancing overall obstetric quality care.

Setting: One large obstetric hospital in the Southern USA

Population of Focus: NTSV births

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Educational Material (caregiver), Provision of Safe Sleep Item, COMMUNITY, Presentation

Intervention Description: This study assessed the feasibility, acceptability and initial outcomes of Safe Sleep Community Baby Showers for women who speak Spanish. The Safe Sleep Baby Showers use the culture and tradition of celebratory group events to connect pregnant or recently delivered women with perinatal community resources, build social support networks, and learn about the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) safe sleep recommendations. The baby showers include a crib demonstration facilitated by a safe sleep instructor or board member from the Kansas Infant Death and SIDS (KIDS) Network. All education and materials are in Spanish, and include a safe sleep PowerPoint presentation and a video on the ABCs of Safe Sleep (alone, back, clutter-free crib; available at KIDSKS.org). For this study, 106 pregnant or recently delivered women who spoke Spanish completed pre- and post-assessments after attending at least one of six Safe Sleep Community Baby Showers held in Sedgwick County, Kansas. Participants who complete the post-assessment received a free safety-approved portable crib and wearable blanket, as well as infant safe sleep education handouts and materials (eg, door hangers) in Spanish.

Intervention Results: Participants had a high school diploma/General Educational Diploma (GED) or less (75.3%), and were uninsured (52.1%) or had Medicaid (n = 49; 33.6%). The majority reported being very satisfied (n = 130; 89.0%) or satisfied (n = 8; 5.5%). Compared to baseline, significant increases in intentions and confidence to follow the AAP Safe Sleep Recommendations were observed following the events. The majority of participants reported intending to place their infant on the back to sleep (98.6%), use only a safe surface (crib, portable crib, bassinet; 99.3%), and only include safe items (firm mattress, fitted sheet; 93.5%) (all p < .001).

Conclusion: Study findings support both feasibility and acceptability of modifying Safe Sleep Community Baby Showers to provide culturally and linguistically appropriate education for women who speak Spanish. Initial outcomes suggest increased intentions to follow safe sleep recommendations.

Setting: Community baby showers in Sedgwick County, Kansas

Population of Focus: Pregnant women and recently delivered mothers

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Provision of Safe Sleep Item, COMMUNITY, Presentation

Intervention Description: With the support of the Kansas Infant Death SIDS (KIDS) Network, safe sleep instructors in four rural counties (Geary, Cloud, Harvey, and Shawnee) held virtual Safe Sleep Community Baby Showers in 2020. Safe sleep, breastfeeding, and tobacco cessation/avoidance education was provided to participants regardless of education format. In-person events were interactive by nature, using presentation and demonstration, but also included video components. For virtual events, Geary and Cloud counties chose to provide educational videos and prerecorded presentations to participants (passive). Harvey and Shawnee counties held real-time interactive education over a virtual platform. Data was collected via pre- and postsurveys. Those who completed both surveys received a portable crib and wearable blanket.

Intervention Results: Based on data from 145 in-person and 74 virtual participants, virtual participants were more likely to be married (P<.001) and have private insurance (P<.001), and were less likely to report tobacco use (P<.001). Both event formats significantly increased knowledge and intentions regarding safe sleep and avoidance of secondhand smoke (all P≤.001). Breastfeeding intentions did not change. Differences were observed between in-person and virtual meetings regarding confidence in the ability to avoid secondhand smoke (in-person: 121/144, 84% vs virtual: 53/74, 72%; P=.03), intention to breastfeed ≥6 months (in-person: 79/128, 62% vs virtual: 52/66, 79%; P=.008), and confidence in the ability to breastfeed ≥6 months (in-person: 58/123, 47% vs virtual: 44/69, 64%; P=.02).

Conclusion: Although both event formats demonstrated increased knowledge/intentions to follow safe sleep recommendations, virtual events may further marginalize groups who are at high risk for poor birth outcomes. Strategies to increase technology access, recruit priority populations, and ensure disparities are not exacerbated will be critical for the implementation of future virtual events.

Setting: Four rural counties in Kansas

Population of Focus: Pregnant or postpartum women

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Provider Training/Education, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), COMMUNITY, Presentation

Intervention Description: This study assessed the impact of the two-day Kansas Infant Death and SIDS (KIDS) Network Safe Sleep Instructor (SSI) train-the-trainer program on CPS staffs' knowledge of the American Academy of Pediatrics safe sleep recommendations. Training was attended by 43 participants, 27 (63%) of whom were employed by CPS. All participants completed a 10-item pre- and post-training knowledge assessment at the beginning of the training and immediately following the training, respectively. Following training, SSIs were certified to educate parents/caregivers, childcare providers, health care providers, and other members of their communities about safe sleep practices. SSIs were tasked with providing safe sleep training to at least 10 professionals and with hosting one Safe Sleep Community Baby Shower or Crib Clinic within 9 months of certification.

Intervention Results: Following SSI certification, CPS SSIs provided more safe sleep training to professionals than other SSIs (1051 vs. 165, respectively), and both groups of SSIs were able to significantly increase the knowledge of their trainees.

Conclusion: Overall, the KIDS Network SSI training was successful. The innovative partnership with CPS allowed for provision of training to a group not historically targeted for safe sleep education.

Setting: Kansas Department of Children and Families Child Protective Services (CPS)

Population of Focus: Child Protective Services staff

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Individual Supports,

Intervention Description: Focuses on the mentor-mentee relationship and aims to provide a detailed understanding of mentors' lived experiences within the construct of the mentor-mentee relationship

Intervention Results: themes related to mentors' experiences in high school, the impact of mentors' experiences on their mentorship, and the rewarding nature of mentors' roles in the mentor-mentee relationship

Conclusion: The conclusion of the study emphasized the importance of exploring the mentor-mentee relationship experience from the mentor's perspective and highlighted the impact of mentor experience, mentoring style, and the nature of mentor-mentee identification and engagement on the outcomes of the mentoring relationship , .

Study Design: qualitative research study using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) to interpret mentors' lived experiences in mentor-mentee relationships at the high school level

Setting: School-based: Prince George County high schools in the state of Maryland

Population of Focus: mentors of high school-level mentees

Sample Size: 12 mentors

Age Range: high school

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Provider Training/Education, Patient-Centered Medical Home, Quality Improvement/Practice-Wide Intervention,

Intervention Description: pre-test, training intervention and tool guide, post test

Intervention Results: After completing the educational intervention to promote family and sibling adaptation in the NICU, the nurses' knowledge and perceptions were more favorable, and they implemented more nursing practices.

Conclusion: Based on the findings of our quality improvement project, the educational intervention could be offered to all NICU nurses working with families, as the positive attitudes of nurses are central to the implementation of FCC (Maree & Downes, 2016). FCC should be encouraged in NICUs as parental presence, educational sessions and participating actively in the care of preterm infants have been recently reported to improve both infant and parental outcomes (O'Brien et al., 2018), as well as the infants' medical outcomes (Lv et al., 2019). Visitors' programs in hospital centers to support FCC have reported significant results for parents (Lee et al., 2014). Policies in the NICU should encourage the parents' presence and participation in care and also include siblings and extended families, such as grandparents (Craig et al., 2015; Lee et al., 2014). If necessary, the visitation policy could be modified to promote parental presence, participation and partnership in FCC (Griffin, 2013). The design of the NICU can also support FCC (Maree & Downes, 2016). With the goal of expanding the reach of our training intervention, this quality improvement project is currently being turned into an online training program in order to be offered to all NICU nurses across the province. This project should be replicated with a larger sample of NICU nurses. Future research could also evaluate the parents' satisfaction with the FCC in the NICU using an instrument that includes all FCC principles (Dall'Oglio et al., 2018). Using FCC guidelines, the effect of training or educational programs on the family members' psychological and wellness outcomes should be evaluated (Davidson et al., 2017). Comparing the effect of FCC on the adaptation of different sibling age groups (i.e., 3 to 8 years old vs. 12 to 16 years old), as well as grandparents or even others deemed to be significant others by families during NICU hospitalization, would also contribute to the body of knowledge about FCC. Finally, nurses' perceptions of the benefits of implementing FCC in their practice could be further explored through a qualitative study. The findings of our project reinforce the importance of offering NICU nurses educational training programs to support them in their practice, as part of quality improvement processes. Our results support the main objective of the educational intervention, which was to develop the nurses' competencies in intervening with siblings and families in the NICU. This FCC educational intervention can significantly contribute to the quality of care offered to family members, including siblings, who have a preterm infant hospitalized at the NICU

Study Design: quality improvement project

Setting: NICU: a level III NICU in Montreal, Canada, with a capacity of 40 beds designed in pods - a level III NICU in Montreal, Canada, with a capacity of 40 beds designed in pods (intermediate and intensive care) and single-family rooms, where approximately 110 nurses work

Population of Focus: NICU Nurses - the nurses working in the NICU. A convenience sample of 20 nurses initially participated in the project, and 13 completed the post-intervention evaluation .

Sample Size: 20 nurses

Age Range: 23-44

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Community-Based Group Education, , PATIENT_CONSUMER

Intervention Description: This study focused on this population in a quantitative, randomized controlled trial using a low-cost, brief educational intervention, a Safety Baby Shower (SBS).

Intervention Results: Comparing self-report, safe sleep knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and intent (KABI) to act scores across the two groups found intervention dyads to have more positive views on all four constructs than controls. Specifically, intervention dyad young mothers were significantly more likely to have positive beliefs about safe sleep and were more likely to report intent to practice infant safe sleep than control young mothers. Intervention dyad young mothers also had higher self-efficacy related to infant safety and more positive attitudes about safe sleep practices than control young mothers. Observations at a home visit conducted after delivery found no differences in the safe sleep practices by intervention status. Participant report of behaviors at the home visit also showed no differences in the use of safe position between the intervention and control groups.

Conclusion: It appears that even when young mothers gain knowledge and self-efficacy, they have difficulty implementing this knowledge. In practice, this suggests that exploring barriers prenatally with this population and offering suggestions to overcome them may be indicated.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Family-Based Interventions, Food Prescriptions

Intervention Description: The intervention described in the study involved providing food prescriptions for 30 pounds of various healthy foods to participants in low-income communities. Participants were able to redeem these food prescriptions every 2 weeks for up to 6 months, totaling 12 redemptions. The food prescriptions included a variety of fruits, vegetables, lean protein, low-fat dairy, and whole grains, with an emphasis on fresh produce and nutrition education materials

Intervention Results: Participants (n = 172) in the program reported a 94.1% decrease in the prevalence of food insecurity (p < .01) at the end of the program. An average of 29.2 pounds of fruits and vegetables were distributed per family per distribution, and 99% of participants reported eating "all" or "most" of the food provided. Program costs were $12.20 per participant per redemption. Interviews revealed that providers and participants felt the program was well received and highly needed.

Conclusion: This pilot study demonstrates the framework and feasibility of a collaborative clinic-based food prescription program to address food insecurity. Future research should examine the sustained impact of such programs on behavioral and health outcomes.

Study Design: single group pre-post evaluation design

Setting: School-based clinic

Population of Focus: Adult patients and parents of pediatric patients from three clinics serving north Pasadena residents

Sample Size: 172

Age Range: Not explicitly provided

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Social Supports, Care Coordination, Prenatal Care Access,

Intervention Description: The study proposed an intervention framework based on the themes and ideas generated from the qualitative analysis of participant perspectives. The proposed intervention design included three overarching thematic domains: (1) social support in the form of accompaniment and reassurance, (2) improved care delivery with greater consistency, communication, and individualization of outpatient prenatal care, and (3) improved access to outpatient prenatal care, convenient appointment availability, and uninterrupted insurance coverage during pregnancy , . The proposed intervention features included integrating CHWs into care teams and existing childbirth education, connecting pregnant individuals with social services resources, group prenatal care support, health information exchange, prenatal passport cards or applications, visit checklists, advanced access scheduling, enhanced care team visibility, drop-in pregnancy support center, insurance screening and enrollment, and CHW support for navigation and continuity . The intervention design aimed to improve trust and impact of prenatal care, advance equitably improved outcomes, and address unmet needs in those at risk for poor pregnancy outcome

Intervention Results: The study identified unique unmet needs and ideas for improving prenatal care among pregnant women with different patterns of unscheduled care utilization. Participants expressed a desire for social support interventions that address unmet psychosocial needs, care coordination, accompaniment, and navigation for at-risk pregnant women, while also addressing broader needs such as insurance eligibility, navigation to community-based resources, and access to timely prenatal care . The proposed intervention framework aimed to address these needs and improve prenatal care delivery for low-SES, Medicaid-insured, predominantly Black, pregnant women . The study also identified limitations, including a small sample size and potential social desirability bias . Overall, the study offers the opportunity to leverage qualitative narratives, tailor and adapt intervention design to meet the specific needs of a hard-to-engage population, and reduce inequitable, preventable maternal morbidity and mortality .

Conclusion: The study concluded that the use of a qualitative study design generated person-centered intervention elements that can improve trust and impact of prenatal care. The findings focused on the differential needs and ideas of pregnant women with unique patterns of utilization of unscheduled care, demonstrating a need for embedding targeted social support alongside clinical care to advance equitably improved outcomes. The study suggested that targeted interventions incorporating user ideas and addressing unique unmet needs of specific subgroups may improve perinatal outcomes. The proposed intervention elements may help maternity care systems improve health care delivery for Black, low-SES pregnant women by specifically focusing on community health worker (CHW) integration to address unmet psychosocial needs, care coordination, accompaniment, and navigation for at-risk pregnant women, while also addressing broader needs such as insurance eligibility, navigation to community-based resources, and access to timely prenatal care , .

Study Design: The study utilized a participatory action, qualitative research design to explore the perspectives and experiences of pregnant women regarding their prenatal care, barriers to care, and unscheduled care utilization in an obstetric triage unit. The qualitative analysis involved conducting in-depth, semi-structured interviews with pregnant women at the point of unscheduled hospital-based obstetric care, prompting participants regarding perspectives on group prenatal care and community health worker (CHW) interventions, and asking open-ended questions regarding ideas for improving care 2, 2. The qualitative data obtained from these interviews were then analyzed using grounded theory to identify major themes and develop an intervention framework aligned with participant perspectives

Setting: The setting for the study was an academic hospital outpatient setting, where pregnant women enrolled in a prenatal clinic were interviewed at the point of unscheduled hospital-based obstetric care in a triage unit . This setting allowed the researchers to gather insights from pregnant women who had experienced unscheduled care and to explore their perspectives on group prenatal care and community health worker (CHW) interventions, as well as their ideas for improving care

Population of Focus: The target audience for the study included pregnant women, particularly those from low socioeconomic status (SES) and Medicaid-insured, predominantly Black, pregnant women. The study aimed to capture the perspectives and experiences of this specific demographic group regarding their prenatal care, unscheduled care utilization, and ideas for improving care delivery

Sample Size: The study enrolled a total of 40 participants, who were categorized into two groups: Group 1 (n = 20) and Group 2 (n = 20) . These groups were defined based on the degree of utilization of unscheduled care during pregnancy, allowing for a comparative qualitative analysis of participant ideas for improving prenatal care. The sample size of 40 participants provided a substantial basis for capturing diverse perspectives and experiences related to prenatal care and unscheduled care utilization.

Age Range: The study did not explicitly mention the age range of the participants. However, it provided the mean age of the participants in Group 1 as 25.5 years and in Group 2 as 25.0 years . This suggests that the participants were generally in their mid-20s, but without specific details on the age range.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Consensus Guideline Implementation, Referrals,

Intervention Description: The article describes the development and implementation of a concussion care pathway, which includes the integration of the Cleveland Clinic Concussion (C3) app to guide clinical decision-making throughout the injury recovery process. The intervention involves the use of the C3 app to provide standardized, biomechanical outcomes that serve as qualifiers to monitor recovery patterns in patients, identify individuals at risk for protracted recovery, and drive referral for specialty services for those not recovering in a timely manner. The C3 app includes assessment modules to measure important aspects of cognitive and motor function, as well as a return to play module to systematically document the six phases of post-injury rehabilitation. The intervention also involves the use of detailed injury documentation to better understand circumstances surrounding concussive injuries with the aim of mitigating risk and improving outcomes. Therefore, the intervention description includes the use of the C3 app for standardized assessment and monitoring of recovery patterns, as well as the documentation of injury details to facilitate understanding and mitigation of risk associated with concussive injuries.

Intervention Results: Overall, the carepath coupled with the C3 app functioned in unison to facilitate communication among the interdisciplinary team, prevent stagnant care, and drive patients to the right provider at the right time for efficient and effective clinical management.

Conclusion: The article reports statistically significant findings related to the performance of student-athletes on the C3 app modules at baseline and during each post-injury phase of recovery. Specifically, the article reports that Welch's two-sample t-tests revealed a significant difference between student-athletes who recovered within three weeks of injury and those who were still symptomatic three weeks after injury for the following C3 app modules: simple reaction time, choice reaction time, Trail Making Test B, and for two of the six BESS stances quantifying postural sway (double limb stance on foam, tandem stance on foam). These results suggest that athletes who remained symptomatic performed significantly worse on C3 modules measuring information processing, executive function, set switching, and postural stability. However, the article notes that the sensitivity and specificity of these modules with the current data set cannot be determined, as only injured athletes are represented. Therefore, while the article reports statistically significant findings related to the performance of student-athletes on the C3 app modules, the sensitivity and specificity of these modules require further investigation.

Study Design: The study described in the article is a descriptive study that outlines the development and implementation of a concussion care pathway and the integration of technology in the form of a mobile application to enable the care pathway and guide clinical decision-making. The article presents data on the utility of the Cleveland Clinic Concussion (C3) app in facilitating decision-making throughout the injury recovery process, but it does not report on the results of a specific research study. The article describes the process of developing and implementing the concussion care pathway, including the involvement of an interdisciplinary team of experts in concussion care, the use of evidence-based best practices, and the validation and deployment of the C3 app. Therefore, the study design/type is a descriptive study of the development and implementation of a concussion care pathway and the integration of technology to support clinical decision-making.

Setting: The setting for the study described in the article is the Cleveland Clinic. The development and implementation of the concussion care pathway, as well as the validation and deployment of the Cleveland Clinic Concussion (C3) app, were carried out within the Cleveland Clinic enterprise. The interdisciplinary team involved in the development of the care pathway included providers from various departments within the Cleveland Clinic, such as sports medicine, neurology, neurosurgery, rehabilitation medicine, neuroradiology, emergency medicine, primary care, pediatrics, and family medicine, as well as athletic trainers, physical therapists, speech therapists, occupational therapists, nurses, and neuropsychologists. Therefore, the study was conducted within the clinical and research environment of the Cleveland Clinic.

Population of Focus: The target audience for the study described in the article is likely to be healthcare providers involved in the management of concussion, including physicians, athletic trainers, physical therapists, speech therapists, occupational therapists, nurses, and neuropsychologists. The article provides a detailed description of the development and implementation of a concussion care pathway and the integration of technology in the form of a mobile application to enable the care pathway and guide clinical decision-making. The study also presents data on the utility of the C3 app in facilitating decision-making throughout the injury recovery process. Therefore, the article is likely to be of interest to healthcare providers who are involved in the care of patients with concussion and who are interested in evidence-based best practices and technology-enhanced approaches to concussion management.

Sample Size: The article does not provide a specific sample size for the study. The study described in the article involves the development and implementation of a concussion care pathway and the validation and deployment of the Cleveland Clinic Concussion (C3) app. The article presents data on the utility of the C3 app in facilitating decision-making throughout the injury recovery process, but it does not provide information on the number of patients or participants involved in the study. Therefore, the sample size for the study is not reported in the article.

Age Range: The age group discussed in the article is primarily focused on student-athletes, as indicated in the representative results section. The study involved 181 student-athletes who were diagnosed with concussion during the 2013-2014 athletic seasons. The age range of the student-athletes is not explicitly mentioned, but it is noted that the mean age of the athletes was 17 years for those who recovered within three weeks of injury and 18 years for those who experienced prolonged recovery. Therefore, the age group of the student-athletes in the study is likely to be in the range of late adolescence to early adulthood.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Patient Reminder/Invitation, Enabling Services

Intervention Description: Individually randomised controlled trial. All 3 124 women in three low-resource areas in Gothenburg, due for screening during the study period, were randomised to receive an offer of a free test or the standard invitation stating the regular fee of 100 SEK (≈11 €). The study was conducted during the first six months of 2013. Attendance was defined as a registered Pap smear within 90 days from the date the invitation was sent out.

Intervention Results: Attendance did not differ significantly between women who were charged and those offered free screening (RR 0.93; CI 0.85-1.02). No differences were found within the districts or as an effect of age, attendance after the most recent previous invitation or previous experience of smear taking.

Conclusion: Abolishment of a modest screening fee in socially disadvantaged urban districts with low coverage, after previous multiple systematic interventions, does not increase attendance in the short term. Other interventions might be more important for increasing attendance in low socio-economic status areas.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Sweden

Population of Focus: Women with no Pap smear reported in the past 3 or 5 years

Data Source: Process Registry of the Swedish National Screening Registry

Sample Size: Total (N=3,124) Intervention (n=1,562); Control (n=1,562)

Age Range: 23-63

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Extra-Curricular Activities, CLASSROOM_SCHOOL

Intervention Description: an intervention that provides children and their parent more time to interact positively could impact children's PA. We examined the efficacy of a 12-week mother-daughter intervention on African-American girls' PA levels. In Spring of 2013 and 2014, mother-daughter dyads (n = 76) from Springfield, MA, were randomly assigned to one of three groups [child-mother (CH-M, n = 28), child alone (CH, n = 25), or control (CON, n = 23)] that participated in an afterschool culturally-tailored dance intervention (60 min/day, 3 days/week, 12 weeks). Girls in the CH-M group participated in the intervention with their maternal figure, while girls in the CH group participated in the intervention alone. CON group participants received weekly health-related newsletters.

Intervention Results: During the afterschool intervention time, girls in the CH-M group displayed a significantly steeper rate of increase in their percent time spent in vigorous PA compared to both the CON (γ = 0.80, p < 0.001) and the CH group (χ2 (1)=13.01, p < 0.001). Mothers in the CH-M group displayed a significantly steeper rate of increase in their percent time spent in total daily moderate-to-vigorous PA compared to CH group's mothers (γ = 0.07, p = 0.01).

Conclusion: This culturally-tailored mother-daughter afterschool intervention influenced African-American girls' afterschool hour PA levels, but not total daily PA.

Study Design: Random assignment to one of 3 groups; comparison of change

Setting: After-school dance intervention

Population of Focus: African American girls ages 7-10

Data Source: Accelerometers

Sample Size: 76 mother-daughter dyads

Age Range: Ages 7-10

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, Mentor Engagement, Mentor Engagement

Intervention Description: The intervention described in the study is community-based mentoring, particularly focusing on the unique aspects of the mentor's approach and the support provided to the youth. The mentoring program is unique in its emphasis on the fit of the mentor's approach with the specific circumstances of the match, rather than advocating for a one-size-fits-all approach to mentoring relationships.

Intervention Results: The results of the study emphasize the importance of the fit between mentor approach and the specific circumstances of the match, as well as the influence of previous mentoring experience on relationship-building and support .

Conclusion: The conclusion drawn from the study is that mentoring programs need to train, monitor, and coach mentors with attention to how the mentor approaches the match, and that mentoring program staff must understand the specifics of the match and coach the mentor in a way that will work well based on youth characteristics, parent preferences, and the agency's goals and policies .

Study Design: The study design is a longitudinal, qualitative investigation that examines how mentors approach building relationships with their mentees and the connection between the mentor's approach and the support perceived by the youth .

Setting: community-based mentoring programs, specifically focusing on the Big Brothers Big Sisters

Population of Focus: mentors, parents, and youth

Sample Size: 8 matches

Age Range: youth

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, PARENT/FAMILY, Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, CLASSROOM, Adult-led Curricular Activities/Training, SCHOOL, Assembly, Reporting & Response System

Intervention Description: This study is an evaluation of a systemic, two-year, whole-school bullying intervention initiative that was implemented in a US public high school.

Intervention Results: Except for a reduction in victimization, all goals were achieved in some measure. Self-reported bullying decreased 50% or more. Students' reporting that peers intervened in bullying increased. Staff-reported reductions in student aggression, and staff's belief that the school's efforts to address bullying were adequate increased.

Conclusion: This evaluation points to the possible success of a whole-school, systemic approach to managing bullying at the high school level. (Contains 1 figure and 2 tables.)

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest

Setting: US

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Victimization: Pretest (n=874); Posttest (n=817) Perpetration: Pretest (n=870); Posttest (n=818)

Age Range: 14-18

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Provider Training/Education, Educational Material (Provider), Expert Support (Provider)

Intervention Description: To increase primary care providers' use of validated tools for developmental, social/emotional, maternal depression, and domestic violence screening and to increase early awareness of autism symptoms during pediatric well-child visits in children aged 0 to 3 years.

Intervention Results: Percentage of sites screening 85% of children by 12-month well-child visit increased from 0% at baseline to 68.8% at follow-up. Sites not reaching 85% screening screened 48-83% of children at follow-up. Percentage of sites conducting social/emotional screening for 85% of children by 18-month well-child visit increased from 6% at baseline to 46.7% at follow-up. Sites not reaching 85% screening screened 5-81% of children at follow-up. Percentage of sites screening 85% of children by 24-month well-child visit increased from 0% at baseline to 68.8% at follow-up. Sites not reaching 85% screening screened 18-84% of children at follow-up.

Conclusion: The Enhancing Developmentally Oriented Primary Care (EDOPC) project enhanced confidence and intent to screen among a large group of Illinois primary health care providers. Among a sample of primary care sites at which chart reviews were conducted, the EDOPC project increased developmental screening rates to the target of 85% of patients at most sites and increased social/emotional screening rates to the same target rate in nearly half of the participating practices.

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest

Setting: Primary care medical homes (federally qualified health centers, residency training programs, private practices) primarily in Chicago, Illinois, metropolitan area

Population of Focus: Children ages 4 to 24 months

Data Source: Child medical record

Sample Size: Chart audits at 16 sites (n=25 per site)

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Education/Training (caregiver), Enabling Services, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, PATIENT_CONSUMER

Intervention Description: The goal of this project was to optimize team work and access to primary care services among publicly insured adolescents and young adults attending an urban primary care clinic, using a previsit screening checklist to identify patient needs and delegate tasks within a care team to coordinate access to health services at the time of the visit.

Intervention Results: The majority of patients were receptive to the previsit screening checklist; 85% of services requested were provided; nonclinician staff felt more involved in patient care; and providers’ satisfaction increased.

Conclusion: We conducted an interventional quality improvement initiative in a PDSA (Plan-Do-Study-Act) cycle format; 291 patients, 13 to 25 years old were included in the study over an 8-months period. The majority of patients were receptive to the previsit screening checklist; 85% of services requested were provided; nonclinician staff felt more involved in patient care; and providers’ satisfaction increased.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Quality Improvement, Care Coordination,

Intervention Description: The intervention is a previsit screening checklist that is completed by the patient prior to the medical encounter and covers areas such as nutrition, reproductive health, and social and nursing services. The checklist is then reviewed by the clinical assistant, who coordinates with other team members to provide same-day access to requested services. The intervention aligns with a discernable strategy of promoting teamwork during a medical visit through delegation of tasks among care team members and providing same-day access to existing medical services. The use of a previsit screening checklist is intended to help care teams anticipate patient needs for services and proactively coordinate access to requested services at the time of the visit. The article describes a study that analyzes a multicomponent intervention, which includes the previsit screening checklist, as well as previsit huddles, PDSA (Plan-Do-Study-Act) cycles focusing on workflow, regular care team meetings, and patients' and parents' advisory boards.

Intervention Results: The study reported several key results: 1. The majority of patients were receptive to the previsit screening checklist. 2. 85% of the requested services were provided at the time of the medical visit. 3. Nonclinician staff felt more involved in patient care. 4. Providers' satisfaction increased. Additionally, the study found that female patients accounted for the majority of the service requests, with reproductive health services being the most commonly requested type of service. These results suggest that the previsit screening checklist intervention improved teamwork and access to preventive services for adolescent and young adult patients in the medical home serving low-income populations.

Conclusion: The study concluded that the implementation of a previsit screening checklist in a primary care setting can optimize teamwork, increase patient access to preventive services, and support patient engagement in decision making. The checklist intervention was found to be easily incorporated into the clinic workflow, promoting a culture of teamwork and enhancing health care delivery. Despite some challenges, the study demonstrated that the use of the previsit screening checklist was associated with improved access to preventive services for adolescents and young adults in the primary care setting.

Study Design: The study utilized a quality improvement project design to evaluate the implementation of a previsit screening checklist in a primary care setting. The project involved a multidisciplinary team and incorporated input from advisory boards and key informants. The intervention was evaluated through a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches, including iterative Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles to assess the needs and acceptance of the checklist prior to and during the intervention. The study design focused on process evaluation and outcome measures to assess the impact of the intervention on patient access to preventive services and teamwork within the clinic

Setting: The study was conducted in a primary care pediatrics and adolescents practice located in a low-income urban neighborhood of Boston. The practice is owned by a children's hospital and serves children, adolescents, and young adults through age 25 years. The majority of patients are first- or second-generation immigrants of Latino descent, and most are of low-income families, with an income level below the poverty line, and about 74% qualify for Medicaid .

Population of Focus: The target audience of the study was adolescent and young adult patients (ages 13-25) who received care at a primary care pediatrics and adolescents practice located in a low-income urban neighborhood of Boston. The majority of patients were first- or second-generation immigrants of Latino descent, and most were of low-income families, with an income level below the poverty line, and about 74% qualified for Medicaid

Sample Size: The sample size in the study consisted of 291 patients who completed the previsit screening checklist during an adolescent well visit. Additionally, 222 of these patients requested services based on the checklist. The study provided a breakdown of the sample characteristics, including age, gender, race, primary language, and type of insurance for the patients who completed the checklist

Age Range: The age range of the patients included in the study is 13 to 25 years old.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Care Coordination, Pediatric to Adult Transfer Assistance, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE

Intervention Description: This quality-improvement initiative was designed to implement a structured intervention that supports the planned transfer of care to adult primary care.

Intervention Results: Over 3 years, our PN reached out to 96% of patients (n = 226) eligible to transfer care and offered transfer assistance in person or in writing. Among those surveyed, 92% (n = 93) reported awareness of our practice transition policy, and 83% (n = 64) rated their confidence to transfer care at 3 or higher on a 5-point scale.

Conclusion: AYAs are aware of our practice transition policy, yet they welcome in-person transfer assistance. This intervention seems to improve their confidence to transfer care. However, despite PN outreach efforts, many remain empaneled in our practice and thus lack the self-care skills necessary to complete the transfer independently. Future transition interventions should address AYA's self-management skills toward transition readiness.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PAYER, Expanded Insurance Coverage, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Public Insurance (Health Care Provider/Practice), Collaboration with Local Agencies (State), Collaboration with Local Agencies (Health Care Provider/Practice), CLASSROOM_SCHOOL, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Outreach (caregiver), Communication Tools, Distribution of Promotional Items (Classroom/School)

Intervention Description: In Michigan, a school-based outreach effort was piloted using existing school communication tools to identify children who are currently uninsured and may be eligible for state-subsidized health insurance. School districts were provided with two health insurance status collection forms to be included with the free and reduced school lunch application, and as part of the student registration packet and welcome materials for school. Completed forms were sent to a state registered application-assisting agency to ensure families can access the coverage and services they need. A final step in the process is outreach to eligible respondents by the Michigan Primary Care Association to help ensure that they receive information and access to the healthcare coverage and services they need.

Intervention Results: As a result of the survey, 156 children were identified as not having health insurance. This represents more than 44% of the 358 children who are eligible for State subsidized health insurance, in the participating school districts, but are uninsured. Integrating the collection of health insurance status into routine school communication channels is an effective way to identify children who do not have health insurance and may be eligible for state subsidized benefits.

Conclusion: 1. The Michigan Department of Community Health should lead the effort to work with the Michigan Department of Education to modify the Free and Reduced Lunch Application to capture whether or not the applicant has health insurance. 2. The Michigan Department of Community Health should lead the effort to incorporate into the direct certified free and reduced lunch eligibility process a systematic check as to whether or not the applicant has State subsidized health insurance. 3. The Michigan Department of Community Health should provide resources from the expected performance bonus to work with schools across the State to implement these changes.

Study Design: Cross-sectional pilot study

Setting: Schools (School districts in Van Buren County, Michigan)

Population of Focus: Uninsured children

Data Source: Survey data

Sample Size: 8,999 children

Age Range: School-aged children

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Outreach (School Staff), Educational Material (Provider), Patient Navigation,

Intervention Description: The intervention in the study is described as a school-based outreach pilot program aimed at increasing access and participation in State-subsidized health insurance. The specific activities of the intervention include including State-subsidized insurance marketing material in the student registration packet and providing outreach material to develop sustainable strategies for identifying uninsured children and systematically incorporating child health outreach into routine school district operations

Intervention Results: The study's results indicate that the school-based outreach program was effective in identifying uninsured children and facilitating their enrollment in State-subsidized health insurance programs. The outreach efforts resulted in a significant response rate, with a notable number of children enrolled in the program as a result of the intervention. These findings suggest that incorporating health insurance outreach into routine school district operations can be a successful strategy for reaching uninsured children and increasing their access to State-subsidized health insurance

Conclusion: The conclusion of the study suggests that integrating the collection of health insurance status into routine school communication channels is an effective way to identify uninsured children who may be eligible for State subsidized benefits. The research, conducted in Van Buren County, MI, estimates that 70% of the 1,211 uninsured children are eligible for State subsidized health insurance. A survey distributed with free and reduced lunch applications and school registration identified 156 uninsured children, raising questions about the external validity of the research. The study proposes the extrapolation of results to the entire county or even the state, emphasizing the simplicity of the survey and the statewide management of the Free and Reduced Lunch Program. The approach, already successful in several states, could provide a sustainable and everyday method for effective outreach to identify uninsured children. Additionally, the study rejects Ho2, stating there is a statistical difference in the number of applications received from a school-based outreach program during the pilot period. The analysis of application data shows a positive relationship between time and the number of applications received, with a predicted increase of 5.6593 applications in each subsequent period. The model's strength is supported by a relatively strong R² of 77.58%. However, the study acknowledges that 23% of the error remains unexplained, possibly due to factors such as the pilot outreach intervention. The actual number of applications in May 2013 exceeded the predicted range, suggesting factors not accounted for in the model.

Study Design: The study is described as a cross-sectional pilot study designed to employ a school-based outreach effort utilizing existing school communications to identify children who are currently uninsured and may be eligible for State subsidized health insurance.

Setting: State of Michigan schools

Population of Focus: The target audience for the study includes K-12 students and their families, particularly those who are currently uninsured and may be eligible for State subsidized health insurance.

Sample Size: The study identifies 156 children as not having health insurance, representing more than 44% of the 358 children who are eligible for State subsidized health insurance in the participating school districts

Age Range: The age range of the children involved in the study is K-12, which typically includes children between the ages of 5 and 18 years old

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): SCHOOL, School-Based Health Centers, CLASSROOM_SCHOOL

Intervention Description: We sought to compare visit rates, emergency care use, and markers of quality of care between adolescents who use school-based health centers and those who use other community centers within a safety-net health care system for low-income and uninsured patients.

Intervention Results: Although school-based health center users (n = 790) were less likely than other users (n = 925) to be insured (37% vs 73%), they were more likely to have made > or = 3 primary care visits (52% vs 34%), less likely to have used emergency care (17% vs 34%), and more likely to have received a health maintenance visit (47% vs 33%), an influenza vaccine (45% vs 18%), a tetanus booster (33% vs 21%), and a hepatitis B vaccine (46% vs 20%).

Conclusion: These findings suggest that, within a safety-net system, school-based health centers augment access to care and quality of care for underserved adolescents compared with traditional outpatient care sites.

Study Design: Retrospective cohort design

Setting: Denver, Colorado Health safety-net system

Population of Focus: Adolescents ages 14-17 within Denver Health safety-net system (study population was limited to uninsured or insured by Medicaid or SCHIP)

Data Source: Administrative databases maintained by Denver Health and Denver Public Schools

Sample Size: Total (N=3599)

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): HOSPITAL, Chart Audit and Feedback, Guideline Change and Implementation, Organizational Changes, Peer Review, Quality Improvement

Intervention Description: To improve quality and safety of care to our obstetric and neonatal patients (presenting between 34 0/7 and 36 6/7 weeks) by lowering the overall induction rate, lowering the elective induction rate less than 39 weeks, decreasing the unanticipated admissions of late preterm infants to the special care nursery (SCN), decreasing the number of transports out of our level II SCN to a higher level III neonatal intensive care unit, and increasing safety culture scores of the Family Birth Center staff at Mercy Hospital Anderson, Cincinnati, OH.

Intervention Results: Rate of CS among electively induced women at the level II hospital decreased from 37.4% (2005) to 31.5% (2006) to 25% (2007). From 2005 to 2006, one year after hospital review was launched, there was a 5.9% decrease in CS (p<0.05)2. From 2006 to 2007, two years after hospital review was launched and supplemental changes to elective induction policies and practices were made, there was a 6.5% decrease in CS (p<0.05)2.

Conclusion: In 2007, outcomes including total induction rate, elective induction rate for less than 39 weeks, cesarean birth rate for elective inductions among nulliparas, and SCN unanticipated admissions of infants 34 0/7 to 36 6/7 weeks' gestation (late preterm infants) were compared with these same measures in 2005.

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest

Setting: 1 level-II maternity hospital in Ohio

Population of Focus: Nulliparous women who gave birth between January 2005 to December 20072

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: n=2,172

Age Range: Not Specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Patient-Centered Medical Home, Prenatal Care Access, Social Supports,

Intervention Description: it focused on examining the factors associated with experiences of person-centered care during pregnancy and birth among Black birthing people in California using the Person-Centered Prenatal Care (PCPC) and the Person-Centered Maternity Care (PCMC-US) scales. These validated measures were used to better understand how Black women and birthing people experience their care in relation to other aspects of their identity, social status, and care-related factors . The study aimed to identify factors associated with lower PCPC and PCMC-US scores, providing insights into the contributors to the experiences of care among Black birthing people in California

Intervention Results: The study identified several factors associated with lower person-centered care scores among Black birthing people in California. Factors associated with lower PCPC scores included having foreign-born parents, having public or no insurance, part-time employment, unstable housing, late start of prenatal care (in the second or third trimester), poorer self-rated health, and lack of continuity of care with prenatal providers. On the other hand, factors associated with lower PCMC-US scores included having public insurance, late start of prenatal care, longer length of stay in the facility following birth, poorer self-rated health, lack of continuity of care between prenatal care and birth providers, and racial discordance with the birth provider . These findings highlight the contributions of intersecting identities as well as health-related and care-related factors to Black birthing people's experiences of care in California. Continuity of care and provider racial concordance were shown to improve pregnancy and birth experiences

Conclusion: The study's conclusions emphasized the significant contributions of intersecting identities, health-related factors, and care-related factors to the experiences of care among Black birthing people in California. The findings underscored the importance of continuity of care and provider racial concordance in improving pregnancy and birth experiences for this population. Additionally, the study highlighted the need to address the intersecting effects of sociodemographic factors on experiences of care and the potential interventions to decrease healthcare disparities. The authors also noted that despite the relatively homogenous sample, the analysis revealed the impact of sociodemographic factors and intersecting identities on care experiences, consistent with the existing literature on factors influencing care experiences

Study Design: The study utilized a cross-sectional design to examine the factors associated with experiences of person-centered care during pregnancy and birth among Black birthing people in California. The cross-sectional design allowed the researchers to collect data at a single point in time, providing a snapshot of the experiences and characteristics of the participants within the specified timeframe. This design is commonly used to assess associations between variables and is suitable for investigating factors related to person-centered care experiences within a specific population

Setting: The setting for the study is California, United States. The research focuses on Black women and birthing people in California and aims to examine factors associated with experiences of person-centered care during pregnancy and birth within this specific demographic and geographic context. By conducting the study in California, the researchers provide insights that are relevant to the local healthcare landscape and can potentially inform targeted interventions and policies to improve the quality of care for Black women and birthing people in the state.

Population of Focus: The target audience for this study includes healthcare providers, policymakers, researchers, and advocates who are interested in improving the quality of care for Black women and birthing people during pregnancy and birth. The study provides valuable insights into factors associated with person-centered care during pregnancy and birth for this population, which can inform the development of targeted interventions and policies aimed at reducing disparities in birth outcomes. The findings of this study can also be of interest to individuals and organizations working to promote health equity and social justice in the United States.

Sample Size: The sample size for the study consisted of 234 Black women and birthing people who were recruited between January and September 2020 as part of a validation study for the Person-Centered Prenatal Care (PCPC) and the Person-Centered Maternity Care (PCMC-US) scales . This sample size was used for the analyses conducted to examine the factors associated with experiences of person-centered care during pregnancy and birth among Black birthing people in Californi

Age Range: The age range of the participants in the study was 15 years or older and less than 1 year postpartum . The study did not provide a specific age range for the participants. However, the study did report that the participants were predominantly aged 29-32 years

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Feedback,

Intervention Description: Twenty-two women of color living in the San Francisco Bay Area and receiving support services from a community-based nonprofit organization participated in semistructured interviews about their experiences receiving health care during pregnancy and birth. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed, and transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis to highlight recommendations for improving perinatal care experiences.

Intervention Results: Participants shared experiences and provided recommendations for improving care at the individual health care provider level, including spending quality time, relationship building and making meaningful connections, individualized person-centered care, and partnership in decision making. At the health systems level, recommendations included continuity of care, racial concordance with providers, supportive health care system structures to meet the needs of women of color, and implicit bias trainings and education to reduce judgment, stereotyping, and discrimination.

Conclusion: Participants in this study shared practical ways that health care providers and systems can improve pregnancy and birth care experiences for women of color. In addition to the actions needed to address the recommendations, health care providers and systems need to listen more closely to women of color as experts on their experiences in order to create effective change. Community-centered research, driven by and for women of color, is essential to improve health disparities during pregnancy and birth.

Study Design: Qualitative

Setting: Community-based

Population of Focus: Women of color living in the San Francisco Bay Area and receiving support services from a community-based nonprofit organization

Sample Size: 22

Age Range: Not disclosed

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Assessment, Consultation (Parent/Family), Outreach (School Staff),

Intervention Description: The study examined the effectiveness of an ambulatory behavioral health urgent care pilot project, the Urgent Evaluation Service (UES), in reducing emergency department (ED) visits and improving collaborations with schools in the local community. The UES model involved same-day, ambulatory psychiatric evaluation and care coordination for school-aged children experiencing behavioral health crises.

Intervention Results: The UES model was effective in reducing preventable ED visits and meeting the mental health needs of students in crisis. The study found a decrease in the volume of school referrals to the ED during UES hours of operation, dropping from 80 to 45 pre- and post-pilot, a decrease of 44%. The admission rate of school referrals to the ED during the day shift increased from 4% in 2013 to 11% in 2014, suggesting an increase in the proportion of clinically appropriate ED referrals, with subacute referrals being diverted to the UES.

Conclusion: The study suggests that urgent psychiatric evaluation and care coordination may be an effective model for reducing preventable ED visits and meeting the mental health needs of students in crisis. The authors recommend further analysis of a more fully developed UES with attention to utilization, cost-effectiveness, and the experiences and outcomes for patients, families, and school personnel to justify the model.

Study Design: Observational

Setting: The study was conducted at a large urban hospital in Brooklyn, New York.

Population of Focus: The target audience for the study is mental health professionals, educators, and policymakers interested in improving access to mental health services for school-aged children.

Sample Size: The sample size for the study was 72 students referred to the Urgent Evaluation Service (UES) from January 1 to June 30, 2014.

Age Range: This article focuses on school-age children and adolescents who were referred for behavioral health evaluations and crisis management. This typically encompasses individuals between the ages of 5 to 18 years old.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, Strengths-Based Approach

Intervention Description: The program is unique in that it pairs college women with middle school girls and focuses on addressing the increased vulnerability to social-emotional, behavioral, or academic challenges, and limited access to other more targeted interventions and supports .

Intervention Results: there was substantial variation among mentoring dyads in how often they discussed topics, and the four relationship-oriented discussion topics were addressed more frequently than the four academic-oriented discussion topics .

Conclusion: the conversations that take place during mentoring sessions play a role in facilitating improvements or declines in youth outcomes

Study Design: taged approach to analyze the data and address the research questions . The study also used a checklist to measure the specific behavior (i.e., discussion of a topic) shortly after the mentoring session was completed to reduce recall bias .

Setting: School-based: eastern mid-Atlantic university during the 2018-2019 academic year

Population of Focus: middle school girls and college women mentors

Sample Size: 41 middle school girls and 40 college women mentors

Age Range: 11 to 14

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Educational Material

Intervention Description: The policy statement endorses the 3rd edition of Caring for Our Children: National Health and Safety Performance Standards for Early Care and Education Programs published in 2011, which provides research-based standards/guidelines on health, safety, and developmental needs for children in out-of-home child care settings. It encourages child care providers, health professionals, state regulators, and the federal government to adopt and implement these standards.

Intervention Results: Of the 21 million U.S. children under 5, nearly half are enrolled in non-parental child care centers or homes, highlighting the importance of health and safety standards in these settings. High-quality child care following developmentally appropriate standards can positively impact school readiness and lifelong outcomes. While states have licensing standards, they tend to be less comprehensive than Caring for Our Children and vary across states. Adopting the enhanced Caring for Our Children standards may increase costs for child care providers but can be offset by improved quality ratings, grants, and potential for higher fees.

Conclusion: APHA endorses and encourages broad adoption of the 3rd edition of Caring for Our Children as the national standard to prioritize health, safety, and developmental needs in out-of-home child care settings. It urges child care providers, health consultants, state administrators/regulators to use these standards and encourages the federal government to support states in improving child care quality by promoting use of Caring for Our Children standards.

Study Design: N/A

Setting: N/A

Data Source: N/A

Sample Size: N/A

Age Range: N/A

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Assessment

Intervention Description: This statement provides an algorithm as a strategy to support health care professionals in developing a pattern and practice for addressing developmental concerns in children from birth through 3 years of age.

Intervention Results: The authors recommend that developmental surveillance be incorporated at every well-child preventive care visit. Any concerns raised during surveillance should be promptly addressed with standardized developmental screening tests. In addition, screening tests should be administered regularly at the 9-, 18-, and 30-month visits. (Because the 30-month visit is not yet a part of the preventive care system and is often not reimbursable by third-party payers at this time, developmental screening can be performed at 24 months of age. In addition, because the frequency of regular pediatric visits decreases after 24 months of age, a pediatrician who expects that his or her patients will have difficulty attending a 30-month visit should conduct screening during the 24-month visit.) The early identification of developmental problems should lead to further developmental and medical evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment, including early developmental intervention. Children diagnosed with developmental disorders should be identified as children with special health care needs, and chronic-condition management should be initiated. Identification of a developmental disorder and its underlying etiology may also drive a range of treatment planning, from medical treatment of the child to family planning for his or her parents.

Conclusion: Developmental surveillance should be a component of every preventive care visit. Standardized developmental screening tools should be used when such surveillance identifies concerns about a child's development and for children who appear to be at low risk of a developmental disorder at the 9-, 18-, and 30-month* visits. When a child has a positive screening result for a developmental problem, developmental and medical evaluations to identify the specific developmental disorders and related medical problems are warranted. In addition, children who have positive screening results for developmental problems should be referred to early developmental intervention and early childhood services and scheduled for earlier return visits to increase developmental surveillance. Children diagnosed with developmental disorders should be identified as children with special health care needs; chronic-condition management for these children should be initiated.

Study Design: N/A

Setting: N/A

Data Source: N/A

Sample Size: N/A

Age Range: Children ages 0-3 years old

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Educational Material, Individual Supports, Social Supports, Lactation Consultant

Intervention Description: The current statement updates the evidence for this conclusion and serves as a basis for AAP publications that detail breastfeeding management and infant nutrition, including the AAP Breastfeeding Handbook for Physicians,2 AAP Sample Hospital Breastfeeding Policy for Newborns,3 AAP Breastfeeding Residency Curriculum,4 and the AAP Safe and Healthy Beginnings Toolkit.

Intervention Results: Given the documented short- and long-term medical and neurodevelopmental advantages of breastfeeding, infant nutrition should be considered a public health issue and not only a lifestyle choice. The American Academy of Pediatrics reaffirms its recommendation of exclusive breastfeeding for about 6 months, followed by continued breastfeeding as complementary foods are introduced, with continuation of breastfeeding for 1 year or longer as mutually desired by mother and infant. Medical contraindications to breastfeeding are rare. Infant growth should be monitored with the World Health Organization (WHO) Growth Curve Standards to avoid mislabeling infants as underweight or failing to thrive. Hospital routines to encourage and support the initiation and sustaining of exclusive breastfeeding should be based on the American Academy of Pediatrics-endorsed WHO/UNICEF “Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding.” National strategies supported by the US Surgeon General’s Call to Action, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and The Joint Commission are involved to facilitate breastfeeding practices in US hospitals and communities. Pediatricians play a critical role in their practices and communities as advocates of breastfeeding and thus should be knowledgeable about the health risks of not breastfeeding, the economic benefits to society of breastfeeding, and the techniques for managing and supporting the breastfeeding dyad. The “Business Case for Breastfeeding” details how mothers can maintain lactation in the workplace and the benefits to employers who facilitate this practice.

Conclusion: Research and practice in the 5 years since publication of the last AAP policy statement have reinforced the conclusion that breastfeeding and the use of human milk confer unique nutritional and nonnutritional benefits to the infant and the mother and, in turn, optimize infant, child, and adult health as well as child growth and development. Recently, published evidence-based studies have confirmed and quantitated the risks of not breastfeeding. Thus, infant feeding should not be considered as a lifestyle choice but rather as a basic health issue. As such, the pediatrician’s role in advocating and supporting proper breastfeeding practices is essential and vital for the achievement of this preferred public health goal.

Study Design: N/A

Setting: N/A

Data Source: N/A

Sample Size: N/A

Age Range: N/A

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Organizational Changes

Intervention Description: To introduce uniform designations for levels of maternal care that are complementary but distinct from levels of neonatal care and that address maternal health needs, thereby reducing maternal morbidity and mortality in the United States. To develop standardized definitions and nomenclature for facilities that provide each level of maternal care. To provide consistent guidelines according to level of maternal care for use in quality improvement and health promotion. To foster the development and equitable geographic distribution of full-service maternal care facilities and systems that promote proactive integration of risk-appropriate antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum services.

Intervention Results: Implicit in the effort to establish levels of maternal care is the goal to provide the best possible maternal outcomes, as well as ongoing quality improvement. If levels of maternal care improve care, then ensuring that appropriate transfer of women occurs should be associated with a decrease in preventable maternal severe morbidities and mortality. There also should be a shift toward less severe morbidity in lower-level care facilities. Therefore, facilities and regional systems should develop methods to track severe maternal morbidity and mortality to assess the efficacy of utilizing maternal levels of care. Operational definitions are needed to compare data and outcomes between levels of maternal care. However, waiting for the precise measure before establishing tiered levels of care invites unnecessary delay. Therefore, two constructs to implement with the utilization of levels of maternal care are proposed: (1) identify women at extreme risk of morbidity and (2) identify severe morbidity outcomes that may improve with appropriate use of maternal levels of care. Some women at extreme risk of severe morbidities, such as stroke, cardiopulmonary failure, or massive hemorrhage, can be identified during the antepartum period and should give birth in the appropriate level hospital. Examples of such women include those with suspected placenta accreta or placenta percreta; prior cesarean birth and current anterior previa; severe heart disease such as complex cardiac malformations and pulmonary hypertension, coronary artery disease, or cardiomyopathy; severe preeclampsia with uncontrollable hypertension; and preterm HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count). Outcome morbidities that may improve with appropriate use of levels of maternal care include stroke, returns to the operating room, massive transfusions, severe maternal morbidity, and potential ICU admissions. The incidence of these outcomes could decrease or be shifted from lower-level to higher-level hospitals. For example, known placenta accreta has the potential for massive blood loss and need for advanced surgical services, which are best available at facilities with a high designated level of care. Expectant management of severe early preeclampsia, septic shock, and pulmonary hypertension are other examples of conditions that require considerable resources likely best available at facilities with a high designated level of care. Although the development of comprehensive lists of what conditions comprise extreme morbidity risks and what outcomes ought to be measured currently is an evolving process, prospective measurement with continuous monitoring and evaluation of any regionalized maternal care system is critical to improvement in care processes and outcomes.

Conclusion: Many barriers to the implementation of levels of maternal care may need to be overcome. The development of the classification system is the first step; the next step, is the implementation of this concept in all facilities that provide maternal care. The questions of whether to have state-level or national-level accrediting bodies establish and set these proposed levels of maternal care, as well as how to provide the financing needed to run them, are unanswered. Follow-up interdisciplinary work groups are needed to further explore the implementation needs to adopt the proposed classification system for levels of maternal care in all facilities that provide maternal care. The determination of the appropriate level of care to be provided by a given facility should be guided by local and state health care regulations, national accreditation and professional organization guidelines, and identified regional perinatal health care service needs.6 State and regional authorities should work together with the multiple institutions within a region to determine the appropriate coordinated system of care.

Study Design: N/A

Setting: N/A

Data Source: N/A

Sample Size: N/A

Age Range: N/A

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Quality Improvement, Educational Material (Provider)

Intervention Description: Increasing women's access to nonmedical interventions during labor, such as continuous labor support, also has been shown to reduce cesarean birth rates. External cephalic version for breech presentation and a trial of labor for women with twin gestations when the first twin is in cephalic presentation also can contribute to the safe lowering of the primary cesarean delivery rate.

Intervention Results: Variation in the rates of nulliparous, term, singleton, vertex cesarean births also indicates that clinical practice patterns affect the number of cesarean births performed. The most common indications for primary cesarean delivery include, in order of frequency, labor dystocia, abnormal or indeterminate (formerly, nonreassuring) fetal heart rate tracing, fetal malpresentation, multiple gestation, and suspected fetal macrosomia.

Conclusion: Published data indicate that one of the most effective tools to improve labor and delivery outcomes is the continuous presence of support personnel, such as a doula. A Cochrane metaanalysis of 12 trials and >15,000 women demonstrated that the presence of continuous one-on-one support during labor and delivery was associated with improved patient satisfaction and a statistically significant reduction in the rate of cesarean delivery.111 Given that there are no associated measurable harms, this resource is probably underutilized.

Study Design: N/A

Setting: N/A

Data Source: N/A

Sample Size: N/A

Age Range: N/A

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Technology-Based Support,

Intervention Description: The intervention in this study includes the focus of the study is on utilizing electronic health records (EHR) data to develop a machine learning model for predicting the risk of postpartum depression (PPD) in women following childbirth. The study primarily revolves around the development and validation of the machine learning model using EHR data from primary care sources. The strategy described in the study aligns with a data-driven approach, where the researchers analyze EHR data to identify predictors of PPD and develop a predictive model.

Intervention Results: The prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) in the analyzed cohort was found to be 13.4% . Combining EHR-based prediction with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score increased the area under the receiver operator characteristics curve (AUC) from 0.805 to 0.844 and the sensitivity from 0.72 to 0.76, at a specificity of 0.80. The AUC of the EHR-based prediction model alone varied from 0.72 to 0.74 and decreased by only 0.01–0.02 when applied as early as before the beginning of pregnancy.

Conclusion: PPD risk prediction using EHR data may provide a complementary quantitative and objective tool for PPD screening, allowing earlier (pre-pregnancy) and more accurate identification of women at risk, timely interventions and potentially improved outcomes for the mother and child.

Study Design: The study "Estimation of postpartum depression risk from electronic health records using machine learning" is a retrospective cohort study that analyzed electronic health records (EHR) data of 266,544 women from the UK who gave first live birth between 2000 and 2017 . The study utilized a machine learning model to predict the risk of postpartum depression (PPD) during the year following childbirth, based on a multitude of socio-demographic and medical variables extracted from the EHR data . The study also evaluated the performance of the predictive model using multiple validation methodologies, including geographical validation, temporal validation, and random split (pooled 3-fold cross-validation) . The study design is observational, as it analyzed existing data and did not involve any intervention or manipulation of variables

Setting: The study "Estimation of postpartum depression risk from electronic health records using machine learning" was conducted using primary care electronic health records (EHR) data from the UK . The dataset utilized in the study contained records of over 18 million patients, covering approximately 5% of the UK population and was representative of the population in terms of demographics and major condition prevalence . Therefore, the setting for the study was based on the analysis of EHR data from a large cohort of patients within the primary care setting in the UK.

Population of Focus: The study "Estimation of postpartum depression risk from electronic health records using machine learning" is likely to be of interest to a diverse audience, including but not limited to: 1. Healthcare Professionals: The findings of the study, which involve the use of machine learning algorithms to predict the risk of postpartum depression (PPD) using primary care electronic health records (EHR) data, may be relevant to healthcare professionals, particularly those involved in women's health, obstetrics, and mental health care. 2. Researchers and Academics: The study's methodology, use of machine learning, and analysis of a large cohort of patients may be of interest to researchers and academics in the fields of public health, epidemiology, data science, and machine learning applied to healthcare. 3. Public Health Practitioners: The study's focus on early prediction of PPD and the potential value of EHR-based prediction in improving the accuracy of PPD screening may be relevant to public health practitioners involved in maternal and child health programs. 4. Policy Makers and Health Organizations: The study's findings on utilizing EHR data for early prediction of PPD and the potential implications for improving outcomes for mothers and children may be of interest to policy makers and health organizations involved in women's health and mental health policy. 5. Technology and Data Science Professionals: The use of machine learning algorithms and EHR data in predicting PPD risk may be of interest to professionals in the fields of data science, artificial intelligence, and healthcare technology. Overall, the study's findings and methodology have implications for various stakeholders involved in maternal health, mental health, data science, and healthcare delivery.

Sample Size: The study "Estimation of postpartum depression risk from electronic health records using machine learning" analyzed electronic health records (EHR) data of 266,544 women from the UK who gave first live birth between 2000 and 2017 . Therefore, the sample size of the study's cohort is 266,544. This large sample size reflects the extensive data available in the EHR database and allows for a robust analysis of the risk of postpartum depression (PPD) based on a multitude of socio-demographic and medical variables.

Age Range: The study "Estimation of postpartum depression risk from electronic health records using machine learning" focused on women between the ages of 18 and 45 who had their first live birth between 2000 and 2017 . Therefore, the age group included in the study's cohort ranges from 18 to 45 years old. This age range reflects the specific demographic of women who were the subject of the analysis regarding the risk of postpartum depression (PPD) based on electronic health records (EHR) data.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Education/Training (caregiver),

Intervention Description: None

Intervention Results: None

Conclusion: Nurses should seek to ensure that women from varied backgrounds, races, and ethnicities receive quality health care that is free from racism and bias. • Knowledge matters. Ideally, all nurses would learn about the role and impact of racism and ways to overcome its effects on the provision of care. Health care providers should demonstrate cultural competency in listening and communicating effectively with patients. • Language matters. The way nurses communicate with patients, their families and communities, other health care professionals, and each other is important. All written materials, toolkits and bundles, and educational documents should be evaluated to ensure that they reflect the patient population served. • Action matters. Nurses should advocate for change in didactic education, clinical training, and maternity and perinatal care settings to achieve non-discriminatory, quality health services for all patients. Nurses need to challenge themselves, their colleagues, and nurse leaders to promote clear and directive actions with built-in accountability measures.

Study Design: n/a

Setting: n/a

Population of Focus: Nurses

Age Range: n/a

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Referrals,

Intervention Description: The intervention involved two referral mechanisms: warm handoff and electronic referral. A warm handoff was defined as a referral practice conducted in person between the primary care provider (PCP) and the licensed master social worker (LMSW) with the patient and family, if present. The LMSW performed a brief triage and connected patients to psychiatric resources, referred them to crisis intervention, or scheduled an appointment for psychotherapy. In the electronic referral group, the PCP placed an electronic referral to the LMSW in the patient’s electronic medical record, and the LMSW contacted the patient by telephone to schedule an appointment. The study also considered the time between the referral and first contact with the LMSW as part of the intervention description.

Intervention Results: The WH group was more likely to engage with mental health services compared to the EF group (odds ratio = 3.301, 95% confidence interval = 1.850-5.902, p = .002) while age, gender, race/ethnicity, and primary language had no correlation. Within the EF group, those who were contacted by the LMSW within 3 days (1-3 days group) were more likely to attend appointments (odds ratio = 2.680, 95% confidence interval = 0.414-8.219, p = .040). There was no difference in attendance in the WH group and the 1-3 days group (p = .913) DISCUSSION: A warm handoff between primary care providers and behavioral health clinicians is significantly correlated with engagement with behavioral health services for adolescents who screen positive for depression or anxiety. Contact with the family within 3 days of referral is significantly correlated with engagement compared to a longer duration between referral and family contact.

Conclusion: Yes, the study found statistically significant results related to engagement with services. Patients who received a warm handoff were three times more likely to engage with services, and those in the e-referral group who had first contact with the licensed master social worker (LMSW) within 3 days were nearly three times more likely to engage with services. Additionally, there was no statistically significant difference in engagement between the warm handoff group and the e-referral group with early contact within 3 days.

Study Design: The study design was a retrospective cohort study conducted in an inner-city pediatric primary care clinic.

Setting: The study was conducted in an urban inner-city pediatric clinic of a large publicly funded hospital in Brooklyn, New York.

Population of Focus: The target audience for the study includes healthcare providers, particularly those working in pediatric primary care settings, as well as researchers and policymakers interested in integrated mental health care for adolescents.

Sample Size: The study included a total of 305 patients, with 132 receiving a warm handoff and 173 receiving an electronic referral.

Age Range: The study included adolescent patients with a median age of 16 years, ranging from 12 to 21 years.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Peer Counselor, Educational Material, Home Visits

Intervention Description: To assess the efficacy of peer counseling to promote exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) among low-income inner-city women in Hartford, Conn.

Intervention Results: Significantly more mothers in the control group had not initiated breastfeeding compared to mothers in the intervention group (RR= 2.48; 95% CI: 1.04-5.90)

Conclusion: Well-structured, intensive breastfeeding support provided by hospital and community-based peer counselors is effective in improving exclusive breastfeeding rates among low-income, inner-city women in the United States.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: 3 clinic teams providing prenatal care at the Women’s Ambulatory Health Services Clinic of Hartford Hospital (CT)

Population of Focus: First stage: Recruited mothers attending the prenatal clinic on mornings of 4 predetermined weekdays who were ≥ 18 years old, ≤ 32 weeks gestational age (GA), healthy, and did not have medical conditions likely to impair successful breastfeeding Second stage: Recruited mothers considering breastfeeding who planned to deliver at Hartford Hospital, and to stay in the area for three months after delivery, living in a household earning < 185% of the federal poverty level, and available to be contacted via telephone. Third stage (Postpartum): Recruited mothers free of any medical condition that would prevent her from exclusively breastfeeding with newborns at least 36 weeks GA, weighing ≥ 2500 gm, with no complications requiring treatment in the NICU, and Apgar scores of ≥ 6 at 1 and 5 minutes.

Data Source: Medical records and mother self-report

Sample Size: Randomized • Intervention (n=90) • Control (n=92) Stage 3 Screening After Delivery • Intervention (n=77) • Control (n=85)

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): COMMUNITY, Television Media, Other Media, POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS

Intervention Description: This study sought to determine whether a mass media campaign conducted in Victoria, Australia, in 2005 was effective in encouraging women across all socio-economic status (SES) groups to screen.

Intervention Results: Cervical screening increased 27% during the campaign period and was equally effective in encouraging screening across all SES groups, including low-SES women.

Conclusion: Mass media campaigns can prompt increased rates of cervical screening among all women, not just those from more advantaged areas. Combining media with additional strategies targeted at low-SES women may help lessen the underlying differences in screening rates across SES.

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest

Setting: Victoria

Population of Focus: Women with no history of hysterectomy

Data Source: Victorian Cervical Cytology Registry

Sample Size: Approximate total (N≈1,421,390)4

Age Range: 18-69

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Technology-Based Support,

Intervention Description: The intervention focuses on using machine learning methods to accurately predict postpartum depression, which can ultimately lead to better preventive interventions and care. The study does not analyze a multicomponent intervention, but rather focuses on identifying predictive factors for postpartum depression using a large dataset and various machine learning algorithms. The study does not describe a specific strategy for intervention, but rather highlights the potential of machine learning methods in improving the identification of high-risk women for postpartum depression.

Intervention Results: The study found that machine learning methods can accurately predict postpartum depression, especially among women without previous mental health issues. The extremely randomized trees method provided the most robust performance with an accuracy of 73%, sensitivity of 72%, and specificity of 75%. The variables that were found to set women at most risk for postpartum depression were depression and anxiety during pregnancy, as well as variables related to resilience and personality. The study suggests that future clinical models could consider including these variables to identify women at high risk for postpartum depression and facilitate individualized follow-up and cost-effectiveness.

Conclusion: Future clinical models that could be implemented directly after delivery might consider including these variables in order to identify women at high risk for postpartum depression to facilitate individualized follow-up and cost-effectiveness.

Study Design: The study utilized a population-based prospective cohort design, drawing data from the BASIC study conducted in Uppsala, Sweden, between 2009 and 2018. The cohort consisted of 4313 participants, and sub-analyses were performed among women without previous depression. The study leveraged clinical, demographic, and psychometric data to assess the accuracy of machine learning methods in predicting postpartum depression. The large sample size allowed for the training of a robust range of different machine learning algorithms, and the dataset included a wide array of background, medical history, pregnancy, and delivery-related variables, as well as psychometric questionnaires. The study design enabled the investigation of the predictive power of these variables and their potential application in identifying women at high risk for postpartum depression.

Setting: The study was conducted using data from the "Biology, Affect, Stress, Imaging and Cognition during Pregnancy and the Puerperium" (BASIC) study, which is a population-based prospective cohort study at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. Therefore, the study setting is in Uppsala, Sweden.

Population of Focus: The target audience for this study includes healthcare professionals, researchers in the fields of obstetrics, gynecology, and mental health, as well as professionals and policymakers involved in maternal and child health. Additionally, the findings may be of interest to those working in public health and healthcare administration, particularly in the context of developing interventions and strategies for identifying and supporting women at risk for postpartum depression.

Sample Size: The study included a total of 4313 participants from the BASIC study conducted in Uppsala, Sweden. This large sample size allowed for robust analyses and the evaluation of machine learning methods for predicting postpartum depression.

Age Range: The study did not explicitly mention the age group of the participants. However, the study reported that the mean age for both groups (women with and without depressive symptoms at 6 weeks postpartum) was 31 years. Therefore, it can be inferred that the study participants were likely women in their early thirties.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Expanded Insurance Coverage, Medicaid, PAYER

Intervention Description: This observational, cohort study assessed the rate of insured visits for children pre- to post-ACA across four parental insurance groups (always insured, gained Medicaid, discontinuously insured, never insured) using Poisson mixed effects models.

Intervention Results: Insurance rates were highest (~95 insured visits/100 visits) for children of parents who were always insured; rates were lowest for children of parents who were never insured (~83 insured visits/100 visits). Children with a parent who gained Medicaid had 4.4% more insured visits post- compared to pre-ACA (adjusted relative rates = 1.044, 95% confidence interval: 1.014, 1.074). When comparing changes from pre- to post-ACA between parent insurance groups, children's insured visit rates were significantly higher for children of parents who gained Medicaid (reference) compared to children of parents who were always insured (adjusted ratio of rate ratio: 0.963, confidence interval: 0.935-0.992). Despite differences in Medicaid eligibility for children and adults, health insurance patterns were similar for linked families seen in CHCs.

Conclusion: Findings suggest consideration should be paid to parent health insurance options when trying to increase children's coverage.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Extra-Curricular Activities, Comprehensive School-Based PA Program, CLASSROOM_SCHOOL, Multicomponent School-Based Program

Intervention Description: This research incorporated data from a subsample of after-school care enrollees above the 90th BMI percentile (Mage=10.1 years) who participated in either 4-day/week (n = 21) or 3-day/week (n = 24) versions of a 45 min/session, cognitive-behaviorally based physical activity/health behavior-change program over a full school year, or a control condition of usual care (n = 14).

Intervention Results: For the cognitive-behavioral groups only, significant improvements were found in self-regulation, mood, and physical activity. Their BMI increases of 0.12 and 0.11 kg/m2, respectively, were significantly less than the 0.90 kg/m2 rise expected through maturation. Theory-based regression models uniformly confirmed significant associations of changes in self-regulation and physical activity (R2s = .22–.25). However, within separate analyses, entry of changes in (a) self-efficacy and mood into a multiple regression equation, (b) self-efficacy as a mediator, and (c) mood as a moderator, did not increase predictive accuracies. The significant association of changes in physical activity and BMI was stronger in the heavier children. Findings will be useful for large-scale intervention applications and refinements.

Conclusion: Even given the stated limitations, the present research advanced the development of palatable behavioral treatments for young children with overweight and obesity. Theory and related research were also progressed through decomposing effects associated with Physical Activity and BMI Change in after-School Care 7 psychological changes over a full school year. Although challenging internal validity, the study’s field setting advantageously facilitated generalization of findings to community-based settings capable of helping large numbers of children in need (Green et al., 2013). Based on the present findings, it is hoped that practitioners consider the importance of facilitating behavioral (i.e., self-management) skills to enable even children of high weights to feel successful at physical activity pursuits. Additionally, factors such as the mood-enhancing effects of physical activity and the value of building feelings of ability (i.e., self-efficacy) should be considered in their program development. It is hoped that continued related research is able to affect large-scale change applied to the increasing problem of high weight in children.

Study Design: Multi-level research design

Setting: After-school program sites managed by a communitybased organization

Population of Focus: Elementary school aged children

Data Source: Student self-report and study staff physical assessments

Sample Size: 190 students

Age Range: Ages 8-11

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Policy/Guideline (National),

Intervention Description: The study examined the impact of two tobacco control policies implemented in the United Kingdom around 2007: smoke-free legislation and an increase in the legal age for tobacco purchase from 16 to 18 years.

Intervention Results: For both policies, smoking initiation reduced following implementation (change in legal age odds ratio [OR]: 0.67; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.55 to 0.81; smoke-free legislation OR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.56 to 0.82), while inequalities in initiation narrowed over subsequent years. The legal age change was associated with annual increases in progression from initiation to occasional smoking (OR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.07 to 1.50) and a reduction in quitting following implementation (OR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.35 to 0.94). Similar effects were observed for smoke-free legislation but CIs overlapped the null.

Conclusion: Policies such as these may be highly effective in preventing and reducing socioeconomic inequalities in youth smoking initiation. UK implementation of smoke-free legislation and an increase in the legal age for tobacco purchase from 16 to 18 years were associated with an immediate reduction in smoking initiation and a narrowing of inequalities in initiation over subsequent years. While the policies were associated with reductions in the initiation, progression to occasional smoking increased and quitting decreased following the legislation.

Study Design: Discrete-time event history analysis

Setting: UK (Nationwide policy)

Population of Focus: Researchers, public health professionals, policymakers

Sample Size: 14992 youth

Age Range: ages 11-15

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Policy/Guideline (National), Organizational Changes,

Intervention Description: The intervention in this study was the national organization of preventive health services for children, particularly the difference between countries where child vaccinations are administered by general practitioners (Denmark) and those where preschool children are vaccinated in "well-baby" clinics (Finland, Iceland, and Sweden).

Intervention Results: The study found that Denmark, where child vaccinations are administered by general practitioners, presented the lowest overall coverage of MMR at 83% and the greatest difference between subpopulations of low and high socioeconomic status (SES) at 14 percentage points. In contrast, Finland, Iceland, and Sweden, where preschool children are vaccinated in "well-baby" clinics, had a higher overall coverage at 91–94%, with a more equal distribution between SES groups at 1–4 percentage points.

Conclusion: This study suggests that the organisation of preventive health care in special units, 'well-baby' clinics, facilitates vaccine uptake among children with low SES in a Nordic welfare context.

Study Design: The study utilized a comparative design to investigate the socioeconomic patterns of MMR vaccine uptake in the four Nordic countries.

Setting: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Sweden.

Population of Focus: The target audience of the study includes children under the age of two years and their families, particularly those from socially disadvantaged backgrounds.

Sample Size: The study analyzed register data from Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Sweden. Specific sample sizes for each country were not provided in the text.

Age Range: The study focused on the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine uptake before the age of two years.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Quality Improvement/Practice-Wide Intervention, Family-Based Interventions, Consultation (Parent/Family),

Intervention Description: During infancy, the American Academy of Pediatrics Bright Futures fourth edition health supervision guidelines recommend frequent well-child visits (WCVs) in which providers are expected to screen for and address maternal depression, intimate partner violence (IPV), and health-related social needs (HRSN). We spread an evidence-based approach that implements these recommendations (Developmental Understanding and Legal Collaboration for Everyone; DULCE) with 3 aims for 6-month-old infants and their families: 75% receive all WCVs on time, 95% are screened for 7 HRSNs, and 90% of families with concrete supports needs and 75% of families with maternal depression or IPV receive support. Between January 2017 and July 2018, five DULCE teams (including a community health worker, early childhood system representative, legal partner, clinic administrator, pediatric and behavioral health clinicians) from 3 communities in 2 states participated in a learning collaborative. Teams adapted DULCE using Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles, reported data, and shared learning monthly. Run charts were used to study measures. The main outcome was the percent of infants that received all WCVs on time.

Intervention Results: The percentage of families who completed all WCVs on time increased from 46% to 65%. More than 95% of families were screened for HRSNs, 70% had ≥1 positive screen, and 86% and 71% of those received resource information for concrete supports and maternal depression and IPV, respectively.

Conclusion: Quality improvement-supported DULCE expansion increased by 50% the proportion of infants receiving all WCVs on time and reliably identified and addressed families' HRSNs, via integration of existing resources.

Study Design: Program evaluation

Setting: Three communities from the Early Childhood Learning and Innovation Network for Communities recruited clinics serving predominantly Medicaid-insured patients

Population of Focus: Families with newborns up to 8 weeks of age

Sample Size: Five local DULCE site teams and 692 families with infants

Age Range: Families with infants 0-6 months

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, Mentor Engagement, Strengths-Based Approach

Intervention Description: The intervention described is a school-based mentoring program that focuses on developing a close, long-lasting relationship between mentors and mentees. This mentoring program is unique in that school outcomes are considered secondary, and mentors are instructed to focus on developing a close, long-lasting relationship with their mentee as the primary mechanism to promote their positive development.

Intervention Results: The results showed that mentor satisfaction with the relationship was positively associated with their intention to continue mentoring in the future. Additionally, relationship closeness was positively correlated with program support, satisfaction with the relationship, and intention to remain in the program.

Conclusion: The conclusion of the study is that mentor satisfaction with the relationship is an important predictor of volunteer retention in school-based mentoring programs.

Study Design: cross-sectional

Setting: school-based mentoring programs in Italy

Population of Focus: mentors and their mentees

Sample Size: 103 mentors

Age Range: youth

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Telemedicine Systems (Hospital),

Intervention Description: The availability of postpartum care through telehealth, either via video and audio or audio only, starting on March 16, 2020. Before this date, all postpartum visits at our institution were performed in-person. However, after this date, outpatient obstetrics clinics recommended telehealth postpartum visits as the primary modality for visits while also offering some limited in-person postpartum visits.

Intervention Results: Subjects in the postimplementation group were at 90% increased odds of attending a postpartum visit compared with those in the preimplementation group, even when controlling for race, prenatal care provider, parity, gestational age at delivery, and insurance status. Patients in the postimplementation group were also more likely to be screened for postpartum depression (86.3% vs 65.1%; P<.001)

Conclusion: Availability of telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with increased postpartum visit attendance and postpartum depression screening. However, telehealth was also associated with a decrease in use of long-acting reversible contraception or permanent sterilization.

Study Design: Retrospective cohort study

Setting: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania

Population of Focus: Postpartum women enrolled in Medicaid

Sample Size: 1,759 (780 in preimplementation group 799 in postimplementation group(

Age Range: 25-34

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PE Enhancements, Adult-led Curricular Activities/Training, CLASSROOM_SCHOOL

Intervention Description: In this randomized control trial, we examined Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in a physical activity intervention compared to physical education (PE) class as usual (TAU), stratified by sex and weight classification. Standardized BMI (zBMI) overtime was also examined.

Intervention Results: Participants were 12.10 ± 0.63 years old and 53% were girls. Overall those in intervention increased weekday MVPA more than TAU (F(1,190) = 7.03, p < .01). Intervention girls increased weekday MVPA; whereas TAU girls decreased weekday MVPA (F(1,99) = 7.36, p < .01). Among those with obesity, there was no difference in MVPA between conditions (F(1, 56) = 0.33, p = .57), but Intervention decreased zBMI significantly more than TAU (F(1, 56) = 6.16, p < .05).

Conclusion: Structured PE classes grounded in behavioral theory may be an important strategy to prevent typical decreases in MVPA during adolescence, particularly among girls and for youth with obesity.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Home Visits, PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner

Intervention Description: To evaluate the efficacy of an early home-based intervention on the quality of maternal–infant attachment, maternal mood and child health parameters in a cohort of vulnerable families.

Intervention Results: At 4 month follow-up, 160 families (80 intervention, 80 control) were available for assessment. The intervention improved family functioning at 4 months. All aspects of the home environment, including the quality of maternal–infant attachment and mothers’ relationship with their child, were significantly enhanced. In particular, significant and positive differences were found in parenting with the intervention group feeling less restrictions imposed by the parenting role, greater sense of competence in parenting, greater acceptability of the child, and the child being more likely to provide positive reinforcement to the parent. Early differences in maternal mood were not maintained at 4 months. Various child health parameters were enhanced including immunization status, fewer parent-reported injuries and bruising, and researcher confirmed lack of smoking in the house or around the infant. The families were consistently more satisfied with their community health service.

Conclusion: This form of early home based intervention targeted to vulnerable families promotes an environment conducive for infant mental and general health and hence long-term psychological and physical well-being, and is highly valued by the families who receive it.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (child health nurse home visits)

Population of Focus: Families with an infant and whose English literacy skills enabled them to complete a questionnaire

Data Source: Parent self-report and child’s personal health record book.

Sample Size: 181 families; Intervention (n=90), Control (n=91)

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): CLASSROOM_SCHOOL, School-Based Dental Screening

Intervention Description: Researchers identified and searched multiple databases to search for randomized control trials that evaluated school dental screening compared with no intervention or with one type of screening compared with another.

Intervention Results: Researchers found very low-certainty evidence that did not allow for conclusions to be drawn about whether there is a role for traditional school dental screening in improving dental attendance. For criteriabased screening, researchers found low-certainty evidence thatit may improve dental attendance when compared to no screening. However, when compared to traditional screening, there is no evidence of a difference in dental attendance (very low-certainty evidence).

Conclusion: The trials included in this review evaluated short‐term effects of screening. We found very low‐certainty evidence that is insufficient to allow us to draw conclusions about whether there is a role for traditional school dental screening in improving dental attendance. For criteria‐based screening, we found low‐certainty evidence that it may improve dental attendance when compared to no screening. However, when compared to traditional screening, there is no evidence of a difference in dental attendance (very low‐certainty evidence). We found low‐certainty evidence to conclude that personalised or specific referral letters may improve dental attendance when compared to non‐specific counterparts. We also found low‐certainty evidence that screening supplemented with motivation (oral health education and offer of free treatment) may improve dental attendance in comparison to screening alone. For children requiring treatment, we found very‐low certainty evidence that was inconclusive regarding whether or not a referral letter based on the 'common‐sense model of self‐regulation' was better than a standard referral letter. We did not find any trials addressing possible adverse effects of school dental screening or evaluating its effectiveness for improving oral health.

Setting: School/preschool

Population of Focus: Children and adolescents ages 4 to 15

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): School-Based Dental Services, CLASSROOM_SCHOOL

Intervention Description: To assess the effectiveness of school dental screening programmes on overall oral health status and use of dental services.

Intervention Results: This trial evaluated a post screening referral letter based on the common-sense model of self-regulation (a theoretical framework that explains how people understand and respond to threats to their health), with or without a dental information guide, compared to a standard referral letter. The findings were inconclusive. Due to high risk of bias, indirectness and imprecision, we assessed the evidence as very low certainty.

Conclusion: The trials included in this review evaluated short-term effects of screening. We found very low-certainty evidence that is insufficient to allow us to draw conclusions about whether there is a role for traditional school dental screening in improving dental attendance. For criteria-based screening, we found low-certainty evidence that it may improve dental attendance when compared to no screening. However, when compared to traditional screening, there is no evidence of a difference in dental attendance (very low-certainty evidence).We found low-certainty evidence to conclude that personalised or specific referral letters may improve dental attendance when compared to non-specific counterparts. We also found low-certainty evidence that screening supplemented with motivation (oral health education and offer of free treatment) may improve dental attendance in comparison to screening alone. For children requiring treatment, we found very-low certainty evidence that was inconclusive regarding whether or not a referral letter based on the 'common-sense model of self-regulation' was better than a standard referral letter. We did not find any trials addressing possible adverse effects of school dental screening or evaluating its effectiveness for improving oral health.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Quality Improvement/Practice-Wide Intervention, Provider Training/Education, Referrals,

Intervention Description: Due to the pervasive shortage of behavioral health (BH) specialists, collaborative partnerships between pediatric primary care practitioners (PPCPs) and BH specialists can enhance provision of BH services by PPCPs. We aimed to create a new model of collaborative care that was mostly virtual, affordable, and scalable. The pilot program was implemented in 18 practices (48 PPCPs serving approximately 150 000 patients) in 2 consecutive cohorts. Outcomes were assessed by administering pre-program and post-program surveys.

Intervention Results: Across the 18 practices, PPCPs reported significantly increased confidence in their BH knowledge and skills, and significantly increased their provision of target BH services. Barriers to BH service provision (resources, time, and staff) were unchanged.

Conclusion: This compact, mostly virtual model of BH collaboration appears to be beneficial to PPCPs while also offering convenience to patients and affordability and scalability to the practice network.

Study Design: Pre-post observational study

Setting: 18 clinical practices (48 PPCPs serving approximately 150000 patients) in CA.

Population of Focus: Pediatric primary care provicers in clinic-based practices. The eligible population comprises approximately 200 PPCPs in 65 practices in a pediatric network affiliated with an academic medical center in Southern California. This report presents the findings from the first 2 groups of practices to enroll (cohorts 1 [7 practices, 23 PPCPs] and 2 [11 practices, 25 PPCPs]).

Sample Size: 18 practices, 48 pediatric primary care providers

Age Range: Providers seeing pediatric patients 0-17 years

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Quality Improvement/Practice-Wide Intervention,

Intervention Description: A community hospital implemented components of the Alliance for Innovation on Maternal Health Reduction of Peripartum Racial/Ethnic Disparities Patient Safety Bundle. The purpose was to collect and share perinatal disparities data, increase staff awareness of perinatal racial and ethnic disparities, and engage staff to address these disparities at the project site. Perinatal care data were reviewed by race and ethnicity and results were shared with staff. Staff were engaged through a series of activities including a Health Equity Party, implicit bias workshop, Snack and Learn sessions, online modules, 2 grand rounds, and the establishment of a Health Equity Committee.

Intervention Results: Racial and/or ethnic disparities were identified for perinatal outcomes and experience of care indicators including rates of cesarean birth, newborn mortality, and 30-day readmission. Of the staff 137 (65.9%) participated in project activities. The majority of participants were registered nurses (n = 82). Certified nurse-midwives (n = 10) were the profession with the highest rate of attendance (83.3%). Staff developed 26 new recommendations to address racial and ethnic disparities in care. After project implementation, mean scores of High Provider Attribution, an indicator of readiness to address health disparities, increased from preimplementation scores (P = .01). There was also a significant increase in the number of staff who reported engaging in activities to address the health care needs of racial and ethnic minority patients (P < .001).

Conclusion: This quality improvement project demonstrated that interventions at the health care organization level can be effective in influencing health care providers and staff to address racial and ethnic perinatal disparities.

Study Design: Qualitative

Setting: Community Hospital

Population of Focus: Perinatal care staff

Sample Size: 137

Age Range: Not disclosed

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Family-Based Interventions, Care Coordination, Medicaid,

Intervention Description: N/A

Intervention Results: Children who were not white, living in non-English households, with less family income or education, or who were uninsured had lower rates of access to a medical home and its components. A medical home was associated with beneficial child outcomes for all six of the outcomes and the family-centered care component was associated with better results in five outcomes. ED visits were less likely for children who received care coordination (aOR 0.81, CI 0.70-0.94).

Conclusion: Our study highlights the role of key components of the medical home and the importance of access to family-centered health care that provides needed coordination for children. Health care reforms should consider disparities in access to a medical home and specific components and the contributions of each component to provide quality primary care for all children.

Study Design: We analyzed data from the 2016-2017 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH) to assess five key medical home components - usual source of care, personal doctor/nurse, family-centered care, referral access, and coordinated care - and their associations with child outcomes. Health outcomes included emergency department (ED) visits, unmet health care needs, preventive medical visits, preventive dental visits, health status, and oral health status. We used multivariate regression controlling for child characteristics including age, sex, primary household language, race/ethnicity, income, parental education, health insurance coverage, and special healthcare needs.

Setting: NSCH survey; United States

Population of Focus: Practitioners in children's health

Sample Size: 61572

Age Range: 0-17

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT_CONSUMER, Diet/Exercise

Intervention Description: This randomized controlled trial assigned women to receive either an organized, consistent program of intensive dietary and lifestyle counseling or routine prenatal care. The control group received routine prenatal care per American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists standards and was given a prenatal booklet that included advice on diet and exercise during pregnancy. The intervention group underwent a complete history and physical examination with specific attention paid to prepregnancy weight, current weight, height, and BMI. At the initial visit, the study group met with a registered dietician to receive a standardized counseling session, including information on pregnancy-specific dietary and lifestyle choices. Patients were instructed to engage in moderate-intensity exercise at least three times per week and preferably five times per week. They also received information on the appropriate weight gain during pregnancy using the IOM guidelines. Participants' weight was measured during routine appointments, and if it was not within IOM guidelines they were advised to increase or decrease their dietary intake and increase or decrease exercise.

Intervention Results: A total of 100 women were randomized to the study (lifestyle counseling 57, routine prenatal care 43). Baseline demographic characteristics were similar between the study groups. The lifestyle counseling group gained significantly less weight than did the routine prenatal care group (28.7+/-12.5 lb compared with 35.6+/-15.5 lb, P=.01). The routine prenatal care group had significantly more cesarean deliveries due to "failure to progress" (routine prenatal care 58.3% compared with lifestyle counseling 25.0%, P=.02). Across groups, patients who were not adherent to the IOM guidelines had significantly heavier neonates (adherent 3,203.2+/-427.2 g compared with not adherent 3,517.4+/-572.4 g, P<.01). Nulliparous women gained significantly more weight than did parous women (36.5+/-14.5 lb compared with 27.7+/-12.7 lb, P<.01). The most predictive factor of IOM adherence was having a normal prepregnancy body mass index. No statistically significant differences were noted between the groups in adherence to IOM guidelines, rate of cesarean delivery, preeclampsia, GDM, operative vaginal delivery, or vaginal lacerations.

Conclusion: An organized, consistent program of dietary and lifestyle counseling did reduce weight gain in pregnancy.

Setting: Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, North Carolina

Population of Focus: Obese nulliparous and multiparous pregnant women with singleton gestrations

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Enabling Services, Provider Training/Education, Patient-Centered Medical Home, PATIENT_CONSUMER, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE

Intervention Description: The Colorado Adolescent Maternity Program (CAMP) is an obstetric and pediatric medical home for pregnant and parenting adolescent girls through age 22 and their children located within Children’s Hospital Colorado. With the integration of behavioral health into CAMP, and given the prevalence of trauma histories among adolescent mothers reported in the literature, programmatic and operational changes to clinical care were made using the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration’s six key principles of a trauma-informed approach.

Intervention Results: Data showed that nearly 30% of participants reported a history of trauma. Following the inclusion of trauma-informed principles, patients had significantly higher rates of attendance at prenatal appointments (p < .001) and significantly lower rates of low birthweight babies (p = .02).

Conclusion: Future programmatic changes and long-term assessment outcomes of this trauma-informed approach in a PCMH are also discussed.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT_CONSUMER, Peer Counselor, Educational Material, Telephone Support, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver)

Intervention Description: In efforts to improve breeastfeeding rates, WIC established the Breastfeeding peer Counselor program (BFPC) model to improve breastfeeding rates among participants. The Upstate New York WIC BFPC program (UNYWIC BFPC) began with volunteers who provided support to WIC participants referred to BFPC services. The BFPCs completed Loving Support training. BFPC contacts included telephone, in-person (WIC clinic or home), and mailings.

Intervention Results: Mothers who accepted BFPC referrals and had at least 1 phone conversation or in-person contact had a significant 35% to 164% increased odds of positive BF outcomes. Mailings did not significantly improve outcomes.

Conclusion: The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children may need to identify barriers to BF duration and implement interventions in communities with low BF rates. Future studies may benefit from evaluating the impact of combined in-person support and phone contacts during the prenatal and postpartum periods on BF outcomes.

Study Design: Secondary data analysis

Setting: The Upstate New York WIC Breastfeeding Peer Counselor program

Population of Focus: WIC-enrolled mothers with live singleton births who accepted a Breastfeeding Peer Counselor program referral

Sample Size: 2,149 mothers

Age Range: 5 day old infants (prenatal and postnatal contact with mothers)

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Screening Tool Implementation Training, Assessment, Policy/Guideline (National)

Intervention Description: In an effort to document state and jurisdiction activity in National Performance Measure 6 (NPM 6), AMCHP conducted an environmental scan of Title V program developmental screening activities. AMCHP obtained information through the Title V Information System (TVIS) by filtering Title V programs that chose NPM 6 and reviewing the narrative and action plans to ascertain their NPM 6 strategies, their accompanying evidence-based/informed strategy measures (ESMs), and related challenges. Information included in this issue brief does not represent an exhaustive list of each state’s and jurisdiction’s developmental screening activity, nor is every state or jurisdiction that is implementing the strategies mentioned. However, the range of strategies presented and the states and jurisdictions referenced here provide a snapshot of Title V program approaches, strategies, and techniques being used to increase developmental screening rates.

Intervention Results: The environmental scan of TVIS revealed that 41 states and jurisdictions chose NPM 6. As previously mentioned, Title V programs also have the option to select a State Performance Measure (SPM) based on results from their state’s needs assessment. Ten of the 41 states and jurisdictions that chose NPM 6 also selected an SPM related to developmental screening. The scan also found four states that did not choose NPM 6, but did select an SPM related to developmental screening. The environmental scan revealed a wide range of NPM 6 strategies and activities, under the following categories: • Policy Research, Development and Implementation • Systems Coordination 3 • Data Collection, Measurement and Existing Landscape • Technical Assistance and Training • Education, Engagement and Resource Development • Other Title V Program Strategies

Conclusion: information on Title V program activities related to NPM 6. These data provide insight into identified needs in policy, systems coordination, training, data integration, as well as strategies to address these needs. The selected examples highlighted within each category may prove useful to other Title V programs as they implement developmental screening-related strategies and measures to build or improve systems of care for children. In coming years, NPM 6 data can be analyzed more in-depth to develop resources such as reports, toolkits, or guides to assist Title V programs with developmental screening and early identification system challenges. These data will also guide AMCHP’s efforts to create meaningful technical assistance opportunities including webinars, learning modules, conference sessions, and other in-person trainings, to help states in advancing NPM 6. These resources will expand the repository of promising policies and practices featured on the State Public Health Autism Resource Center website (http://www.amchp.org/SPHARC), which is accessible to all Title V programs and their state and national partners.

Study Design: N/A

Setting: N/A

Data Source: N/A

Sample Size: N/A

Age Range: N/A

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Policy/Guideline (National), Educational Material, Screening Tool Implementation Training

Intervention Description: The document outlines national consensus standards for developing comprehensive, quality systems of care for children and youth with special health care needs (CYSHCN). The standards cover 10 core domains including screening/assessment, eligibility/enrollment, access to care, the medical home model, community-based services, family partnerships, transition to adulthood, health IT, quality assurance, and insurance/financing. Specific structural and process standards are provided for each domain, synthesized from existing frameworks, federal requirements, and input from a national workgroup of experts and stakeholders. The standards are intended for use by state programs, health plans, providers, and others serving CYSHCN.

Intervention Results: The document does not present results per se, but rather provides the full set of consensus-based system standards across the 10 core domains. Detailed standards are outlined related to components like screening processes, care coordination, access to pediatric specialty care, respite care, transition planning, health IT capabilities, quality measurement, and adequate insurance coverage and financing for needed services. Relevant existing national principles, frameworks, federal laws, and quality measures are cited for each domain.

Conclusion: The standards presented are designed to guide national, state and local stakeholders in achieving comprehensive, quality systems of care to improve health outcomes for the CYSHCN population. They are intended to supplement and align with existing federal requirements, evidence-based principles, and quality metrics. The document concludes that consensus around these core system standards is essential as states extend insurance coverage, design benefits, and implement quality initiatives affecting CYSHCN under the Affordable Care Act and other reforms. Widespread application of the standards across systems serving CYSHCN is recommended.

Study Design: N/A

Setting: N/A

Data Source: N/A

Sample Size: N/A

Age Range: N/A

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Comprehensive School-Based PA Program, CLASSROOM_SCHOOL, Multicomponent School-Based Program

Intervention Description: This study aimed to assess the impact of a 7-month, intensive, city-wide intervention ("Life of Health") on tackling youth inactivity and sedentary behavior in an entire Latin-American city (Jaguariuna, Brazil). For youth, a program focused on tackling inactivity/sedentary behavior was delivered at every school (n = 18). Plausibility assessments (pre-to-post design) were performed with 3,592 youth (out of 8,300 individuals at school age in the city) to test the effectiveness of the intervention. Primary outcomes were physical activity and sedentary behavior. Secondary outcome was BMI z-score.

Intervention Results: Physical activity did not change (0; 95%CI:-2.7-2.8 min/day; p = 0.976), although physically inactive sub-group increased physical activity levels (11.2; 95%CI:8.8-13.6 min/day; p < 0.001). Weekday television and videogame time decreased, whereas computer time increased. Participants with overweight and obesity decreased BMI z-score (-0.08; 95%CI:-0.11-0.05; p < 0.001; -0.15; 95%CI:-0.19-0.11; p < 0.001). This intervention was not able to change the proportion of physical inactivity and sedentary behavior in youth at a city level. Nonetheless, physically inactive individuals increased PA levels and participants with overweight and obesity experienced a reduction in BMI z-score, evidencing the relevance of the intervention.

Conclusion: Education-based lifestyle programs should be supplemented with environmental changes to better tackle inactivity/sedentary behavior in the real-world.

Study Design: Quasi-experimental design

Setting: Schools in an entire Latin American city (teacher-led)

Population of Focus: Children and adolescents

Data Source: Student self-report

Sample Size: 3, 592 students

Age Range: Ages 6-17

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): CLASSROOM, Adult-led Curricular Activities/Training

Intervention Description: The main objective of the article is to present the implementation of a European project in Greece for the safe use of the internet.

Intervention Results: Results showed that even though adolescent students in Greece report a number of risky online behaviors, exhibit lower rates of cyberbullying compared to students from other European countries. Additionally, students' estimate of their involvement in cyberbullying incidents in the future was significantly correlated with their risky and unsafe use of the internet.

Conclusion: Results regarding the effect of the school-based intervention on students' online behavior are inconclusive, pointing to the need for an extended implementation over a long period of time and parental involvement in all prevention initiatives.

Study Design: RCT: pretest-posttest

Setting: Greece

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Total (n=314) Intervention (n=123); Control (n=140)

Age Range: 13-14

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): COMMUNITY, Policy (Community)

Intervention Description: A cross-sectional study was conducted of 4790 children aged 4-15 years recruited from 130 communities in the Healthy Communities Study. Multilevel statistical models assessed associations between school wellness policies and anthropometric (body mass index z-score [BMIz]) and nutrition measures, adjusting for child and community-level covariates.

Intervention Results: Children had lower BMI z-scores (-0.11, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.19, -0.03) and ate breakfast more frequently (0.14 days/week, 95% CI: 0.02-0.25) if attending a school with a wellness committee that met once or more in the past year compared to attending a school with a wellness committee that did not meet/did not exist. Children had lower added sugar (p < .0001), lower energy-dense foods (p = .0004), lower sugar intake from sugar-sweetened beverages (p = .0002), and lower dairy consumption (p = .001) if attending a school with similar or stronger implementation of the nutrition components of the school wellness policies compared to other schools in the district.

Conclusion: A more active wellness committee was associated with lower BMI z-scores in US schoolchildren. Active school engagement in wellness policy implementation appears to play a positive role in efforts to reduce childhood obesity.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Care Coordination, Patient Navigation, Midwifery,

Intervention Description: The intervention described in the article is the Early Care Model for initiation of perinatal care. This model is a midwifery-led, patient-centered approach designed to reduce barriers to early initiation of perinatal care for pregnant individuals. The key components of the intervention include: Timely access to care as soon as pregnancy is confirmed or suspected. One-hour telehealth visits for early pregnancy assessment and support. Comprehensive assessment of clinical and social needs during the initial prenatal visit. Tailored perinatal care recommendations and referrals based on individual health history and preferences. Promotion of midwifery care and education about all care options. Use of virtual language interpretation services for increased accessibility. Focus on antiracist and antibias approaches to provide equitable care , . These components collectively aim to provide early and comprehensive care to pregnant individuals, address systemic barriers to care engagement, and promote improved outcomes and decreased disparities in perinatal health

Intervention Results: Instead, it focuses on describing the key strengths and components of the Early Care Model for initiation of perinatal care, as well as the potential impact of the model on health equity and perinatal outcomes. The article emphasizes the importance of early access to prenatal care, the benefits of the model's approach to care initiation, and the strategies for overcoming barriers to implementation, such as billing and reimbursement challenges in the United States healthcare system

Conclusion: The conclusion drawn from the article on the Early Care Model for initiation of perinatal care highlights the potential of this model to significantly impact health equity in perinatal care. The model is seen as a promising approach to reducing disparities, improving outcomes, and increasing access to early and comprehensive perinatal care for pregnant individuals. However, the article also acknowledges the real barriers to implementation, particularly related to billing and reimbursement systems in the United States healthcare system. To address these barriers and make the Early Care Model more accessible and actionable, the article presents recommendations for stakeholders, including health plans, legislators, and regulators. These recommendations focus on adjusting reimbursement to reflect the benefits of the model, expanding Medicaid coverage for pregnant individuals, and advocating for policy changes to support the adoption of innovative care delivery models like the Early Care Model . Overall, the article underscores the importance of addressing systemic challenges in healthcare delivery to promote equitable care, improve perinatal outcomes, and enhance access to quality care for pregnant individuals.

Study Design: the article outlines the key components and strategies of the model, focusing on its innovative approach to providing early and comprehensive perinatal care to pregnant individuals. The model is presented as a new care delivery approach aimed at reducing barriers to early initiation of perinatal care and improving health outcomes for pregnant people and their fetuses

Setting: it does mention that the model was developed and implemented by Quilted Health, a healthcare organization based in Washington state . The model is designed to be adaptable to the needs of specific communities and care settings

Population of Focus: The target audience for the Early Care Model for initiation of perinatal care includes pregnant individuals seeking prenatal care services. The model is designed to reduce barriers to early initiation of perinatal care and improve outcomes for pregnant people and their fetuses 2. Additionally, stakeholders involved in the implementation of the model, such as health plans, legislators, regulators, and perinatal care providers, are also key audiences for the recommendations and strategies outlined in the article

Sample Size: The focus of the article is more on the model itself, its strategies, and the potential impact on health equity in perinatal care

Age Range: However, the model is designed to provide early access to prenatal care for pregnant individuals, which typically includes adults of reproductive age. The focus is on improving perinatal outcomes and reducing disparities in care for pregnant individuals, regardless of their specific age range

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Midwifery,

Intervention Description: In contrast to traditional models of prenatal care in which the first visit is deferred until gestational age allows for a dating ultrasound, the Early Care model allows for care to be initiated at any gestation. Patients are offered accessible telehealth early pregnancy appointments for thorough assessment of clinical and social needs to better meet each person's unique and diverse experiences.

Intervention Results: Patients can received timely referrals for emergent clinical and social needs, as well as education about all care options.

Conclusion: This model promotes improved outcomes and decreased disparities, as well as broader awareness of midwifery care. This article provides an overview of the Early Care model experience.

Study Design: Qualitative

Setting: Community-based

Population of Focus: Women of color

Sample Size: Unknown

Age Range: Not disclosed

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): HOSPITAL, Guideline Change and Implementation, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Active Management of Labor

Intervention Description: This was a prospective cohort study of nulliparous women to determine how a new structured protocol of oxytocin augmentation within a single hospital obstetric department impacted labor outcomes. The new protocol instructs birth attendants to diagnose “prolonged labor” based on the World Health Organization (WHO) partograph before commencing oxytocin infusion for augmentation. Data from the hospital were collected prospectively and compared for two time-period cohorts: the historic control cohort (2009–2010) and the study period cohort (2012–2013). Nulliparous women with singleton, term deliveries (>37 weeks), cephalic presentation, and spontaneous onset of labor (Ten-Group Classification System (TGCS) group 1) were included in the analysis.

Intervention Results: The study cohort and control cohort comprised 1103 (26.2%) and 1399 (33.1%) of all laboring women, respectively (p < .01). The protocol was followed satisfactorily in 78% of the study cohort. The use of oxytocin augmentation was reduced in the study cohort versus the control cohort; 41.3 versus 48.9% (p < .01); mean oxytocin infusion duration was shorter (100 versus 123 min; p < .01); and mean total oxytocin dose decreased (1009 versus 1293 mU; p < .01). The cesarean section rate was 5.9% in the study cohort versus 8.0% in the control cohort (p = .04). The estimated mean duration of the active phase of labor increased by 47 min (p < .01) after the implementation. The frequency of estimated postpartum hemorrhage >1000 ml was higher, 4.9 versus 2.0% (p < .01), but the use of blood transfusions remained stable, 2.5 versus 2.7% (p = .78), the study cohort versus control cohort, respectively.

Conclusion: Implementation of a protocol of structured use of oxytocin augmentation reduced the frequency, dosage, and duration of oxytocin without increasing the cesarean section rate in TGCS group 1.

Setting: Obstetric Department of Sørlandet Hospital, Kristiansand, Norway

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, Mentor Engagement, Strengths-Based Approach

Intervention Description: The intervention described is formal community-based mentoring programs that aim to build supportive relationships between youth and non-parental adults. This mentoring program is unique in that it focuses on how mentors can strengthen and expand youth's social connections beyond the mentor-mentee dyad.

Intervention Results: The results reveal three mentoring profiles that are differentially associated with youth outcomes. Mentors who actively engage in connecting and mediating behaviors foster stronger connection outcomes, as reported by their youth mentees.

Conclusion: The conclusion is that mentor-mentee relationships and specific mentoring approaches are crucial in enhancing youth support networks and connectedness.

Study Design: person-centered approach using latent profile analysis.

Setting: Community-basesd: formal community-based mentoring programs

Population of Focus: diverse youth

Sample Size: 766 youth

Age Range: 11/14/2024

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, Mentor Engagement

Intervention Description: natural or informal mentoring relationships, which are community-oriented and not part of formal mentoring programs. This mentoring program is unique because it involves a supportive individual, usually an adult, who works with a young person to build a relationship by offering guidance, support, and encouragement to the young person to cultivate positive and healthy development.

Intervention Results: The results of the study show that children without mentors had 2.1 and 1.3 times higher adjusted odds, respectively, of bullying other children and low school engagement than those with mentors.

Conclusion: The conclusion of the study is that mentoring may be a pathway for providing programs that prevent bullying and improve educational outcomes among school-aged children.

Study Design: cross-sectional telephone survey

Setting: Community-based: United States

Population of Focus: school-aged children

Sample Size: 65593

Age Range: 6/17/2024

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Patient-Centered Medical Home, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Outreach (caregiver), PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, PARENT_FAMILY, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE

Intervention Description: The 2016–2018 National Surveys of Children’s Health dataset was used to identify associations among preventive care, unmet health care needs, medical home access, and emergency department (ED) use among children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Intervention Results: Results indicated that youth with ASD had higher odds of using ED services if they had unmet mental health care needs (OR = 1.58, CI: 1.04–2.39) and lower odds of using ED services if they had access to a medical home (OR = 0.79, CI: 0.63–0.98).

Conclusion: Findings suggest the importance of access to coordinated, comprehensive, and patient-centered care to address health care needs and prevent ED utilization among children and adolescents with ASD.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS, COMMUNITY, Community Health Services Policy

Intervention Description: The aim of this pragmatic cluster quasi-randomised controlled trial was to assess the effectiveness of implementing the Baby-friendly Initiative (BFI) in community health services.

Intervention Results: Women in the intervention group were more likely to breastfeed exclusively compared with those who received routine care: 17.9% vs. 14.1% until 6 months [cluster adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.33; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03, 1.72; P = 0.03], 41.4% vs. 35.8% until 5 months [cluster adjusted OR = 1.39; 95% CI: 1.09, 1.77; P = 0.01], and 72.1% vs. 68.2% for any breastfeeding until 6 months [cluster adjusted OR = 1.24; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.54; P = 0.06]. The intervention had no effect on breastfeeding until 12 months.

Conclusion: The Baby-friendly Initiative (BFI) in community health services increased rates of exclusive breastfeeding until 6 months.

Study Design: Pragmatic cluster quasi-experimental

Setting: 54 municipalities in six counties (Østfold,Vestfold, NordTrøndelag, Hordaland, Telemark, Finnmark)

Population of Focus: Mothers with infants ≥5 months old at the time of survey, who lived in the study area and had given birth to a singleton infant at ≥ 37 weeks GA with a birth weight ≥ 2000 gm

Data Source: Mother self-report

Sample Size: Intervention (n=1051/990)3 Control (n=981/916)

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Peer Counselor, Telephone Support

Intervention Description: The objective of this study was to assess whether counseling both mothers and fathers reduces their infants’ exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS).

Intervention Results: The intervention was effective in reducing infant urinary cotinine levels (1-tailed p = .029). There was a greater decrease in the total daily cigarette consumption in the presence of the child in the intervention group compared with the control group, and the differences between the 2 groups were statistically significant (1-tailed p = .03). While the differences between home-smoking bans in the 2 groups were statistically significant (1-tailed p = .049), the differences between car-smoking bans did not reach significance.

Conclusion: Counseling similar to that employed in other countries can reduce infant exposure to SHS, suggesting generalizability.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Recruited from health centers, intervention face-to-face and telephone

Population of Focus: Nonsmoking children aged less than 1 year, exposed to their fathers’ or mothers’ smoking, and recruited from a health center in southern Tehran

Data Source: Parental self-report and infant urinary cotinine.

Sample Size: 130 children

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Other Person-to-Person Education, Peer Counselor, Motivational Interviewing, Telephone Support, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Consultation (Parent/Family)

Intervention Description: The goals were to describe a smoking cessation intervention, the Tennessee Intervention for Pregnant Smokers program, and examine the impact on quit rates compared to usual care. Additionally we sought to examine reduction in smoking levels and number of quit attempts related to the intervention and finally to examine the impact of the intervention on birth outcomes.

Intervention Results: Over 28% of intervention group women quit smoking, compared to 9.8% in the control group. Two thirds of intervention group women significantly reduced smoking by delivery, with 40%+ attempting to quit at least once. Compared to controls, intervention group women saw significantly better birth outcomes, including newborns weighing 270g more and 50% less likely to have a neonatal intensive care unit admission. Among intervention group participants, those who quit smoking had significantly better birth outcomes than those who did not quit smoking.

Conclusion: Findings point to the potential for appropriately tailored pregnancy smoking interventions to produce substantial improvements in birth outcomes within populations with health disparities.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Prenatal care clinics

Population of Focus: Pregnant women smokers who receive Medicaid and prenatal care

Data Source: Self-report of smoking behavior, exhaled CO, urine cotinine

Sample Size: 1486

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Quality Improvement,

Intervention Description: N/A

Conclusion: 1. The transition from pediatric to adult care is associated with adverse health outcomes for many adolescents with chronic illness. 2. The review identified 169 quality indicators for transition, of which 56% were illness-specific, 43% were at the patient level of care, 44% related to transition processes, and 51% were patient-centered and 0% equity-focused. 3. Common indicator themes included education (12%), continuity of care (8%), satisfaction (8%), and self-management/self-efficacy (7%). 4. Although most quality indicators for transition were patient-centered outcomes, few were informed by youth and parents/caregivers, and none focused on equity. 5. Further work is needed to prioritize quality indicators across chronic illness populations while engaging youth and parents/caregivers in the process. 6. A key set of quality indicators for transition that can be applied to any clinical setting and disease population is needed to compare health-system performance across all clinical settings and jurisdictions.

Study Design: Systematic Review

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Incentives

Intervention Description: The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services' Meaningful Use (MU) of Electronic Health Record (EHR) Incentive Program could increase rates of smoking assessment and cessation assistance among vulnerable populations. This study examined whether smoking status assessment, cessation assistance, and odds of being a current smoker changed after Stage 1 MU implementation.

Intervention Results: Non-pregnant patients had decreased odds of current smoking over time; odds for all other outcomes increased except for medication orders from 2010 to 2012. Among pregnant patients, odds of assessment and counseling increased across all years. Odds of discussing or ordering of cessation medications increased from 2010 compared with the other 2 study years; however, medication orders alone did not change over time, and current smoking only decreased from 2010 to 2012. Compared with non-pregnant patients, a lower percentage of pregnant patients were provided counseling.

Conclusion: Findings suggest that incentives for MU of EHRs increase the odds of smoking assessment and cessation assistance, which could lead to decreased smoking rates among vulnerable populations. Continued efforts for provision of cessation assistance among pregnant patients is warranted.

Study Design: Quasi experimental cross-sectional (Non- randomized evaluation of a policy change)

Setting: Community health centers (CHC)

Population of Focus: All smokers over 18 years of age with at least one primary care visit to one of the study CHCs in 2010, 2012, or 2014 as well as a subset of pregnant women

Data Source: Electronic health records

Sample Size: Review of health records for 16,802 participants in 2010, 17,631 in 2012 and 18,110 in 2014

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS, STATE, Public Insurance (State)

Intervention Description: We used electronic health record (EHR) data to assess temporal patterns of healthcare utilization after Oregon's 2009-2010 CHIP expansion. We hypothesized increased post-expansion utilization among children who gained public insurance.

Intervention Results: Among the newly insured group, utilization rates of preventive dental visits increased significantly from 0.24 to 0.63 encounters per patient per year between pretest and posttest (adjusted rate ratio=2.56, 95% CI: 2.38-2.75). Between-group pretest-posttest differences in rate ratios revealed that changes in utilization of preventive dental visits were significantly different from those of the continuously insured and continuously uninsured groups (p<0.001).

Conclusion: This study used EHR data to confirm that CHIP expansions are associated with increased utilization of essential pediatric primary and preventive care. These findings are timely to pending policy decisions that could impact children's access to public health insurance in the United States.

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group

Setting: Community health centers (CHC) in Oregon

Population of Focus: Patients aged 2-18 years who were not pregnant and did not have insurance other than Medicaid/CHIP with ≥ 1 visit before and after their ‘start date’

Data Source: CHC EHR data; state administrative data

Sample Size: Newly insured (n=3,054) Continuously insured (n=10,946) Continuously uninsured (n=10,307)

Age Range: not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Expert Support (Provider), Continuity of Care (Caseload), Enabling Services, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, PATIENT_CONSUMER

Intervention Description: Using semistructured focus groups and interviews, we evaluated practices, messaging, and the prospect of integrating and coordinating care.

Intervention Results: Stakeholders supported sharing health assessment data and integrating health services as strategies to enhance the quality of care, but were concerned about security and confidentiality.

Conclusion: Overall, integrated, coordinated care was perceived to be an acceptable strategy to facilitate consistent, preventive education and improve patient-centeredness.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Mobile Programs,

Intervention Description: The intervention involved designing and implementing flexible mass vaccination campaigns in the refugee camps, with the support of cultural mediators and volunteers from the community. The campaigns aimed to address the insufficient vaccination coverage for diseases such as MMR, pneumococcal disease, hepatitis B, poliomyelitis, diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, and Haemophilus influenzae type b.

Intervention Results: he study found that vaccination coverage was high for the first dose of the MMR vaccine, but far from optimal for the second dose and for other diseases. The study also found that the availability of cultural mediators was a challenge, and that constant monitoring of vaccination coverage was difficult due to the constantly changing population in the camps.

Conclusion: The study highlights the importance of flexible mass vaccination campaigns in refugee settings, and the need for adequate cultural mediation support to address language and cultural barriers. The study also emphasizes the challenges of monitoring vaccination coverage in such settings.

Study Design: The study used a door-to-door household survey to collect data on vaccination coverage and needs of refugee children in the camps. Mass vaccination campaigns were then designed and implemented based on the survey results.

Setting: The study was conducted in refugee camps in Greece.

Population of Focus: The target audience was children aged 0-14 years living in the refugee camps.

Sample Size: The study included 3,786 children recorded as living in the camps in April 2018.

Age Range: The age range of the target audience was 0-14 years.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS, NATIONAL, Policy/Guideline (National)

Intervention Description: Public health agencies around the world have renewed efforts to increase the incidence and duration of breastfeeding. Maternity leave mandates present an economic policy that could help achieve these goals. We study their efficacy, focusing on a significant increase in maternity leave mandates in Canada.

Intervention Results: No significant difference in the incidence of breastfeeding before and after the policy reform

Conclusion: For most indicators we find no effect.

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest

Setting: National

Population of Focus: Children born between 1998- 2001 or 2000-2003 who were in two-parent families and did not live in Quebec

Data Source: Canadian Community Health Survey; Mother self-report

Sample Size: N/A4

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Prenatal Care Access, Medicaid,

Intervention Description: The study proposed several intervention features based on participant ideas for change. These intervention features were intended to address the unique unmet needs and preferences of pregnant women with varying degrees of unscheduled care utilization. The proposed intervention features included: 1. Social Support: - Integration of community health workers (CHWs) into care teams and existing childbirth education. - Connecting pregnant individuals with social services resources. - Group prenatal care support. 2. Care Delivery: - Health information exchange. - Prenatal passport cards or applications. - Visit checklists. - Integration of technology already in use. 3. Access: - Advanced access scheduling. - Enhanced care team visibility. - Drop-in pregnancy support center. - Insurance screening and enrollment. - Integration of CHW support for navigation and continuity. These intervention features were intended to address the participants' expressed needs for social support, improved care delivery, and enhanced access to outpatient prenatal care. The study aimed to leverage these person-centered intervention elements to improve trust and impact of prenatal care, with the potential to advance equitably improved outcomes

Intervention Results: he study identified three overarching thematic domains from participant ideas for improving prenatal care: social support, improved care delivery, and improved access to outpatient prenatal care. The study found that pregnant women with frequent unscheduled care utilization had unique unmet needs compared to those with no prior unscheduled visits. Participants in Group 1 overwhelmingly wanted to feel heard and centered by providers, while those in Group 2 expressed ambivalence about increased social support. The study proposed several intervention features based on participant ideas for change, including integration of CHWs into care teams, group prenatal care support, and advanced access scheduling. The study concluded that these person-centered intervention elements could improve trust and impact of prenatal care, with the potential to advance equitably improved outcomes

Conclusion: The study concluded that low-income, Medicaid-insured, predominantly Black pregnant women face unique unmet needs in prenatal care delivery, which can be addressed through person-centered intervention elements. The study proposed several intervention features based on participant ideas for change, including integration of CHWs into care teams, group prenatal care support, and advanced access scheduling. These intervention features were intended to address the participants' expressed needs for social support, improved care delivery, and enhanced access to outpatient prenatal care. The study aimed to leverage these person-centered intervention elements to improve trust and impact of prenatal care, with the potential to advance equitably improved outcomes. The study highlights the importance of engaging pregnant women in the design of interventions to improve prenatal care delivery and reduce disparities in maternal and infant health outcomes

Study Design: The study design was a qualitative, participatory action research approach. The researchers conducted in-depth, semi-structured interviews with pregnant women at the point of unscheduled hospital-based obstetric care in a triage unit. The interviews were designed to explore the participants' perspectives on group prenatal care, community health worker (CHW) interventions, and ideas for improving care. The study team then used grounded theory to develop a coding structure and identify major themes that emerged from the data, relating to participant ideas for improving care. The resulting intervention framework was presented to all study team members for validation, adjustment, and finalization.

Setting: The setting for this study was focused on low-SES, Medicaid-insured, predominantly Black pregnant women. The study aimed to understand the experiences and perspectives of pregnant individuals who are frequent and infrequent users of unscheduled care in the emergency room and obstetric triage. The insights and recommendations provided in the study are based on the narratives and experiences of these specific groups of pregnant individuals, highlighting the importance of tailoring prenatal care delivery to meet the unique needs of this population.

Population of Focus: The target audience for this study was low-income, Medicaid-insured, predominantly Black pregnant women with varying degrees of unscheduled care utilization. The study aimed to understand the perspectives and experiences of this specific demographic group in order to identify unmet needs and propose interventions to improve prenatal care delivery tailored to their unique requirements. The findings and recommendations presented in the study are intended to inform healthcare providers, policymakers, and organizations involved in prenatal care for this target audience, with the goal of enhancing access to early prenatal care and improving perinatal outcomes.

Sample Size: he sample size for this study was 40 participants, who were enrolled and categorized as either Group 1 (n = 20) or Group 2 (n = 20). The participants were low-income, Medicaid-insured, predominantly Black pregnant women with varying degrees of unscheduled care utilization. The study team conducted in-depth, semi-structured interviews with these participants to explore their perspectives on barriers and facilitators of health and ideas for improvement in care delivery, with a focus on the potential role of community health workers and social support. The study team then used modified grounded theory to develop general and subset themes by study group and mapped these themes to potential intervention features.

Age Range: The study did not provide a specific age range for the participants. However, it did report that the mean age for Group 1 was 25.5 years and for Group 2 was 25.0 years. The study also reported that all enrolled participants self-identified as cis-gender women and were predominantly Black (95%).

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Active Management of Labor, , HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE

Intervention Description: The aim of this study was to determine whether compliance with a checklist-based protocol for oxytocin administration was associated with changes in neonatal and maternal outcomes.

Intervention Results: Among patients with complete adherence to the oxytocin administration protocol, the rate of cesarean section in the unadjusted analysis was 16.20%, compared to 18.54% for those with incomplete adherence; the rates of postpartum hemorrhage were 2.64% vs. 3.14%, respectively, and the rates of NICU admission were 3.03% vs. 3.86%, respectively. In the multivariable logistic regression, complete protocol adherence was associated with significantly lower odds of postpartum hemorrhage (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.85, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.76–0.94) but higher odds of Cesarean section (adjusted OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01–1.13); the adjusted OR for NICU admission was 0.90, which did not reach statistical significance (95% CI 0.81–1.00). Among the covariates, nulliparity and elective induction were the strongest predictors of the primary outcomes of cesarean section, postpartum hemorrhage, and NICU admission.

Conclusion: Adherence to the oxytocin administration protocol was associated with a decrease in postpartum hemorrhage but an increased risk of delivery by cesarean section.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): CLASSROOM, Adult-led Curricular Activities/Training

Intervention Description: The present study evaluates the effect of an intervention program on the reduction of bullying and victimization in schools with a sample of 239 students aged 10–16 years old in Rome, Italy.

Intervention Results: Results showed that the program worked best for older students, but not for younger ones who in some cases reported an increased level of victimization after the intervention. For older students there was a decrease in victimization according to the sum of types of behavior for the experimental group, but an increase for the control group. The same result was found for direct victimization, having belongings stolen, and being called nasty names.

Conclusion: Therefore, the program seemed to be beneficial for older students but possibly damaging for younger students. It is suggested that the program could have worked better with older students because of the cognitive skills it required. Younger students could have reported higher levels of bullying after the intervention because they became more sensitized to the topic of bullying.

Study Design: Cluster RCT: pretest-posttest

Setting: Italy

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Total (n=239) Intervention (n=131): Pretest (n=128) Control (n=106): Pretest (n=105)

Age Range: 11/15/2022

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Provider Training/Education, Expert Support (Provider),

Intervention Description: The City of Dallas, TA, WIC program collaborated with 3 urban hospitals and developed a training of practical techniques and information for staff to use while working with breastfeeding patients. It recognizes the powerful role that health care workers have in successful BF and the need for competent, hands-on skills to support lactation. The goals of the new collaboration with WIC were to provide staff a supervised clinical experience in a workshop format and provide a venue to practice the information they gained from the didactic education.

Intervention Results: Since implementation, 1,600 workers were trained, 1 hospital achieved Baby-Friendly designation, and all have increased BF rates by 10%.

Conclusion: The City of Dallas, TX, Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program collaborated with 3 urban hospitals and developed a training of practical techniques and information for staff to use while working with BF patients. Since implementation, 1,600 workers were trained, 1 hospital achieved Baby-Friendly designation, and all have increased BF rates by 10%.

Study Design: Evaluation data

Setting: Three hospitals in Dallas, TX, and the City of Dallas WIC program

Population of Focus: Physicians, midwives, dietitians, and staff from area hospitals and clinics

Sample Size: 1600 people over three years

Age Range: Adults

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Training (Parent/Family), Family-Based Interventions, Patient-Centered Medical Home,

Intervention Description: In collaboration with veteran parents’ focus groups, we created an experienced co-designed care bundle including IFDC mobile application, which together with staff training programme comprised the IFDC programme. Infant outcomes were compared with retrospective controls in a prepost intervention analysis.

Intervention Results: Infants in the IFDC group were discharged earlier: median corrected GA (36+0 (IQR 35+0–38+0) vs 37+1 (IQR 36+3–38+4) weeks; p=0.003), with shorter median LOS (41 (32–63) vs 55 (41–73) days; p=0.022)

Conclusion: This is the first reported study from a UK tertiary neonatal unit demonstrating significant benefits of family integrated care programme. The IFDC programme has significantly reduced LOS, resulted in the earlier achievement of full enteral and suck feeds

Study Design: Implemented the Integrated Family Delivered Care (IFDC) program to a subset of infants while also having a control group. Compared infant outcomes.

Setting: NICU - London

Population of Focus: Families of NICU patients - healthcare providers and professionals working in neonatal intensive care units, as well as parents of preterm infants who are receiving care in these units.

Sample Size: 89 families - 89 infants who were admitted to the neonatal units of the participating healthcare facility. However, for the purpose of the outcome analysis, infants were included if they were less than 34 weeks gestational age, admitted for at least 14 days, and received the entire period of care in the neonatal units. This resulted in a sample size of 37 infants .

Age Range: Parents of infants

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Quality Improvement/Practice-Wide Intervention, Development/Improvement of Services, Continuing Education of Hospital Providers, HOSPITAL, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE

Intervention Description: Creation of a small baby program requires special resources and multidisciplinary engagement.

Intervention Results: While it took pre-planning to time routine exams with cares, this approach resulted in a significant decrease in apnea, bradycardia, and desaturation events than previously observed.

Conclusion: We have described benefits, challenges, and practical approaches to creating and maintaining a small baby program that could be a model for the development of special programs for other sub-populations within in the NICU.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Health Insurance Coverage, Continuity of Care (Caseload), Expanded Insurance Coverage,

Intervention Description: N/A

Intervention Results: Of 30,678 children, 1875 (6.1%) were classified with Asthma, 294 (1.0%) with ASD, and 15,465 (50.4%) as Controls. Overall CoC was lower for Asthma (Mean = 0.58, SD 0.21) and ASD (M = 0.57, SD = 0.20) than Controls (M = 0.66, SD = 0.21); differences in well-care CoC were minimal. In regression models, lower overall CoC was found for Asthma (aOR = 0.90, 95% CI, 0.85-0.94). Lower overall and well-care CoC were associated with public insurance (aOR = 0.77, CI, 0.74-0.81; aOR = 0.64, CI, 0.59-0.69).

Conclusion: After accounting for patient and clinical-care factors, children with asthma, but not with ASD, in this primary-care network had significantly lower CoC compared to children without chronic conditions. Public insurance was the most prominent patient factor associated with low CoC, emphasizing the need to address disparities in CoC.

Study Design: Retrospective cohort study of electronic health records from office visits of children <9 years, seen ≥4 times between 2015 and 2019 in 10 practices of a community-based primary health care network in California. Three cohorts were constructed: 1) Asthma: ≥2 visits with asthma visit diagnoses; 2) ASD: same method; 3) Controls: no chronic conditions. CoC, using Usual Provider of Care measure (range > 0–1), was calculated for 1) all visits (overall) and 2) well-care visits. Fractional regression models examined CoC adjusting for patient age, medical insurance, practice affiliation, and number of visits.

Setting: California

Population of Focus: Children with chronic conditions

Sample Size: 30678

Age Range: <9

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT_CONSUMER, Diet/Exercise

Intervention Description: A randomized controlled trial was conducted with 290 healthy pregnant Caucasian (Spanish) women with a singleton gestation who were randomly assigned to either an exercise (n=138) or a control (n=152) group. The physical conditioning exercise included a total of three 40-45 minute sessions per week, beginning at the start of the pregnancy (weeks 6–9) until the end of the third trimester (weeks 38–39). Each session included a 25-minute core portion that was preceded and followed by a gradual warm-up and cool-down period, both of 7–8 minutes in duration and consisting of walking and light, static stretching (to avoid any muscle pains) of most muscle groups (upper and lower limbs, neck and trunk muscles).

Intervention Results: The percentage of cesarean and instrumental deliveries in the exercise group were lower than in the control group (15.9%, n = 22; 11.6%, n = 16 vs. 23%, n = 35; 19.1%, n = 29, respectively; p = 0.03). The overall health status of the newborn as well as other pregnancy outcomes was unaffected.

Conclusion: Based on these results, a supervised program of moderate-intensity exercise performed throughout pregnancy was associated with a reduction in the rate of cesarean, instrumental deliveries and can be recommended for healthy women in pregnancy.

Setting: University Hospital in Madrid, Spain

Population of Focus: Low risk Caucasian (Spanish) women with singleton gestations

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, Mentor Engagement

Intervention Description: Mentors received at least two hours of training and committed to meeting one hour per week for at least one school year. The matches were supported by a coordinator who conducted at least monthly check-ins with both mentors and mentees.

Intervention Results: The study identified several factors associated with successful mentoring relationships within the school-based context. These factors included: 1. Mentor attitudes toward youth 2. Match expectations 3. Training received 4. Perceived program support 5. Match length 6. Mentor commitment

Conclusion: The study identified three distinct profiles of mentoring relationships within the school-based context: "Tough Matches," "Tentative Mentors," and "Tight Matches." These profiles were based on multi-informant ratings of closeness, communication, engagement, and compatibility between mentors and mentees. The results indicated that mentor attitudes toward youth, match expectations, training received, and perceived program support were associated with the different relationship profiles. Additionally, match length and mentor commitment varied across the different profiles, with "Tentative Mentors" and those in "Tough Matches" demonstrating lower levels of commitment and shorter match durations compared to "Tight Matches." Furthermore, the study found that high school and college-age mentors had shorter matches compared to adult mentors, and mentors in "Tough Matches" were significantly less likely to report finishing the school year with their mentees. These findings underscored the importance of recognizing the mutual perceptions of mentees and mentors and the need to identify areas of support for matches that may struggle within school-based mentoring programs , , .

Study Design: longitudinal design, collecting information from two sources after the beginning of the school year (T1) and after the end of the school year (T2). The data was obtained through online survey responses from mentors who reported on their school-based mentoring experiences during the 2013–2014 school year.

Setting: School-based: a school-based sample of both mentors and mentees enrolled in Big Brothers Big Sisters of the Greater Twin Cities

Population of Focus: mentor matches through BBBS

Sample Size: 244 matched mentors

Age Range: 6-18 year old mentees

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): CLASSROOM_SCHOOL, Teacher/Staff Training, Comprehensive School-Based PA Program

Intervention Description: The four-month intervention included strategies focused on training teachers, new opportunities for physical activity in the school environment, and health education strategies for the school community (including parents). Moderate- to-vigorous physical activity level (≥420 min/week), TV watching and computer use/gaming (<2 h/day), daily consumption of fruit juice, fruit, vegetables, soft drinks, savory foods and sweets, and current alcohol and tobacco use were measured before and after intervention.

Intervention Results: McNemar's test and logistic regression (odds ratio [OR] and a 95% confidence interval [95% CI]) were used, considering p < 0.05. In the intervention schools, a significant increase occurred in the number of adolescents who met physical activity guidelines (5.3%; 95% CI = 0.8; 9.8) and who reported using computer for <2 h a day (8.6%; 95% CI = 3.8; 13.4) after intervention. No changes were observed in the control schools. At the end of the intervention, adolescents from intervention schools were more likely to practice physical activity at recommended levels (OR = 1.44; 95% CI = 1.00; 2.08) than adolescents from control schools. No significant change was observed for the other lifestyle factors.

Conclusion: In conclusion, this multicomponent intervention was effective in promoting physical activity among adolescents from vulnerable areas. However, other lifestyle factors showed no significant change after intervention.

Study Design: Cluster RCT

Setting: 6 schools in the public education system

Population of Focus: Adolescents in grades 7-9

Data Source: Physical activity list and Youth Risk Behavior Survey Questionnaire

Sample Size: 548 adolescents in intervention group; 537 in the control group

Age Range: Ages 11-18

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Home Visits,

Intervention Description: The specific intervention is known as the Rinkeby extended home visiting program, which is a multicomponent intervention aimed at addressing health inequities among children in a disadvantaged area in Sweden. The intervention is designed to decrease risk factors and increase protective factors for children's health and well-being, with a focus on strengthening parents' self-efficacy and health. It also aims to facilitate families' integration into Swedish society through language learning and the child's enrollment in public day care services . The intervention aligns with a discernible strategy based on the principles of proportionate universalism, which emphasizes the need to tailor interventions to the specific needs of individuals and communities while addressing the social determinants of health . The program content is based on the national Child Health Care (CHC) program, with a focus on creating open meetings between families and professionals where parents' needs and concerns lead the intervention. The intervention also emphasizes the importance of the participation of fathers . The study analyzes the implementation of this multicomponent intervention through a qualitative content analysis of the documentation of home visits by Child Health Care (CHC) nurses, providing insights into the content and mechanisms of the intervention .

Intervention Results: The analysis revealed that the home visits covered three main categories of content related to the health, care and development of the child; the strengthening of roles and relations within the new family unit; and the influence and support located in the broader external context around the family. The model of categories and sub-categories proved stable over all six visits. Families with extra needs received continuous attention to their additional issues during the visits, as well as the standard content described in the content model.

Conclusion: This study on home visiting implementation indicates that the participating families received programme content which covered all the domains of nurturing care as recommended by the WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health and recent research. The content of the home visits can be understood to create enabling conditions for health equity effects. The intervention can be seen to represent a practical example of proportionate universalism.

Study Design: The study design involves a qualitative content analysis of the implementation of the Rinkeby extended home visiting program. The content analysis is based on the documentation of home visits by Child Health Care (CHC) nurses, providing insights into the content and mechanisms of the intervention . This approach allows for a detailed examination of the interactions and topics covered during the home visits, offering a deeper understanding of the implementation of the intervention and its alignment with health equity perspectives on early childhood development.

Setting: The study setting is a disadvantaged area in Sweden where the extended postnatal home visiting program was implemented. Specifically, the program was carried out in the Rinkeby area, and the study focused on the content of the home visits conducted by Child Health Care (CHC) nurses to families in this setting . This context is important for understanding how the intervention was tailored to address the specific needs and challenges faced by families in a disadvantaged area, and how it aimed to promote health equity and early childhood development within this setting.

Population of Focus: The target audience for the study includes professionals and researchers involved in public health, early childhood development, and health equity initiatives. Additionally, policymakers and practitioners interested in implementing or evaluating interventions aimed at addressing health inequities among families with newborns and infants in disadvantaged areas may find the study's findings and insights relevant. The study's focus on the implementation of an extended postnatal home visiting program guided by proportionate universalism and its potential impact on equitable early childhood development makes it particularly relevant to individuals and organizations working in the field of maternal and child health, social determinants of health, and health equity.

Sample Size: The study included a total of 98 children whose families participated in the extended postnatal home visiting program. The documentation of 501 home visits to these families was analyzed as part of the qualitative content analysis . This sample size provides a substantial amount of data for the qualitative analysis of the home visiting program's implementation and content.

Age Range: The study focuses on the implementation of an extended postnatal home visiting program, which typically targets families with newborns and infants. While the specific age range of the children involved in the program is not explicitly mentioned in the provided excerpts, it can be inferred that the intervention primarily addresses the needs of families with infants and young children during the postnatal period.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Provider Training/Education, Residents/Medical Students, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE

Intervention Description: Six obstetricians with significant experience in operative deliveries supervised and taught residents on labor and delivery, including the use of forceps

Intervention Results: There were 5,201 live, term, singleton, vertex deliveries under the care of residents, 1,919 (36.9%) before December 2012 and 3,282 (63.1%) December 2012 or later. The rate of forceps deliveries significantly increased from 0.6% to 2.6% (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 8.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.1–23.1), and the rate of cesarean deliveries significantly decreased from 27.3% to 24.5% (adjusted OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.55–0.83). There were no statistically significant differences in the rates of third- or fourth-degree lacerations or 5-minute Apgar scores less than 7. Among nulliparous women, the forceps rate increased from 1.0% to 3.4% (adjusted OR 4.87, 95% CI 1.74–13.63) and the cesarean delivery rate decreased from 25.6% to 22.7% (adjusted OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.53–0.89). The increase in forceps deliveries

Conclusion: Having senior obstetricians supervise resident deliveries is significantly associated with an increased rate of forceps deliveries and a decreased rate of cesarean deliveries.

Setting: Mt. Sinai Hospital

Population of Focus: All patients with term singleton vertex gestrations

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Community Events,

Intervention Description: The intervention was a flu vaccination event held in a Black church, which included health education and other preventive services such as dental, developmental, vision, hearing, and BMI screenings.

Intervention Results: The study found that the flu vaccination event held in the Black church was successful in increasing flu vaccination rates among Black children. The event also provided an opportunity to offer other preventive services to the community.

Conclusion: The study demonstrates the potential of partnering with faith-based organizations to offer preventive services to underserved communities.

Study Design: The study used a pre-post design to evaluate the impact of a flu vaccination event held in a Black church.

Setting: The study was conducted in a Black church in a low-income neighborhood in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Population of Focus: The target audience was Black children aged 6 months to 18 years and their families.

Sample Size: The sample size was 100 Black children and their families.

Age Range: The age range of the children included in the study was 6 months to 18 years.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Electronic PA, PARENT_FAMILY

Intervention Description: Exergame use (or active video games that promote physical activity (PA)) has the potential to increase PA in youth, but there is a scarcity of information about PA of youth who are current exergamers. The current study examined PA behaviors in exergamers versus non-exergamers.

Intervention Results: Both male and female exergamers tended to be younger and Black compared to non-exergamers (p<0.001). Generally, exergamers did not report significantly more PA than non-exergamers, except for female exergamers who engaged in more vigorous PA than female non-exergamers (p<0.01; 1.3±0.05 vs. 1.6±0.06 hours/wk, respectively).

Conclusion: PA behavior in exergamers is similar to PA behavior in non-exergamers. However, when targeting vigorous PA, exergaming may be an innovative and appealing intervention strategy for adolescent girls.

Study Design: Cross-sectional

Setting: Public high schools in Minneapolis/St. Paul Minnesota metropolitan area

Population of Focus: Students in Eating and Activity in Teens (EAT 2010) study

Data Source: Questionnaires

Sample Size: 2,793 students

Age Range: Ages 12-17

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Enabling Services, Expert Support (Provider), PATIENT_CONSUMER, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE

Intervention Description: We implemented the newborn cohort clinic (NCC) to explore the application of the patient-centered medical home (PCMH) model for infants and children with SCD from birth to age 3 years in 2011.

Intervention Results: A total of 112 patients have been managed in the NCC. All patients received penicillin prophylaxis, while 70% and 73% of patients, respectively, received the 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine and an initial transcranial Doppler by age 36 months. Most (92 of 112) of the subjects utilized the emergency department (569 encounters), with 86% of encounters for fever or other sickle cell–related complications. The majority of parents indicated satisfaction with the clinic, with 71% saying clinic providers always or usually spent enough time with their child, listened carefully to them (81%) and were sensitive to family values and customs (77%).

Conclusion: A comprehensive sickle cell clinic as a component of a PCMH is feasible and can achieve high levels of preventative care. Parents are largely satisfied with this model of care.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Provider Training/Education, Educational Material (Provider), Participation Incentives, Quality Improvement/Practice-Wide Intervention, Expert Support (Provider), Modified Billing Practices, Data Collection Training for Staff, Screening Tool Implementation Training, Office Systems Assessments and Implementation Training, Expert Feedback Using the Plan-Do-Study-Act-Tool, Collaboration with Local Agencies (State), Collaboration with Local Agencies (Health Care Provider/Practice), Engagement with Payers, STATE, POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS, Audit/Attestation, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Audit/Attestation (Provider)

Intervention Description: The Vermont Child Health Improvement Program (VCHIP) at the University of Vermont collaborated with state agencies and professional societies to conduct a survey of Vermont pediatric and family medicine practices regarding their developmental screening and autism screening processes, referral patterns, and barriers. The survey was administered in 2009 to 103 primary care practices, with a 65% response rate (89% for pediatric practices, 53% for family medicine practices).

Intervention Results: The survey results revealed that while 88% of practices have a specific approach to developmental surveillance and 87% perform developmental screening, only 1 in 4 use structured tools with good psychometric properties. Autism screening was performed by 59% of practices, with most using the M-CHAT or CHAT tool and screening most commonly at the 18-month visit. When concerns were identified, 72% referred to a developmental pediatrician and over 50% to early intervention. Key barriers to both developmental and autism screening were lack of time, staff, and training. Over 80% of practices used a note in the patient chart to track at-risk children, and most commonly referred to child development clinics, audiology, early intervention, and pediatric specialists.

Conclusion: The survey conducted by VCHIP revealed wide variation in developmental and autism screening practices among Vermont pediatric and family medicine practices. While most practices conduct some form of screening, there is room for improvement in the use of validated tools, adherence to recommended screening ages, and implementation of office systems for tracking at-risk children. The survey identified knowledge gaps and barriers that can be addressed through quality improvement initiatives, which most respondents expressed interest in participating in.

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest

Setting: Pediatric and family medicine practices in Vermont

Population of Focus: Children up to age 3

Data Source: Child medical record; ProPHDS Survey

Sample Size: Chart audits at 37 baseline and 35 follow-up sites (n=30 per site) Baseline charts (n=1381) - Children 19-23 months (n=697) - Children 31-35 months (n=684) Follow-up charts (n=1301) - Children 19-23 months (n=646) - Children 31-35 months (n=655)

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Comprehensive School-Based PA Program, CLASSROOM_SCHOOL

Intervention Description: The Healthy Primary School of the Future', is implemented with the aim of improving physical activity and dietary behaviour. For this intervention, pupils are offered an extended curriculum, including a healthy lunch, more physical exercises, and social and educational activities, next to the regular school curriculum.

Intervention Results: Mixed-model analyses showed significant favourable effects for the full HPSF versus control schools for, among others, school water consumption (effect size (ES) = 1.03 (T1), 1.14 (T2)), lunch intake of vegetables (odds ratio (OR) = 3.17 (T1), 4.39 (T2)) and dairy products (OR = 4.43 (T1), 4.52 (T2)), sedentary time (ES = -0.23 (T2)) and light PA (ES = 0.22 (T2)). Almost no significant favourable effects were found for partial HPSF compared to control schools.

Conclusion: We conclude that the full HPSF is effective in promoting children's health behaviours at T1 and T2 compared with control schools. Focusing on both nutrition and PA components seems to be more effective in promoting healthy behaviours than focusing exclusively on PA.

Study Design: Quasi-experimental longitudinal study

Setting: 4 control and 4 intervention pilot schools in the ‘Healthy Primary School of the Future’ project in Parkstad region of the Netherlands

Population of Focus: Children aged 4-12 enrolled in HPSF project schools

Data Source: Accelerometers, questionnaires,

Sample Size: 2,326 students

Age Range: Ages 4-12

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Physically Active Classrooms, CLASSROOM_SCHOOL

Intervention Description: Given the need to find more opportunities for physical activity within the elementary school day, this study was designed to asses the impact of I-CAN!, active lessons on: 1) student physical activity (PA) outcomes via accelerometry; and 2) socioeconomic status (SES), race, sex, body mass index (BMI), or fitness as moderators of this impact.

Intervention Results: Students in treatment schools took significantly more steps than those in control schools (β = 125.267, SE = 41.327, p = .002, d = .44). I-CAN! had a significant effect on MVPA with treatment schools realizing 80% (β = 0.796, SE =0.251, p = .001; d = .38) more MVPA than the control schools. There were no significant school-level differences on sedentary behavior (β = -0.177, SE = 0.824, p = .83). SES, race, sex, BMI, and fitness level did not moderate the impact of active learning on step count and MVPA.

Conclusion: Active learning increases PA within elementary students, and does so consistently across demographic sub-groups. This is important as these sub-groups represent harder to reach populations for PA interventions. While these lessons may not be enough to help children reach daily recommendations of PA, they can supplement other opportunities for PA. This speaks to the potential of schools to adopt policy change to require active learning.

Study Design: Multilevel regression model

Setting: 28 central Texas elementary schools

Population of Focus: Fourth grade students across different schools in Texas

Data Source: Accelerometer

Sample Size: 2,493 students

Age Range: Ages 9-10 (4th grade)

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): STATE, Policy/Guideline (State)

Intervention Description: Objectives We assessed the impact of varying levels of smokefree regulations on birth outcomes and prenatal smoking.

Intervention Results: Only more comprehensive smokefree regulations were associated with statistically significant favorable effects on birth outcomes in the full sample: Comprehensive (workplace/restaurant/bar ban) demonstrated increased birthweight (29 grams, p < 0.05) and gestational age (1.64 days, p < 0.01), as well as reductions in very low birthweight (−0.4 %, p < 0.05) and preterm birth (−1.5 %, p < 0.01); Restrictive (workplace/restaurant ban) demonstrated a small decrease in very low birthweight (−0.2 %, p < 0.05). Among less restrictive regulations: Moderate (workplace ban) was associated with a 23 g (p < 0.01) decrease in birthweight; Limited (partial ban) had no effect. Comprehensive’s improvements extended to most maternal groups, and were broadest among mothers 21+ years, non-smokers, and unmarried mothers. Prenatal smoking declined slightly (−1.7 %, p < 0.01) only among married women with Comprehensive.

Conclusion: Regulation restrictiveness is a determining factor in the impact of smokefree regulations on birth outcomes, with comprehensive smokefree regulations showing promise in improving birth outcomes. Favorable effects on birth outcomes appear to stem from reduced secondhand smoke exposure rather than reduced prenatal smoking prevalence. This study is limited by an inability to measure secondhand smoke exposure and the paucity of data on policy implementation and enforcement.

Study Design: Quasi experimental cross-sectional -regression analysis

Setting: State and local policies; State Vital Statistics record

Population of Focus: Health records of singleton births for West Virginia residents between 1995-2010

Data Source: WV Vital statistics data

Sample Size: 293715

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Provider Education, Provider Audit/Practice Audit, Quality Improvement/Practice-Wide Intervention, Designated Clinic/Extended Hours

Intervention Description: Evaluation of a 5-year demonstration project testing a multicomponent (provider, system, and patient) intervention to increase cervical cancer screening among women who receive their health care through the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services, the second largest County Health Department in the nation.

Intervention Results: At the Hospital and Comprehensive Health Center (CHC) levels a statistically significant intervention effect was observed after controlling for baseline screening rates and case mix. No intervention effect was observed at the Public Health Center (PHC) level.

Conclusion: An intensive multicomponent intervention can increase cervical cancer screening in a large, urban, County health system serving a low-income minority population of under screened women.

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group

Setting: Los Angeles County Department of Health Services (LACDHS) facilities: 2 large hospitals, 2 feeder Comprehensive Health Centers, and 6 of the health center’s feeder Public Health Centers

Population of Focus: Women attending LACDHS facilities

Data Source: Medical records and computerized databases held by the Los Angeles County Department of Health Services

Sample Size: Total (N=18,642) Intervention (n=9,492); Control (n=9,150) Baseline (n=5,249) Year 2 (n=5,470) Year 3 (n=5,365) First 6 months of Year 4 (n=2,558)

Age Range: ≥18

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Telephone Support, Education/Training (caregiver),

Intervention Description: The intervention included telephone education, mailed brochures tailored to the caregiver's preferred language, insurance status, sex of child, and race/ethnicity, as well as HPV provider referral. The control group received a brief in-language CDC fact sheet about HPV and the vaccine

Intervention Results: The study reported a higher than expected increase in vaccine initiation rates in the control group and equivalency in outcome rates in both study groups

Conclusion: The study reported a higher than expected increase in vaccine initiation rates in both the intervention and control groups, with no statistically significant difference between the two groups 7. Therefore, there was an increase in uptake, but it was not significantly different between the intervention and control groups.

Study Design: The study utilized a multicomponent system intervention through a County Health Department Hotline

Setting: The study was conducted through a County Health Department Hotline

Population of Focus: The target audience comprised low-income, ethnic minority adolescents and their caregivers

Sample Size: A total of 238 participants were enrolled in the study, with 225 providing some follow-up data

Age Range: The age range of the adolescents involved in the study was not explicitly mentioned in the provided text.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Provider Training/Education, HOSPITAL, Quality Improvement

Intervention Description: A hospital-wide safe sleep bundle, based on a hospital-acquired conditions (HAC) model, was implemented in September 2017. Interventions were chosen by team members during multidisciplinary team meetings. Four key time points and/or interventions across the study period were (1) nursing education on the safe sleep bundle; 2) policy update and implementation; (3) collection and sharing of audit data; and (4) peer-to-peer bundle checklist reviews during registered nurse shift handoffs and electronic medical record (EMR) input. Other notable education interventions included subject matter expert training by guest speakers from the University of Pennsylvania and education to parents through updating newborn video instruction and increased exposure to appropriate safe sleep modeling.

Intervention Results: Overall compliance improved from 9% to 72%. Head of bed flat increased from 62% to 93%, sleep space free of extra items increased from 52% to 81%, and caregiver education completed increased from 10% to 84%. The centerline for infant in supine position remained stable at 81%.

Conclusion: Using an HAC bundle safety prevention model to improve adherence to infant safe sleep guidelines is a feasible and effective method to improve the sleep environment for infants in all areas of a children's hospital.

Setting: Penn State Children's Hospital

Population of Focus: Hospital healthcare providers

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Active Management of Labor, Prolonged Second Stage of Labor

Intervention Description: RCT. Maternal and neonatal outcomes were compared among women with amniotomy versus women with intact membranes and no amniotomy at 6 2-hour time intervals: before oxytocin initiation, 0 to <2 hours after oxytocin, 2 to <4 hours after, 4 to <6 hours after, 6 to <8 hours after, and 8 to <10 hours after

Intervention Results: Of 6,106 women in the parent trial, 2,854 (46.7%) women met inclusion criteria. Of these 2,340 (82.0%) underwent amniotomy, and majority of the women had amniotomy performed between 2 and <6 hours after oxytocin. Cesarean delivery was less frequent among women with amniotomy 6 to <8 hours after oxytocin compared with women without amniotomy (21.9 vs. 29.7%; adjusted odds ratio 0.61, 95% confidence interval 0.42-0.89). Amniotomy at time intervals ≥4 hours after oxytocin was associated with lower odds of labor duration >24 hours. Amniotomy at time intervals ≥2 hours and <8 hours after oxytocin was associated with lower odds of maternal hospitalization >3 days. Amniotomy was not associated with postpartum or neonatal complications.

Conclusion: Among a contemporary cohort of nulliparous women undergoing term labor induction, amniotomy was associated with either lower or similar odds of cesarean delivery and other adverse outcomes, compared with no amniotomy.

Setting: Hospitals

Population of Focus: Nulliparous women undergoing induction of labor with oxytocin at or after 38 weeks' pregnancy.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, PARENT/FAMILY, Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), CLASSROOM, Adult-led Curricular Activities/Training, Enforcement of School Rules, SCHOOL, Assembly, Reporting & Response System, Bullying Committee, Teacher/Staff Meeting, Teacher/Staff Training, School Rules, Identification and Monitoring of/Increased Supervision in Targeted Areas, POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS, COMMUNITY, Media Campaign (Print Materials, Radio, TV)

Intervention Description: To examine the effectiveness of a widely disseminated bullying prevention program.

Intervention Results: Regression analyses controlling for baseline prevalence and school characteristics showed no overall effect on student victimization. However, when stratified by ethnicity/race, reports of relational and physical victimization decreased by 28% (RR = .72, 95% CI: .53-.98) and 37% (RR = .63, 95% CI: .42-.97), respectively, among white students relative to those in comparison schools. No similar effect was found for students of other races/ethnicities; there were no differences by gender or by grade. Students in intervention schools were more likely to perceive other students as actively intervening in bullying incidents, and 6th graders were more likely to feel sorry and want to help victims.

Conclusion: The program had some mixed positive effects varying by gender, ethnicity/race, and grade but no overall effect. Schools implementing the program, especially with a heterogeneous student body, should monitor outcomes and pay particular attention to the impact of culture, race and family influences on student behavior. Future studies of large-scale bullying prevention programs in the community must be rigorously evaluated to ensure they are effective.

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group

Setting: US

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Intervention (n=4959) Relational Victimization: Pretest (n=4607); Posttest (n=4480) Physical Victimization: Pretest (n=4531); Posttest (n=4419) Control (n=1559) Relational Victimization: Pretest (n=1408); Posttest (n=1456) Physical Victimization: Pretest (n=1373); Posttest (n=1448)

Age Range: NR

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Provider Training/Education, Educational Material (Provider)

Intervention Description: We modified the Enhancing Developmentally Oriented Primary Care (EDOPC) program to provide a formal curriculum to pediatric residents serving children in distressed neighborhoods.

Intervention Results: Percentage of ASQ screening at 12-month well-child visits increased from 11% at baseline to 100% at follow-up. Percentage of ASQ:SE screening at 18-month well-child visits increased from 0% at baseline to 95% in June 2008 and declined to 58% at last follow-up in Jan 2009. Percentage of ASQ screening at 24-month well-child visits increased from 0% at baseline to 88% at follow-up.

Conclusion: Chart audits 1 year after the intervention demonstrated increased use of screening tools and more referrals to community services. This article will discuss lessons about facilitators and barriers to teaching residents about vulnerable preschool children.

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest

Setting: University of Chicago Pediatric Residency Program in Chicago, Illinois

Population of Focus: Children ages 6 to 24 months

Data Source: Child medical record

Sample Size: Chart audits - Baseline (n=27 of 50 selected) - Follow-up 1: (n=61 of 100 selected) - Follow-up 2: (n=82 of 100 selected) - Follow-up 3: (n=94 of 100 selected) - Follow-up 4: (n=74 of 100 selected)

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Provider Reminder/Recall Systems, Education/Training (caregiver), Social Media,

Intervention Description: Based on the concerns parents expressed through the survey, a program was designed and implemented that included reminder calls, parent education, proactive appointment scheduling, and social media reminders.

Intervention Results: After implementing a parent-driven quality-improvement program for 6 months during influenza season, the health center's pediatric influenza immunization rates rose to 57% compared with 44% during the year before.

Conclusion: Childhood immunization is a critical priority to protect the health and wellness of children. Increasing parent engagement in discussions about increasing immunization rates not only promotes awareness surrounding vaccines but also allows primary care providers to learn from parents to create a patient-centered immunization program. Programs that specifically target immunization efforts toward parental concerns have the potential for increased vaccine acceptance and improved health outcomes.

Study Design: The study utilized a randomized sampling method and conducted open-ended telephone surveys with parents of young children to identify key barriers to influenza immunization

Setting: a diverse, urban family health center

Population of Focus: The target audience for the study is parents of children aged 6 through 24 months at the urban family health center

Sample Size: The sample size is not explicitly mentioned in the provided text

Age Range: The age range of the children involved in the study is 6 through 24 months

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Health Insurance Coverage, Access, Educational Material, Targeting Interventions to Focused Groups

Intervention Description: N/A

Intervention Results: Refugees with interrupted healthcare coverage were more likely to have an inadequate USC. Refugees who were young (age 10-19), resettled into the western region of the US, and highly educated were less likely to have an inadequate USC. Refugees with an education level higher than secondary had a significantly lower likelihood of having a severely deficient USC, while refugees with interrupted healthcare were more than twice as likely to have a severely deficient USC.

Conclusion: Considering these results alongside our previous healthcare coverage findings provides a more comprehensive understanding of sociodemographic predictors of poor healthcare access among refugees resettled into the US. This improved understanding has the potential to assist early refugee contacts toward more effective healthcare resource allocation and aid policymakers attempting to improve programs linked to refugee healthcare access.

Study Design: We used multiple binary logistic regression methods to identify sociodemographic predictors of inadequate USCs. In addition, we used multinomial logistic regression to further assess predictors of inadequate USCs with a particular focus on severely deficit USCs (i.e., emergency department dependence and USC absence).

Setting: 2016 Annual Survey of Refugees; United States

Population of Focus: Refugees

Sample Size: 4037

Age Range: 16-75

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Engagement with Payers,

Intervention Description: N/A

Conclusion: The key findings of this article are that interpersonal continuity of care in primary care is significantly associated with lower health care costs and more appropriate use. The review analyzed 83 studies published between 2002 and 2022, with 18 studies examining the association between continuity and health care costs, and 79 studies assessing the association between continuity and health care use. Of the 160 unique cost and use outcomes of interest, greater continuity was associated with significantly lower costs or more favorable use for 109 of them. The authors suggest that continuity assessment is important for designing value-based payment for primary care.

Study Design: Systematic Review

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Parent Mentors, Training (Parent/Family), Education on Disease/Condition,

Intervention Description: NAMI Basics is a six-class manualized curriculum offered in English and Spanish. Classes occur weekly and are approximately 2.5 hours long. The curriculum covers the following content: an introduction to mental disorders and how they affect families, information about treatment of mental illness, communication skills, managing difficult child behaviors, crisis management, information about systems of care, and self-care and advocacy. NAMI-trained peer parents describe their own experiences parenting a child with mental health concerns to frame content and foster sharing of personal stories (see online supplement for more details). NAMI Basics peer parents are caregivers of a child who experienced mental health symptoms before age 13. NAMI relies on a referral process for identifying peer parents, and those who are trained to lead the course have typically taken a course previously. Training to become a peer parent takes approximately 15 hours. Training is led by NAMI state trainers, who have undergone this training previously, have experience observing and leading NAMI Basics classes, and have been recommended by their local affiliate. This study included 33 separate NAMI Basics courses across the five study sites. Nine of these courses occurred at affiliate 1, five at affiliate 2, six at affiliate 3, nine at affiliate 4, and four at affiliate 5. NAMI Basics courses were considered part of the study if at least one study participant attended any of the six classes. Classes were led by one or two peer parents; most were female (79%); half were Caucasian (50%), followed by Hispanic/Latinx (34%), and African American (16%). Fidelity was assessed by NAMI Basics–trained individuals who attended one randomly selected class for each study course and completed an adherence checklist indicating presence or absence of prescribed content (see online supplement). Class 3 was excluded from fidelity monitoring, because this session has a focus on sharing personal experiences. Fidelity to the intervention ranged from 79% to 100% (mean±SD=94.27±6.13).

Intervention Results: Compared with caregivers in the waitlist condition, NAMI Basics participants reported significant increases in parent engagement and activation, as well as intentions to engage with mental health services. NAMI Basics participants also reported significant decreases in their child’s intrapersonal and interpersonal distress, compared with those in the waitlist group. No significant differences were noted on measures of parenting stress, attitudes toward mental health services, or stigma.

Conclusion: NAMI Basics is a peer-parent support program that is readily available to support caregivers of children with mental health concerns, particularly those who experience barriers to service engagement. NAMI Basics significantly increased caregiver activation and engagement, as well as intentions to engage in services, and the children of participants showed decreases in some symptoms. Future research should examine the effects of NAMI Basics on outcomes over a longer duration and assess pathways that may result in child-level changes. Given well-documented barriers to mental health services engagement (1–3, 7–9), peer-parent support is an important resource to be leveraged.

Study Design: Randomized controlled trial

Setting: 5 NAMI affiliate locations in a southwestern U.S. state

Population of Focus: Caregivers of children under age 22 with mental health concerns

Sample Size: 111 caregivers

Age Range: Children were ages 3-22

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Provider Training/Education, Educational Material (Provider), Residents/Medical Students,

Intervention Description: The intervention described by the article to increase postpartum screening was a 15-minute slide presentation with essential topics, including content on antepartum and postpartum depression focusing on signs, symptoms, screening, and treatment as well as antepartum maternal depression education highlighting the importance of understanding health literacy

Intervention Results: The results of the study showed that there was an increase in mean change over time for knowledge, self-efficacy, and motivation among medical and nurse practitioner students. The second null hypothesis was rejected, indicating that there was a significant increase in motivation levels from before to after the intervention. However, there was no significant difference between medical and nurse practitioner students, and student profession did not moderate the outcome effect

Conclusion: An intervention to influence health care students' knowledge, self-efficacy, and motivation for antepartum depression screening can be included in medical and nursing curricula and can also be used with currently practicing health care providers. Doing so could possibly benefit pregnant women by enhancing the antepartum care that they receive.

Study Design: The study design/type is a quasi-experimental study design

Setting: University of South Florida, College of Nursing and College of Medicine

Population of Focus: he target audience for the study was medical and nurse practitioner students who had completed the women's health/obstetric course within the curriculum, had self-identified ability to use the online technology platform/intervention, had access to an Internet-enabled device capable of accessing the online intervention, and were fluent in the English language

Sample Size: The sample size of this study was 71 participants, including 19 medical students and 52 nurse practitioner students

Age Range: The age group of the participants is not explicitly mentioned in the given texts. However, it is stated that medical students tended to be younger than nurse practitioner students

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): CAREGIVER, Outreach (caregiver), PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Outreach (Provider), POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS, STATE, Medicaid Reform

Intervention Description: The authors obtained Medicaid eligibility, claims, and provider data before and after the fee increase, in 2006 and 2009 through 2012, respectively. Their analysis examined changes in utilization rates, service mix, expenditures, and dentists' participation. The authors qualitatively assessed the general impact of the recession on utilization rate changes.

Intervention Results: The percentage of preventive dental services among continuously enrolled children stayed relatively constant from pretest to posttest (24.1% in 2006 at pretest and 22.7%, 23.1%, 23.3%, and 24.4% in 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012 respectively).

Conclusion: The Medicaid fee increase, program improvements, and the recession had a dramatic impact on reducing disparities in children's access to dental care in Connecticut.

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest

Setting: Connecticut

Population of Focus: Children continuously enrolled in Medicaid (Healthcare for UninSured Kids and Youth A program) for at least 11 months and 1 day within a calendar year

Data Source: Medicaid enrollment and encounter data

Sample Size: 2006 (n=161,130) 2009 (n=166,787) 2010 (n=204,550) 2011 (n=215,377) 2012 (n=214,680)

Age Range: not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Assessment,

Intervention Description: Enforcing mandatory vaccinations is one of the strategies adopted by some countries, like Italy and France, to increase coverage.

Intervention Results: Despite the good results, several EU countries are going through unprecedented outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases due to insufficient coverage. The increase of vaccine hesitancy has made it difficult to reach and maintain high rates of vaccination coverage. Enforcing mandatory vaccinations is one of the strategies adopted by some countries, like Italy and France, to increase coverage. However, each country should find the most suitable way to keep up with vaccination coverages according to own cultural and organizational background.

Conclusion: Enforcing mandatory vaccinations is one of the strategies adopted by some countries, like Italy and France, to increase coverage. However, each country should find the most suitable way to keep up with vaccination coverages according to own cultural and organizational background.

Study Design: assess vaccination coverage in childhood up to booster preschool age in order to update the analysis on European trends of immunization coverage in the last nine years

Setting: Childhood vaccination coverage in Europe

Population of Focus: Gov't leadership and policymakers

Age Range: childhood up to booster preschool age

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Adult-led Curricular Activities/Training, Physically Active Classrooms, CLASSROOM_SCHOOL

Intervention Description: Nine third- through sixth-grade classrooms (n = 292 students) in one elementary-middle school in Detroit, Michigan (49% female, 95% nonwhite; 80% qualified for free/reduced lunch) participated in this 20-week intervention where teachers implemented 5 × 4 min moderate-to-vigorous activity breaks per day. Gamification of activity breaks occurred during weeks 13-20 of the intervention and included the use of game design elements and classroom goals for activity break intensity. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during activity breaks was measured via direct observation.

Intervention Results: There was a significant effect of intervention with a 27% increase in student MVPA participation during the gamified intervention weeks compared with the standard intervention weeks (p = 0.03). Gamification of activity breaks resulted in 55% (compared with 25% during the standard intervention) of students accumulating approximately 20 min of health-enhancing physical activity per day in their classroom.

Conclusion: These findings provide preliminary evidence that gamifying activity breaks may be an important strategy for increasing student participation in classroom activity breaks.

Study Design: Cohort design

Setting: One elementary-middle school in Detroit, MI, where at least 40% of students qualified for free/reduced priced lunch

Population of Focus: Students who were able to participate in physical education classes from 9 3rd through 6th grade classrooms

Data Source: System for Observing Play and Leisure Activity in Youth (SOPLAY)

Sample Size: 292 students

Age Range: Ages 8-13

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Midwife

Intervention Description: The aim of this study was to compare midwife-led (MLU) versus consultant-led (CLU) care for healthy, pregnant women without risk factors for labour and delivery.

Intervention Results: No significant difference in breastfeeding initiation between intervention and control groups (RR=0.97, 95% CI: 0.89-1.06)

Conclusion: Midwife-led care, as practised in this study, is as safe as consultant-led care and is associated with less intervention during labour and delivery.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital in Drogheda and Cavan General Hospital in Cavan

Population of Focus: Women assessed at booking clinic at ≤ 24 weeks GA between 16-39 years of age, had ≤ 5 previous children, ≥ 152 cm in height, had a BMI between 18 and 29, did not have certain medical obstetrical or gynecological medical histories, were not current drug misusers, did not smoke ≥ 20 cigarettes per day, and did not have a latex allergy

Data Source: Medical record review

Sample Size: Intervention (n=1101) Control (n=552)

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Quality Improvement/Practice-Wide Intervention, Provider Training/Education, Assessment (Provider)

Intervention Description: To evaluate the effectiveness of a complex intervention to improve referral and treatment of pregnant smokers in routine practice, and to assess the incremental costs to the National Health Service (NHS) per additional woman quitting smoking.

Intervention Results: After introduction of the intervention, the referral rate increased more than twofold (incidence rate ratio=2.47, 95% CI 2.16 to 2.81) and the probability of quitting by delivery increased (adjusted OR=1.81, 95% CI 1.54 to 2.12). The additional cost per delivery was £31 and the incremental cost per additional quit was £952; 31 pregnant women needed to be treated for each additional quitter.

Conclusion: The implementation of a system-wide complex healthcare intervention was associated with significant increase in rates of quitting by delivery.

Study Design: Quasi experimental Crosssectional and Cost-benefit analysis

Setting: National Health Service(NHS) antenatal clinics

Population of Focus: Health records of singleton births to mothers who smoked and did not smoke

Data Source: Electronic health records

Sample Size: 37726

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Provider Training/Education, HOSPITAL, Guideline Change and Implementation, Quality Improvement

Intervention Description: This quality improvement initiative used a systematic approach to reduce nulliparous cesarean birth rates, aligning with recommendations developed by the Council on Patient Safety in Women's Health Care: Patient Safety Bundle on the Safe Reduction of Primary Cesarean Births. Health care providers and nurses received education on contemporary labor management guidelines developed by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Obstetric Care Consensus regarding safe prevention of primary cesarean deliveries and nurses were instructed on labor support techniques. The preguideline implementation period was January 1, 2015, to June 30, 2015. The postguideline implementation period was July 1, 2016, to December 31, 2016. The primary outcome measured was the nulliparous, term, singleton, vertex cesarean birth rate.

Intervention Results: There were 434 women identified in the preguideline period and 401 women in the postguideline period. The nulliparous, term, singleton, vertex cesarean birth rate decreased from 27.9% to 19.7% [odds ratio (OR) 0.63, CI 0.46-0.88]. There were improvements in health care provider compliance with following the labor management guidelines from 86.2% to 91.5% (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.11-2.70), the use of maternal position changes from 78.7% to 87.5% (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.29-2.68), and use of the peanut birthing ball from 16.8% to 45.2% (OR 3.83, 95% CI 2.84-5.16) as provisions for labor support.

Conclusion: Implementing a systematic approach for care of nulliparous women is associated with a decrease in term, singleton, vertex cesarean birth rates.

Setting: Two rural community hospitals and one urban community hospital in North Carolina

Population of Focus: Nulliparous women with term singleton vertex gestations

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Comprehensive School-Based PA Program, CLASSROOM_SCHOOL

Intervention Description: This study evaluated a multi-component school-based intervention (Y-PATH: Youth-Physical Activity Towards Health), focused on halting the age-related decline in physical activity of youth in early adolescence. A cluster randomized controlled trial in 20 post primary schools (10 control, 10 intervention) was conducted. Data were collected from all 20 schools at baseline (2013), and 12 months (2014), and from 10 of these schools (5 intervention) at 24 months (2015). The setting was mixed gender post primary schools residing in the greater area of Dublin, Ireland. Principals from each school were asked to nominate one first year class group attending their school in September 2013 to participate in the study (N = 564). Intervention schools implemented the Y-PATH whole school intervention, comprising teacher component, parent component, and PE component; while control schools continued with usual care. The main outcome measure was accelerometer derived average minutes of daily moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA).

Intervention Results: Results of the multilevel regression analysis confirmed that there was a significant time intervention effect, and this was predominantly contributed by the difference between control and intervention groups within females.

Conclusion: Findings support the case for national dissemination of the Y-PATH intervention so that the knowledge learned can be translated to routine practice in schools.

Study Design: Cluster RCT

Setting: Greater Dublin area primary schools

Population of Focus: First year post primary students

Data Source: Accelerometer

Sample Size: 564 students

Age Range: Ages 12-13

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Technology-Based Support, , PATIENT_CONSUMER

Intervention Description: To evaluate whether a postpartum text message–based communication platform improves breastfeeding rates.

Intervention Results: From January 2020 to January 2021, 300 patients were enrolled and 216 were randomized as follows: 110 to control and 106 to intervention. In the cohort, 52.8% were Black, 45.4% had public insurance, and 46.3% were nulliparous. There were no differences in demographic, delivery, or postpartum characteristics between groups. Among the 185 patients (85.6%) with data available for the primary outcome, there was no difference in breastfeeding exclusivity by treatment group (intervention 48.4% vs usual care 41.3%, P=.33). When stratified by race, Black patients in the intervention arm had 2.6 times higher odds of exclusively breastfeeding at 6 weeks postpartum compared with Black patients in the control arm (39.5% vs 20.0%, odds ratio 2.62, 95% CI 1.04–6.59). Enrollment in the intervention arm decreased the Black–non-Black disparity in the primary outcome (20.0% vs 66.7%, P<.001in usual care arm vs 39.5% vs 56.0%, P=.11 in intervention arm). There were no differences in other secondary outcomes.

Conclusion: A text message–based communication platform was not associated with breastfeeding exclusivity at 6 weeks postpartum compared with usual care.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Comprehensive School-Based PA Program,

Intervention Description: The intervention evaluated in the study described in the PDF file is a city-wide school-located influenza vaccination (SLIV) program called Shoo the Flu, which has delivered free influenza vaccinations to schools in Oakland, California since 2014 ,[object Object],. The intervention was delivered to children in all public and charter elementary schools in Oakland Unified School District (OUSD, the “intervention district”) and offered to all other charter and private pre-schools and elementary schools in Oakland ,[object Object],. From 2014 to 2017, Shoo the Flu vaccinated 7,502 – 10,106 students annually (22 – 28% of eligible students) in 102–138 schools ,[object Object],. Each influenza season, 23–24% of intervention participants reported KPNC health plan membership ,[object Object],. In 2014–15 and 2015–16, the intervention provided the live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) to students. Students with LAIV contraindications were offered the trivalent inactivated injectable influenza vaccine (IIV3), as were staff and teachers. Because LAIV effectiveness in children was low in 2014–15 and 2015–16, the intervention offered IIV4 to all participants following the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices’ recommendation to use IIV for all children

Intervention Results: The study described in the PDF file found that the city-wide school-located influenza vaccination (SLIV) program called Shoo the Flu was associated with higher influenza vaccination coverage, lower Oseltamivir prescriptions in school-aged children, and lower medically attended acute respiratory illness (MAARI) among people over 65 years, suggesting possible indirect effects of SLIV among older adults ,[object Object],. The proportion of KPNC members vaccinated for influenza by KPNC or the SLIV program was 8–11% higher in the intervention site than the comparison site during the intervention period ,[object Object],. Among school-aged children, SLIV was associated with lower Oseltamivir prescriptions per 1,000 but not with other outcomes ,[object Object],. SLIV was associated with lower MAARI per 1,000 in adults 65 + years ,[object Object],. However, the study is subject to several limitations, including its observational design, unmeasured confounding, differences in sociodemographic characteristics between the study population and the general and student populations in the study sites, rare outcomes, and incomplete individual vaccination information ,[object Object],.

Conclusion: The study described in the PDF file suggests that a city-wide school-located influenza vaccination (SLIV) program called Shoo the Flu was associated with higher influenza vaccination coverage, lower Oseltamivir prescriptions in school-aged children, and lower medically attended acute respiratory illness (MAARI) among people over 65 years, suggesting possible indirect effects of SLIV among older adults ,[object Object],. However, the study is subject to several limitations, including its observational design, unmeasured confounding, differences in sociodemographic characteristics between the study population and the general and student populations in the study sites, rare outcomes, and incomplete individual vaccination information ,[object Object],. Therefore, further research is needed to confirm these findings and to better understand the potential benefits and limitations of SLIV programs in reducing the burden of influenza in the community.

Study Design: The study described in the PDF file is a retrospective cohort study that evaluated the effectiveness of a city-wide school-located influenza vaccination (SLIV) program implemented in over 102 elementary schools in Oakland, California ,[object Object],. The study compared the influenza vaccination coverage and related health outcomes of Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) members residing in either the intervention or a multivariate-matched comparison site from September 2011 to August 2017 ,[object Object],. The study used a genetic multivariate matching algorithm to pair-match public elementary schools in the intervention district and each candidate comparison district using pre-intervention school-level characteristics ,[object Object],. The study also adjusted for available potential confounders with at least 5% prevalence in each analysis, including race, ethnicity, sex, mediCAL, subsidized KPNC health plan, and primary language spoken ,[object Object],.

Setting: The setting of the provided PDF file is focused on the evaluation of a city-wide school-located influenza vaccination (SLIV) program implemented in over 102 elementary schools in Oakland, California ,[object Object],. The study evaluates the effectiveness of this program in increasing vaccine coverage among schoolchildren and reducing influenza transmission community-wide ,[object Object],.

Population of Focus: The target audience for the information in the PDF file includes researchers, public health professionals, and policymakers interested in understanding the effectiveness of a city-wide school-located influenza vaccination (SLIV) program and its impact on influenza vaccination coverage and related health outcomes. Additionally, individuals interested in public health interventions, influenza vaccination strategies, and community-wide disease prevention may also find the information relevant.

Sample Size: The sample size of the study described in the PDF file varies depending on the specific analysis being conducted. The study conducted a retrospective cohort study among Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) members of all ages residing in either the intervention or a multivariate-matched comparison site from September 2011 - August 2017 ,[object Object],. The analyses included 175,628 to 269,266 individuals and 9,436,202 to 11,500,570 person-weeks of observations per calendar year from 2011 to 2017 ,[object Object],.

Age Range: The study included Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) members of all ages residing in either the intervention or a multivariate-matched comparison site from September 2011 to August 2017 ,[object Object],. The age groups considered in the analysis were stratified as 0–4, 5–12, 13–17, 18–64, and 65+ years ,[object Object],. This indicates that the study encompassed a wide age range, from young children to older adults.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Planning for Transition, Pediatric to Adult Transfer Assistance, PROVIDER/PRACTICE

Intervention Description: Patients with IBD, aged > 18 years, who had moved from paediatric to adult care within 10 years were identified through IBD databases at three tertiary hospitals. Participants were surveyed regarding demographic and disease specific data and their perspectives on the transition process. Survey response data were compared to contemporaneously recorded information in paediatric service case notes. Data were compared to a similar age cohort who had never received paediatric IBD care and therefore who had not undergone a transition process.

Intervention Results: There were 81 returned surveys from 46 transition and 35 non-transition patients. No statistically significant differences were found in disease burden, disease outcomes or adult roles and responsibilities between cohorts. Despite a high prevalence of mood disturbance (35%), there was a very low usage (5%) of psychological services in both cohorts. In the transition cohort, knowledge of their transition plan was reported by only 25/46 patients and the majority (54%) felt they were not strongly prepared. A high rate (78%) of discussion about work/study plans was recorded prior to transition, but a near complete absence of discussion regarding sex (8%), and other adult issues was recorded. Both cohorts agreed that their preferred method of future transition practices (of the options offered) was a shared clinic appointment with all key stakeholders.

Conclusion: Transition did not appear to adversely affect disease or psychosocial outcomes. Current transition care processes could be optimised, with better psychosocial preparation and agreed transition plans.

Study Design: Retrospective cohort study

Setting: Hospital-based (Public pediatric gastroenterology service at Women’s and Children’s Hospital (Royal Adelaide Hospital)

Population of Focus: Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), aged > 18 years, who had moved from pediatric to adult care within ten years

Data Source: IBD databases at three hospitals; medical records; surveys

Sample Size: N=46 (transition survey respondents) N=35 (non-transition survey respondents)

Age Range: 18-28 years

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material

Intervention Description: This study evaluated the effect of MeFirst, an individually tailored, online educational intervention, on HPV vaccine-related knowledge, vaccination intention, and uptake among previously unvaccinated female university students.

Intervention Results: HPV vaccine uptake was similar in both the MeFirst and control groups at 3 months following the intervention (p = 0.98). Three months after the intervention, the proportion of participants with high knowledge regarding HPV vaccination increased from baseline (32% to 50%; p < 0.0001) but the proportion with favorable intention was unchanged.

Conclusion: We found that an individually tailored, online educational tool had similar effects as a nontailored factsheet on HPV-related knowledge, intention to HPV undergo vaccination, and HPV vaccine uptake among previously unvaccinated female university students.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Online at a Midwestern university

Population of Focus: Full- or part-time female students with no prior receipt of any doses of the HPV vaccine and who were invited via email to participate

Data Source: Online surveys distributed via email

Sample Size: Total Baseline (n=661)  Intervention (n=330)  Control (n=331) Total Follow-up (Analysis) (n=332)  Intervention (n=175)  Control (n=157)

Age Range: 18-26

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Home Visits, Reporting & Response System, CLASSROOM_SCHOOL, PATIENT_CONSUMER, Feedback

Intervention Description: This study evaluated whether immediate feedback in response to poor indoor air quality in children’s bedrooms can reduce the potential for SHS exposure, as measured by adherence to a World Health Organization (WHO) indoor air standard.

Intervention Results: The likelihood that a child’s bedroom met the WHO indoor air quality standard on a given day increased such that the baseline versus post-baseline odds ratio (OR) of maintaining indoor PM2.5 levels below the WHO guideline was 2.38 times larger for participants who received the intervention. Similarly, the baseline versus post-baseline OR associated with achieving an SFH was 3.49 times larger for participants in the intervention group.

Conclusion: The real-time intervention successfully drove clinically meaningful changes in smoking behavior that mitigated indoor PM2.5 levels in children’s bedrooms and thereby reduced SHS exposure. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of targeting sensitive microenvironments by giving caregivers actionable information about children’s SHS risks. Future extensions should examine additional microenvironments and focus on identifying the potential for SHS exposure before it occurs.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Counseling (Parent/Family), Patient Reminder/Invitation,

Intervention Description: Patient navigators reviewed the electronic medical records and immunization registry records of eligible postpartum women to determine whether they needed to initiate or complete the human papillomavirus vaccine series. Eligible women were counseled and offered the human papillomavirus vaccine during their hospital stay. Patient navigators scheduled follow-up injections in addition to the mother's postpartum or her infant's well-child visits, made reminder phone calls, and rescheduled missed appointments

Intervention Results: Both the initial and expanded programs achieved vaccine completion rates above 70%. The detailed results are provided in the excerpt

Conclusion: Human papillomavirus vaccination on the postpartum unit is an effective way to increase catchup rates and is well accepted by healthcare providers. High completion rates can be achieved if adequate support is provided, even among patients residing in rural or underserved areas who need extensive support to access primary healthcare services. Although this particular program may be considered costly, it is overall effective because the vaccine prevents 5 different types of cancer in women. The inclusion of human papillomavirus vaccination in routine postpartum care is a relatively easy way to reach many adults not vaccinated at a younger age and could help address low vaccination rates among young women in the United States, including hard-to-reach populations.

Study Design: The study utilized a quantitative and qualitative evaluation to examine the success and limitations of the program when expanded from 1 county to 36 counties.

Setting: The setting of the study is not explicitly mentioned in the provided excerpts.

Population of Focus: The target audience includes postpartum women aged ≤26 years who delivered an infant at the public hospital.

Sample Size: The initial program enrolled 2631 eligible postpartum women, and the expanded program enrolled 4330 eligible postpartum women.

Age Range: The study targeted women aged ≤26 years.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Quality Improvement/Practice-Wide Intervention, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Data Collection Training for Staff , Provider Training/Education, Audit/Attestation (Provider)

Intervention Description: Quality improvement (QI) methodology was used to implement routine screening using an adapted version of the Survey of Well Being of Young Children (SWYC), a child behavior and social screen, for all children ages 6 months to 10 years. Rates of screen administration and documentation were assessed for 18 months. Medical records of a convenience sample (N=349) were reviewed to track referrals and follow-up for positive screens.

Intervention Results: Over 18 months, 2028 screens were administered. Screening rates reached 90% after introducing a tablet for screening. Provider documentation of screens averaged 62%. In the convenience sample, 28% scored positive for a behavioral problem, and 25% reported at least 1 social stressor. Of those with positive child behavior or social stressor screens, approximately 80% followed up with their primary medical doctor, and approximately 50% completed referrals to the clinic social worker. Further analysis indicated that referral and follow-up rates varied depending on whether the family identified child behavior or social issues. Logistic regression revealed that parental concern was independently associated with child behavior symptoms (p = 0.001) and social stressors (p = 0.002).

Conclusion: Implementing a comprehensive psychosocial screen is feasible in pediatric primary care and may help target referrals to address psychosocial health needs.

Setting: Community health center

Population of Focus: Primary care peditricians

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Quality Improvement/Practice-Wide Intervention, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, ,

Intervention Description: The aims of this study were to (1) assess changes to maternity care policies in response to COVID-19, and (2) compare hospital-level breastfeeding, skin-to-skin, and rooming-in rates, at cohort hospitals, before and during the pandemic, overall and stratified by race.

Intervention Results: Twenty-six hospitals responded to the May and September 2020 surveys. Hospitals used different sources to create maternity care policies, and policies differed between institutions. Trends in rates of any and exclusive breastfeeding in the hospital cohort plateaued during the pandemic, in comparison to previous gains, and rates of skin-to-skin and hospital rooming-in decreased. No differences were evident between races.

Conclusion: Policies (Aim 1) and practices in the quality improvement cohort hospitals were inconsistent during the COVID-19 pandemic, and changes measured to practices were detrimental (Aim 2). Ongoing monitoring is recommended.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): , Group Education

Intervention Description: We conducted a prospective cohort analysis of a population of 4530 CMC enrolled in a learning collaborative designed to improve care for CMC ages 0 to 21 years identified using 3M Clinical Risk Group categories 5b through 9. The primary outcome was total per-member per-year standardized spending; secondary outcomes included inpatient and emergency department (ED) spending and use. We used a 1:1 propensity score match to compare enrolled patients to eligible nonenrolled patients and statistical process control methods to analyze spending and usage rates.

Intervention Results: Comparison with the matched group showed a 4.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.9%-7.3%) decrease in total per-member per-year spending (P < .001), a 7.7% (95% CI: 1.2%-13.5%) decrease in inpatient spending (P = .04), and an 11.6% (95% CI: 3.9%-18.4%) decrease in ED spending (P = .04). Statistical process control analysis showed a decrease in hospitalization rate and ED visits.

Conclusion: CMC enrolled in a learning collaborative showed significant decreases in total spending and a significant decrease in the number of hospitalizations and ED visits. Additional research is needed to determine more specific causal factors for the results and if these results are sustainable over time and replicable in other settings.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Psychoprophylaxis, PATIENT/CONSUMER

Intervention Description: To study whether use of psychoprophylaxis during labor affects course of labor and experience of childbirth in nulliparous women.

Intervention Results: Use of psychoprophylaxis during labor was associated with a lower risk of emergency cesarean section (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 0.57; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.37-0.88), but an increased risk of augmentation of labor (adjusted OR 1.68; 95% CI 1.23-2.28). No statistical differences were found in length of labor (adjusted OR 1.32; 95% CI 0.95-1.83), Apgar score < 7 at five minutes (adjusted OR 0.82; 95% CI 0.33-2.01), epidural analgesia (adjusted OR 1.13; 95% CI 0.84-1.53) or fearful childbirth experience (adjusted OR 1.04; 95% CI 0.62-1.74).

Conclusion: Psychoprophylaxis may reduce the rate of emergency cesarean section but may not affect the experience of childbirth.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: 15 antenatal clinics

Population of Focus: Nulliparous women with a planned vaginal delivery who gave birth after recruitment at antenatal clinics between October 2005 and January 2007

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: n=857

Age Range: Not Specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Pharmacotherapy (Nicotine)

Intervention Description: To determine the efficacy of 16 hour nicotine patches among pregnant smokers, with the dose individually adjusted according to saliva cotinine levels (potential range 10-30 mg/day).

Intervention Results: Complete abstinence was achieved by 5.5% (n=11) of women in the nicotine patch group and 5.1% (n=10) in the placebo patch group (odds ratio 1.08, 95% confidence interval 0.45 to 2.60). The median time to the first cigarette smoked after target quit day was 15 days in both groups (interquartile range 13-18 in the nicotine patch group, 13-20 in the placebo patch group). The point prevalence abstinence ranged from 8% to 12.5% in the nicotine patch group and 8% to 9.5% in the placebo patch group without statistically significant differences. The nicotine substitution rate did not differ from 100%, and the self reported median compliance rate was 85% (interquartile range 56-99%) in the nicotine patch group and 83% (56-95%) in the placebo patch group, assessed at 1016 visits. The mean birth weight was 3065 g (SE 44 g) in the nicotine patch group and 3015 g (SE 44 g) in the placebo patch group (P=0.41). Diastolic blood pressure was significantly higher in the nicotine patch group than in the placebo patch group. The frequency of serious adverse events was similar between the groups, although more non-serious adverse reactions, mainly of skin, occurred in the nicotine patch group.

Conclusion: The nicotine patch did not increase either smoking cessation rates or birth weights despite adjustment of nicotine dose to match levels attained when smoking, and higher than usual doses.

Study Design: RCT- Randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, parallel group, multicenter trial

Setting: Maternity wards

Population of Focus: Pregnant smokers aged more than 18 years and between 12 and 20 weeks’ gestation, who smoked at least five cigarettes a day and scored at least 5 on a motivational scale of quitting smoking (range 0-10)

Data Source: Saliva cotinine, birth records

Sample Size: 402 (203 to nicotine patches, 199 to placebo patches)

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Quality Improvement/Practice-Wide Intervention, Provider Training/Education, Screening Tool Implementation,

Intervention Description: The intervention is the implementation of a screening protocol for postpartum depression using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and referral to a licensed professional clinical counselor for mothers who score 10 or higher on the EPDS . The intervention aligns with a discernable strategy of using the Institute for Healthcare Improvement’s (IHI) Plan-Do-Study-Act cycle as a guiding framework to plan, implement, evaluate, and modify changes to achieve outcome objectives .

Intervention Results: The study found that the implementation of the PPD screening and referral process resulted in a 24% detection rate for postpartum depression, which is approximately double that of the general population . The project reduced common barriers to PPD treatment, such as cost, transportation, and childcare issues . The RNs who participated in the project reported that the educational content provided them with the necessary information to successfully implement the PPD screening and referral process . The study also found that 80% of RNs reviewed the slide presentation by the project start date .

Conclusion: This project recognizes the importance of an interdisciplinary care approach and highlights the need for early identification and treatment for PPD among mothers with babies in the NICU. The project can guide future initiatives to increase the use of screening in the inpatient setting, to detect PPD during its early and more treatable stages.

Study Design: The study design used in the research is not explicitly stated, but it appears to be a quality improvement project aimed at implementing a routine postpartum depression (PPD) screening protocol in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) . The study used a one-group, posttest-only design to evaluate outcome objectives

Setting: The setting for the study is not explicitly stated in any of the given texts. However, it is mentioned that IRB review and waiver were obtained from both the academic institution and the hospital site . Additionally, the study focuses on screening mothers of babies in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)

Population of Focus: The target audience for the study appears to be healthcare providers who work with mothers of babies in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) and are interested in implementing a routine postpartum depression (PPD) screening protocol. The study provides information on the use of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) for identifying mothers at risk for PPD, as well as recommendations for education and referral to licensed professional clinical counselors

Sample Size: The sample size for the study is 25 mothers who received the screening

Age Range: The age group of the mothers who received the screening is not mentioned in the given texts

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Provider Training/Education, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, ,

Intervention Description: This case study describes an innovative practice model informed by the Collective Impact Model (CIM) designed to promote breastfeeding continuity of care and community support in Central Illinois.

Intervention Results: Numerous breastfeeding support improvements were made at and between CIBPN sites. Breastfeeding rates at the birthing hospital and health center were stable, including during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Conclusion: This article contributes to the practice-based evidence for breastfeeding support by strengthening continuity of care through a successful application of the CIM by public health practitioners.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Policy/Guideline (State), Patient Reminder/Invitation,

Intervention Description: - The intervention consisted of three strategies: 1) a standardized vaccine policy change to include HPV vaccine with other adolescent vaccines, 2) sending pre-visit emails to parents of teens to provide factual vaccine information, and 3) implementing a provider communication initiative to ensure consistent messages and effective cancer prevention recommendations for HPV vaccination ,[object Object],, ,[object Object],.

Intervention Results: - The post-intervention group demonstrated a substantial increase in HPV vaccine rates, from 17.8% to 63.6% ,[object Object],.

Conclusion: - The study concluded that strategically implementing standardized clinical vaccine policies and presumptive provider communication practices has implications for significantly increasing HPV vaccine uptake among teens and may be key to preventing cancer among future generations ,[object Object],.

Study Design: - The study utilized a pre/post design to compare vaccine rates, and data was obtained via electronic health records ,[object Object],.

Setting: - The project was completed at a private pediatric practice in a suburban location in New England ,[object Object],.

Population of Focus: - The target audience consisted of 11- and 12-year-old adolescents who had not previously been vaccinated for HPV ,[object Object],.

Sample Size: - The project included 128 patients, with 73 patients in the pre-intervention group and 55 in the post-intervention group. Most patients were 12 years old in both groups ,[object Object],.

Age Range: - The project included 128 patients, with 73 patients in the pre-intervention group and 55 in the post-intervention group. Most patients were 12 years old in both groups ,[object Object],.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Patient Reminder/Invitation, PATIENT_CONSUMER

Intervention Description: To determine the effectiveness of patient portal outreach messages, with and without the date of the last WCC, on the scheduling and completion of WCC visits and completion of vaccinations.

Intervention Results: Nine hundred forty-five patients participated (mean [SD] age, 9.9 [3.3] years, 493 [52.2%] girls, 590 [62.4%] non-Hispanic Black, 807 [85.4%] publicly insured). Scheduling rates were 18.4% in the standard message group (adjusted risk ratio [aRR], 1.97; 95% CI, 1.32-2.84) and 14.9% in the tailored message group (aRR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.02-2.34) compared with the control group (9.5%). Well child care visit completion rates were 24.1% in the standard message group (aRR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.38-2.60) and 19.4% in the tailored message group (aRR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.06-2.13) compared with the control group (12.7%). Among eligible children, rates of receiving the COVID-19 vaccine were 16.7% in the standard message group compared with 4.8% in the tailored message (aRR, 3.41; 95% CI, 1.14-9.58) and 3.7% in the control groups (aRR, 4.84; 95% CI, 1.44-15.12).

Conclusion: In this randomized clinical trial, outreach messages delivered via electronic health record patient portals increased the rates of scheduling and completing WCC visits and receiving the COVID-19 vaccine, providing a useful tool to help restore WCC in populations whose care was delayed during the pandemic.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Hospital Policies, Provider Training/Education

Intervention Description: Despite policy and guideline recommendations to support planned, effective postnatal care, national surveys of women's views of maternity care have consistently found in-patient postnatal care, including support for breastfeeding, is poorly rated.

Intervention Results: Post intervention there were statistically significant differences in the initiation (p = 0.050), duration of any breastfeeding (p = 0.020) and duration of exclusive breastfeeding to 10 days (p = 0.038) and duration of any breastfeeding to three months (p = 0.016). Post intervention, women were less likely to report physical morbidity within the first 10 days of birth, and were more positive about their in-patient care.

Conclusion: It is possible to improve outcomes of routine in-patient care within current resources through continuous quality improvement.

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest

Setting: Large maternity unit in the south of England

Population of Focus: Women on the postnatal ward who were >16 years old, able to speak and read English, and who had not experienced a stillbirth or neonatal death

Data Source: Mother self-report

Sample Size: Pretest (n=751/741)3 Posttest (n=725/725)

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide),

Intervention Description: The intervention involved the distribution of an influenza information pamphlet specifically tailored for the Polish community in Edinburgh, Scotland, to provide information about influenza vaccination

Intervention Results: The uptake of influenza vaccine in 2018 increased by 5.0% in the pilot schools' cohort, with an increase in the refusal rate as well. The study also identified an increase in the return rate of consent forms by 20.7% among Polish parents

Conclusion: The study concluded that the tailored influenza information pamphlet had a positive impact on increasing vaccination uptake among Polish pupils in Edinburgh, Scotland

Study Design: The study utilized a pre-post intervention design to evaluate the impact of an influenza information pamphlet on vaccination uptake among Polish pupils in Edinburgh, Scotland

Setting: The setting of the study is Edinburgh, Scotland, focusing on Polish pupils in schools

Population of Focus: The target audience of the study is Polish parents of pupils in Edinburgh, Scotland, who are making decisions about influenza vaccination for their children

Sample Size: The study involved 61 Polish pupils in three pilot schools in Edinburgh, Scotland

Age Range: The age range of the target audience (Polish pupils) was not explicitly mentioned in the provided text.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Quality Improvement/Practice-Wide Intervention, Planning for Transition, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE

Intervention Description: A health care transition focused quality improvement project was implemented in a large urban pediatric endocrinology clinic to evaluate the effectiveness of the administration of the Transition Readiness Assessment Questionnaire (TRAQ) by identifying barriers to implementation and creating a more sustainable format.

Intervention Results: for improved documentation and achievement of transition focused goals. Results: Several barriers were identified that minimized the effectiveness of the TRAQ tool including lack of staff trained to assist with insulin pump and meter downloads and proximity of diabetes software. Additional staff were trained, and software was relocated to a more centrally located area with greater staff accessibility to allow for discussion of transition goals with patient and family. The new process resulted in a 100% increase in documentation of transition goals and met goals (p ≤0.001).

Conclusion: The TRAQ tool is valuable for directing transition needs if implementation barriers such as staff training and accessibility to software are monitored and addressed. Frequent evaluation of the administration of the TRAQ tool protocol in the clinic setting is recommended in order to support pediatric patients' successful transition to adult care.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): CAREGIVER, Home Visit (caregiver), Educational Material (caregiver), Oral Health Product, Patient Navigation (Assistance), PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Outreach (Provider), Education/Training (caregiver)

Intervention Description: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a dental care coordinator intervention on increasing dental utilization by Medicaid-eligible children compared with a control group.

Intervention Results: Dental utilization during the study period was significantly higher in the intervention group (43 percent) than in the control group (26 percent). The effect was even more significant among children living in households well below the Federal Poverty Level. The intervention was effective regardless of whether the coordinator was able to provide services in person or via telephone and mail.

Conclusion: The dental care coordinator intervention significantly increased dental utilization compared with similar children who received routine Medicaid member services. Public health programs and communities endeavoring to reduce oral health disparities may want to consider incorporating a dental care coordinator along with other initiatives to increase dental utilization by disadvantaged children.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Jefferson County in Louisville, KY

Population of Focus: Children aged 4-15 years who currently or for 2 years prior had Medicaid insurance but have not had Medicaid dental claims filed for the previous 2 years

Data Source: Medicaid claims

Sample Size: Intervention (n=68) Control (n=68)

Age Range: not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Peer Counselor, Motivational Interviewing, PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner, CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling

Intervention Description: Premature infants are at high risk for respiratory disease, and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure further increases their risk for developing respiratory illness and asthma. Yet, SHS exposure remains problematic in this vulnerable population. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of brief asthma education plus motivational interviewing counseling on reducing SHS exposure and improving respiratory outcomes in premature infants compared to asthma education alone.

Intervention Results: Caregivers in the treatment group reported significantly more home smoking bans (96% vs 84%, P = .03) and reduced infant contact with smokers after the intervention (40% vs 58%, P = .03), but these differences did not persist long term. At study end (8 months after neonatal intensive care unit discharge), treatment group infants showed significantly greater reduction in salivary cotinine versus comparison (−1.32 ng/mL vs −1.08 ng/mL, P = .04), but no significant differences in other clinical outcomes.

Conclusion: A community-based intervention incorporating motivational interviewing and asthma education may be helpful in reducing SHS exposure of premature infants in the short term. Further efforts are needed to support sustained protections for this high-risk group and ultimately, prevent acute and chronic respiratory morbidity. Strategies for successfully engaging families during this stressful period warrant attention.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (home)

Population of Focus: Pre-term infants and SHSe

Data Source: Golisano Children’s Hospital. Rochester, NY

Sample Size: 165 caregivers and their infants born at ≤ 32 weeks’ gestational age, within 6 weeks of discharge from the NICU

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT_CONSUMER, Educational Materials, Other Education, Technology-Based Support, COMMUNITY, Social Media, Social Supports,

Intervention Description: This study investigates the experiences of women using a social media Facebook group for breastfeeding support and attempts to explore whether it has aided in extended breastfeeding success. In addition, it aims to explore the value of social cognitive theory (SCT) in explaining these experiences. Qualitativ, audio-recorded, semi-structured interviews were conducted from eight women who were members of a private Facebook group.

Intervention Results: A number of themes were identified from the women's experiences, with analysis uncovering the superordinate theme 'increased self-efficacy' which provided an understanding of how the group impacted women's experiences and aided them in breastfeeding success. The sub-themes of education, accessibility, online community, normalization, and extended goals provided a more detailed understanding of how self-efficacy was increased through group membership.

Conclusion: The symbiotic relationship between members of a social media group facilitates greater breastfeeding success and a longer duration of breastfeeding through the central concept of the SCT: reciprocal determinism. Therefore, it is posited that the SCT is a suitable theory of behaviour change which can potentially be used to develop interventions aiming to increase breastfeeding rates and duration.

Study Design: Qualitative study (exploratory, deductive approach)

Setting: Social media platform: Private Facebook group

Population of Focus: Women who were members of a private Facebook group

Sample Size: 8 women

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Midwifery, PROVIDER/PRACTICE, HOSPITAL, Chart Audit and Feedback, Organizational Changes, Quality Improvement, POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS, Community — Outreach, Outreach, COMMUNITY, COMMUNITY

Intervention Description: To improve quality of care by offering more women a safe and attractive normal vaginal delivery. The target group was primarily nulliparous women at term with spontaneous onset of labor and cephalic presentation.

Intervention Results: The CS rate in nulliparous women at term with spontaneous onset of labor decreased from 10% in 2006 to 3% in 2015. During the same period the overall CS rate dropped from 20% to 11%. The prevalence of children born at the unit with umbilical cord pH <7 and Apgar score <4 at 5 min were the same over the years studied. At present, 95.2% of women delivering at our unit are satisfied with their delivery experience.

Conclusion: The CS rates have declined after implementing the nine items of organizational and cultural changes. It seems that a specific and persistent multidisciplinary activity with a focus on the Robson group 1 can reduce CS rates without increased risk of neonatal complications.

Study Design: Time trend analysis

Setting: 1 public, medium-sized tertiary level obstetric unit

Population of Focus: Nulliparous women who gave birth between January 2006 and October 2015

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: n=~900 (880-924) per year

Age Range: Not Specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): COMMUNITY, Other Media, Community Events, Television Media, POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS

Intervention Description: The project explored the potential of historically black medical schools to deliver health information to their local communities and used a community-based participatory research approach.

Intervention Results: Significant difference in Pap smear rates between Nashville (intervention) vs Chattanooga (control; 8% effect difference, p≤.01) but not between Atlanta (intervention) vs Decatur (control). Pooled results are not given.

Conclusion: This community intervention trial demonstrated modest success and are encouraging for future efforts of longer duration.

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group

Setting: Nashville, TN; Atlanta, GA; Chattanooga, TN; and Decatur, GA

Population of Focus: Women living in predominantly black census tracts in the intervention cities

Data Source: Telephone interview

Sample Size: Baseline(n=4,053) Intervention (n=1,954); Control (n=2,099) Follow-up (n=3,914) Intervention (n=1,959); Control (n=1,955)

Age Range: ≥18

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, , YOUTH

Intervention Description: The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of "face-to-face" intervention carried out since 2016 in families with children diagnosed with asthma 3 years after beginning the anti-tobacco intervention.

Intervention Results: Seventy participants completed the study: 37 in the active group and 33 in the control group. In the active group, 27% of the parents quit smoking entirely compared with 9.4% of parents in the control group. In the group of active intervention, a significant decrease in the cotinine level (p < 0 .001) and the number of cigarettes smoked daily were observed (p < 0.001) 3 years after the active intervention compared with values right after the intervention. In the control group, there were no significant changes in the above-mentioned parameters.

Conclusion: "Face-to-face" intervention among families with smokers were effective and lowered cotinine levels in children with asthma and the number of cigarettes smoked assessed 3 years after the intervention.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Midwifery

Intervention Description: Women at low risk for complications were offered the option of using a midwife-led service, rather than obstetrician-led care, in a hospital setting. The service is not separated from the conventional delivery ward and uses the same rooms for labor and birth. The midwife-led care team consists of 21 certified and experienced midwives who agreed to participate in the study. During an observation period of more than 10 years, data from 4098 women were recorded.

Intervention Results: Midwife-led care management demonstrated a significant decrease in interventions, including oxytocin use (p < 0.001), medical pain relief (p < 0.001), and artificial rupture of membranes (ARM) (p < 0.01) as well as fewer episiotomies (p < 0.001), as compared with obstetrician-led care. Moreover, no negative effects on maternal or neonatal outcomes were observed. The mean length of the second stage of labor, rate of perineal laceration and APGAR scores did not differ significantly between the study groups (p > 0.05). Maternal age (p < 0.01), head diameter (p < 0.001), birth weight (p < 0.001) and the absence of midwife-led care (p < 0.05) were independent risk factors for perineal trauma. The overall referral rate was low (7%) and was most commonly caused by pathologic cardiotocography (CTG) and prolonged first- and second-stage of labor. Most referred mothers nevertheless had spontaneous deliveries (77%), and there were low rates of vaginal operative deliveries and cesarean sections (vacuum extraction, 16%; cesarean section, 7%).

Conclusion: The present study confirmed that midwife-led care confers important benefits and causes no adverse outcomes for mother and child. The favorable obstetrical outcome clearly highlights the importance of the selection of obstetric care, on the basis of previous risk assessment. We therefore fully support the recommendation that midwife-led care be offered to all low-risk women and that mothers should be encouraged to use this option. However, to increase the numbers of midwife-led care deliveries in Austria in the future, it will be necessary to expand this care model and to establish new midwife-led care units within hospital facilities.

Setting: University Hospital of Vienna

Population of Focus: Low risk pregnant women

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Patient-Centered Medical Home, Provider Training/Education, Quality Improvement/Practice-Wide Intervention,

Intervention Description: The survey instrument, “Caring for Children with Complex Chronic Conditions,” was adapted from a previously validated instrument (20). The survey consisted of 183-items, including 21 open-ended response items

Intervention Results: Informational themes included providing clear communication, with subthemes of: 1) be honest and open and 2) coordinate interdisciplinary care and provide consistent messaging with other clinicians working with our family. Relational themes were as follows: 1) include parents’ experiences and recognize their expertise about their children, with subthemes of: a) be caring and sensitive toward parents and b) be accommodating and flexible to demonstrate respect and provide comfort and 2) maintain relationships with families throughout their child’s medical journey and into bereavement.

Conclusion: Clinical care strategies that support parents of children with complex chronic conditions reflect the unique needs of this group of children. Relational strategies such as including parents as experts in their child’s care were paramount to parents of children with complex chronic conditions throughout their child’s medical journey and at end of life.

Study Design: This study reports findings from a cross-sectional survey of bereaved parents of children with CCCs.

Setting: CMC: Hospital - a single children's hospital

Population of Focus: CMC - bereaved parents of children with complex chronic conditions (CCCs) who had received care at Boston Children's Hospital (BCH) and had passed away between January 2006 and December 2015.

Sample Size: 110 - The study had a total of 211 eligible participants, and 110 of those eligible parents completed the survey and at least one open-response item, yielding a 52% participation rate.

Age Range: 1.9–20.3 - children

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Telelactation, Technology-Based Support, Telephone Support, PATIENT_CONSUMER

Intervention Description: To identify facilitators and barriers of two modes of tele-health service utilization and to compare the differences between two modes of providing tele-lactation services on breastfeeding knowledge, breastfeeding intention, perceived social support, and 3-month breastfeeding continuation behavior.

Intervention Results: No significant difference in demographic characteristics across groups was found. At 3 months after discharge, both groups reported continued breastfeeding (telephone-only: n = 17, 81%; audio-visual: n = 18, 90%) with no significant difference between the two groups (p = .663). Additionally, no group differences were found for breastfeeding knowledge or perceived social support. Overall, participants reported positive experiences with tele-lactation, emphasizing the convenience, accessibility, education, and support provided.

Conclusion: We found that both telephone-only and audio-visual delivery of tele-lactation services were equally effective. Both methods of tele-lactation services should be considered by health care providers to encourage and sustain breastfeeding behavior in mothers.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Family-Based Interventions, Social Supports, Access, Housing Supports

Intervention Description: The current qualitative, longitudinal study examined mothers’ perceptions of how receipt of flexible funding designed to increase their housing stability may have also impacted their children’s safety, stress, mood and behavior. Forty-two mothers in the Washington, D.C. metro area were interviewed three times over a six-month period about their own safety and housing stability, as well as their children’s. Ninety-five percent of the mothers and their children were housed at the six-month interview.

Intervention Results: Ninety-five percent of the mothers and their children were housed at the six-month interview. Mothers described improvements in children’s stability and safety, decreases in children’s stress levels, and improvements to their mood and behavior. They also discussed the symbiotic relationship between their own stress and well-being, and their children’s.

Conclusion: The provision of flexible funding to assist domestic violence survivors with their housing also collaterally impacted their children’s safety, stress, mood and behavior.

Study Design: qualitative, longitudinal study

Setting: Washington, D.C. metro area

Sample Size: Forty-two mothers

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): , Media Campaign (Print Materials, Radio, TV), Mobile Apps

Intervention Description: The Growing and Glowing campaign was a digital intervention designed to increase access to pregnancy-related health information for Black women in Hillsborough County, Florida. The campaign was based on multiple theories of behavior change and aimed to address the issue of low birthweight, which is disproportionately experienced by Black women. The campaign content was delivered through social media channels and a website, and was tailored to the unique needs of the target population. The content included short videos of local trusted healthcare experts and illustrated imagery, and covered topics such as weight gain and nutrition, prenatal care, general empowerment, and COVID-19. The campaign also featured prenatal care providers who were actively practicing in the area and provided connections to community resources. The campaign was launched publicly in March 2020 and ran for the first year. The campaign was evaluated using two cross-sectional surveys and digital metrics from Google Analytics. The results showed significant improvements in pregnancy-related intentions, awareness of local resources, and the importance of prenatal care among women aware of the campaign. , ,

Intervention Results: The results of the Growing and Glowing campaign showed significant improvements in pregnancy-related intentions among Black women in Hillsborough County, Florida. The campaign attained 1,234 followers, 805,437 impressions, and a reach of 19,875. The web series videos were viewed almost 27,000 times, with 89% average viewer retention, and the website attracted 2,634 unique page views. The evaluation surveys revealed significant improvements in positive pregnancy-related intentions, including intentions to talk about nutrition with a doctor, intentions to discuss weight and exercise, and positive trends in intentions to discuss breastfeeding and the baby’s weight. Additionally, women aware of the campaign had significantly higher awareness of local resources and the importance of prenatal care. Despite the limitations of the small sample size, the data collected provided important insights into pregnancy-related knowledge and attitudes of Black women, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Conclusion: The study concluded that the Growing and Glowing campaign, a digital intervention designed for and by Black women, was effective in delivering pregnancy-related health information to the target population in Hillsborough County, Florida. The campaign achieved significant improvements in pregnancy-related intentions and increased awareness of local resources and the importance of prenatal care among women aware of the campaign. The results also highlighted the potential of digital interventions to reach women who may fall outside traditional health advertising in a cost-effective manner, especially during a time when women are engaging in fewer in-person care visits and spending more time online. The study emphasized the benefits of digital advertising in reaching specific populations and the ability to rapidly pivot messages based on local circumstances, ensuring the conveyance of timely, important information. Additionally, the study underscored the need for creative solutions paired with rigorous evaluation methods to establish an evidence base for best practices in reaching pregnant Black women. Despite the limitations of the study, the data collected provided important information on pregnancy-related knowledge and attitudes of Black women, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Study Design: The study design was a pre-post evaluation of the Growing and Glowing campaign, which aimed to increase access to pregnancy-related health information for Black women in Hillsborough County, Florida. The evaluation included two cross-sectional surveys, one conducted before the campaign implementation and the other conducted after the first year of the campaign. The surveys examined pregnancy-related knowledge, attitudes, intentions, and behaviors, in alignment with the two theories underpinning the campaign strategy and content. The surveys were conducted using Qualtrics panels and digital advertisements on social media platforms, such as Facebook and Instagram, and recruitment focused on oversampling Black women. The study also used digital metrics from Google Analytics to understand the campaign’s reach and engagement across all platforms. ,

Setting: The study was conducted in Hillsborough County, Florida, which is located in the southeastern United States. The Growing and Glowing campaign was designed to reach Black women in this area and provide them with pregnancy-related health information tailored to their unique needs

Population of Focus: The target audience of the Growing and Glowing campaign was Black women in Hillsborough County, Florida. The campaign was designed to provide pregnancy-related health information tailored to the unique needs of this population, with a focus on addressing the issue of low birthweight, which is disproportionately experienced by Black women. The campaign messaging adopted a reproductive empowerment lens and focused on educating women on areas related to low birthweight, including weight gain and nutrition, prenatal care, general empowerment, and COVID-19. The campaign content was delivered through social media channels and a website, and was based on multiple theories of behavior change. ,

Sample Size: he baseline survey included 162 respondents, and the follow-up survey included 265 respondents. In both surveys, efforts were made to oversample Black women, and the majority of the respondents identified as Black. The sample size of the surveys may have limited statistical significance in results, which is a challenge for any study reaching a small audience at the county level. Despite these limitations, the data collected as part of this study provide important information on pregnancy-related knowledge and attitudes of Black women, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic

Age Range: The age range of the respondents in both the baseline and follow-up surveys was 18 to 65 years old. The surveys included similar age ranges, income ranges, and proportion of responses who selected “Other” for their race.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Lactation Consultant, Home Visits, Telephone Support

Intervention Description: To determine whether infants of women randomized to a prenatal and postpartum lactation support intervention incur fewer otitis media-, respiratory tract-, or gastrointestinal-related visits than controls.

Intervention Results: There was a significant interaction between treatment and Medicaid; among those not receiving Medicaid, the number of otitis media visits was higher among controls (P

Conclusion: Only the number of otitis media visits was reduced, in a subset of the intervention group. The intervention did not reduce visits for respiratory tract or gastrointestinal illness. Limited intervention contact and low exclusive breastfeeding rates may have attenuated intervention effects. Future interventions designed to yield markedly increased breastfeeding rates may show greater effects in low-income multiethnic samples. Health coverage for visits may moderate intervention effects.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: 2 urban community health centers in the Bronx, NY

Population of Focus: Women who were ≤ 24 weeks GA, spoke English or Spanish, had a twin or singleton birth, and who did not have medical or obstetric complications or longterm use of medications incompatible with breastfeeding

Data Source: Mother self-report

Sample Size: Randomized • Intervention (n=188) • Control (n=194) 26-Week Follow-Up • Intervention (n=115) • Control (n=136)

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Lactation Consultant, Home Visits, Telephone Support, Provision of Breastfeeding Item, PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Other (Provider Practice)

Intervention Description: Determined the effectiveness of primary care-based, and pre- and postnatal interventions to increase breastfeeding.

Intervention Results: In Best Infant Nutrition for Good Outcomes (BINGO) at 3 months, high intensity was greater for the LC+EP (odds ratio [OR] = 2.72; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.08, 6.84) and LC (OR = 3.22; 95% CI = 1.14, 9.09) groups versus usual care, but not for the EP group alone. In PAIRINGS at 3 months, intervention rates exceeded usual care (OR = 2.86; 95% CI = 1.21, 6.76); the number needed to treat to prevent 1 dyad from nonexclusive breastfeeding at 3 months was 10.3 (95% CI = 5.6, 50.7).

Conclusion: LCs integrated into routine care alone and combined with EP guidance from prenatal care providers increased breastfeeding intensity at 3 months postpartum.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Urban, prenatal clinic in the Bronx, NY

Population of Focus: Women who spoke English or Spanish, ≥ 18 years old, in the first or second trimester of a singleton pregnancy, without risk factors for a premature birth or maternal/infant condition that would prevent or complicate breastfeeding

Data Source: Mother self-report

Sample Size: Best Infant Nutrition for Good Outcomes (BINGO) • Lactation Consultant (LC) (n=77/73) • Electronically Prompted (EP) Guidance by Prenatal Care provider (n=236/223) • LC + EP (n=238/226) • Control (n=77/73)

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Quality Improvement, Provider Training/Education,

Intervention Description: The intervention involved a QI program that included teaching essential QI principles, providing strategies to deliver a strong provider vaccine recommendation, reviewing system changes to facilitate vaccination, and engaging all office staff in the effort

Intervention Results: The QI program resulted in increases in HPV vaccine series initiation and completion rates among children aged 11–12 years, well above the goal of 10%, even when replicated with a second group of practices

Conclusion: The conclusion highlighted the success of the QI program in optimizing patient care and workflow efficiency in busy primary care practices, emphasizing the importance of basic quality improvement education and strategies to deliver a strong provider vaccine recommendation

Study Design: The study design involved a Quality Improvement (QI) program that included teaching essential QI principles and providing examples of workflow-focused strategies to improve HPV vaccination rates among children aged 11–12 years

Setting: The setting for the Quality Improvement (QI) initiative was pediatric practices in AAP NY Chapter 1, mostly large, private practices serving suburban communities

Population of Focus: The target audience included pediatric providers and staff from the participating practices in AAP NY Chapter 1

Sample Size: The article does not explicitly mention the sample size. However, it states that eight different pediatric practices from AAP NY Chapter 1, each employing between 1 and 10 providers, were recruited for participation in the QI initiative

Age Range: The age range targeted by the QI initiative was 11–12 years old

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Assessment (Provider), Access, Care Coordination, Targeting Interventions to Focused Groups

Intervention Description: N/A

Intervention Results: Fifty-three percent (n = 107) of the children received care within a medical home. Low socioeconomic status (young caregiver: risk ratio [RR] = 0.73; 95% CI 0.55, 0.97; low education: RR= 0.69; 95% CI 0.49, 0.98) and delayed language (RR = 0.63; 95% CI 0.42, 0.95) were associated with a lower likelihood of receiving care within a medical home. Degree of prematurity and neonatal clinic follow-up participation were unrelated to receipt of care within a medical home.

Conclusion: Receipt of care within a medical home was lacking for nearly one-half of preterm toddlers, especially those with lower socioeconomic status and poorer developmental status. Discharge from a neonatal intensive care unit may be an optimal time to facilitate access to a primary care medical home and establish continuity of care.

Study Design: Participants were 202 caregivers of children born at <35 weeks of gestation. At 10-16 months of corrected age, caregivers completed the National Survey of Children's Health (2011/2012) medical home module and a sociodemographic profile. Care within a medical home comprised having a personal doctor/nurse, a usual place for care, effective care coordination, family-centered care, and getting referrals when needed. Gestational age and neonatal follow-up clinic attendance were abstracted from the medical record. The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition assessed developmental status. Log-binomial regression examined factors related to receiving care within a medical home.

Setting: NSCH Survey; United States

Population of Focus: Caregivers of children born pre-term

Sample Size: 202

Age Range: Caregivers vary in age. Babies born before 35 weeks.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Motivational Interviewing, Pharmacotherapy (Nicotine)

Intervention Description: Secondhand smoke exposure is associated with asthma onset and exacerbation. Latino children have higher rates of asthma morbidity than other groups. The current study compared the effectiveness of a newly developed smoking cessation treatment with existing clinical guidelines for smoking cessation.

Intervention Results: Intent-to-treat analyses showed that 20.5% of participants in the PAM condition and 9.1% of those in the BAM condition were continuously abstinent at 2 months posttreatment (OR = 2.54; 95% CI = 0.91–7.10), whereas 19.1% of participants in the PAM condition and 12.3% of those in BAM condition were continuously abstinent at 3 months posttreatment (OR = 1.68; 95% CI = 0.64–4.37). Secondhand smoke exposure decreased only in the BAM condition (p < .001), an effect due to less smoking around the child among nonquitters in this condition. Asthma morbidity showed significant decreases in the posttreatment period for the PAM group only (p < .001).

Conclusion: Results provide support for targeting specific populations with theory-based interventions.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Hospital in-patient settings and clinics, and Latino cultural events

Population of Focus: Latino caregivers who smoked and had a child with asthma under 18 years of age

Data Source: Parental self-report data, passive nicotine monitors.

Sample Size: 133 caregivers

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Home Visits, Motivational Interviewing

Intervention Description: We tested two aims: (1) the teachable moment (TM): whether second-hand smoke exposure (SHSe) feedback motivates cessation in parents of children with asthma versus parents of healthy children (HC); and (2) whether greater intervention intensity [enhanced-precaution adoption model (PAM)] produces greater cessation than a previously tested intervention (PAM).

Intervention Results: Aim 1: The teachable moment was supported at 7 day and 2 month measurements. Aim 2: enhanced PAM was more likely to achieve 30-day ppa at the primary end-point, 4 months.

Conclusion: Smoking cessation intervention (Motivational Interviewing plus biomarker feedback) appear to motivate smoking cessation more strongly among parents of asthmatic children than among parents of healthy children. Increased intervention intensity yields greater smoking cessation among parents of asthmatic children and better asthma outcomes.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Community (home and telephone)

Population of Focus: Parents of children with asthma and healthy children (ages 3-17 years)

Data Source: Parental self-report data, passive nicotine monitors.

Sample Size: 560 smoking primary caregivers of children with asthma and healthy children

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Patient Navigation (Assistance), Concurrent Infant/Mother Checkups

Intervention Description: The Mother-Infant dyad postpartum primary care program was part of Ohio Gestational Diabetes Postpartum Care Quality Improvement Collaborative, a multi-year initiative sponsored by the Ohio Departments of Health and Medicaid and administered by the Ohio Colleges of Medicine Government Resource Center. The Dyad program evaluation was conducted in the context of a quality improvement (QI) initiative aimed at increasing postpartum type 2 gestational diabetes (T2DM) screenings during the 4–12 week postpartum period and also increasing postpartum visit attendance with a prenatal provider. Women were eligible for the Dyad program if they lived in central Ohio and had a diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) during the most recent pregnancy or condition suggesting previous undiagnosed GDM. Following delivery, Dyad program appointments occurred concurrent with the infant’s well-check visits and allowed mothers to access comprehensive postpartum care services including but not limited to postnatal screening for T2DM, health and wellness education, breastfeeding support, and referrals to specialty services if indicated. An on-site patient navigator contacted mothers by phone in advance of the visit to address barriers to care including transportation and childcare. Reminders were also sent via phone and electronic health record (EHR) patient portal to con- firm attendance. The Dyad program facilitated postpartum obstetrics to primary care hand off to improve longitudinal care engagement for disease management and prevention.

Intervention Results: Women who participated in the Dyad program were more likely to complete a postpartum visit and receive type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) screenings than women who did not participate. In addition, fewer women who participated in the program experienced new T2DM diagnoses (17%) than those in the comparison group (29%), yet a greater proportion of Dyad program participants experienced new predia- betes diagnoses (12%, p<.001) than those in the com- parison group (6%, p<.001).

Conclusion: The Mother-Infant Dyad postpartum primary care program improved type 2 diabetes mellitus screenings and postpartum visit attendance. In addition, a greater proportion of Dyad program partici- pants experienced new prediabetes diagnoses that those in the comparison group. Our findings suggest that the dyad care model, in which women with GDM engage in postpartum primary care concurrent with well-child visits, can improve longitudinal postpartum care after a GDM diagnosis.

Study Design: Analysis of patient surveys, claims data, and administrative records

Setting: Midwestern academic medical center internal medicine and pediatrics primary care clinic

Population of Focus: Postpartum patients with a previous diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus

Sample Size: 75 mother-infant dyads

Age Range: Mean age 30.75

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Education on Disease/Condition, Assessment, Consultation (Parent/Family),

Intervention Description: "The whole health care model embedded monitoring of overall health and wellness education within the center’s outpatient mental and substance use disorder treatment services, and it improved care coordination with primary care providers."

Intervention Results: "For the first two-and-a-half years of the program, Medicare expenditures decreased by $266 per month on average for each enrolled beneficiary in the intervention group relative to the comparison group (p,.01). Intervention clients had .02 fewer hospitalizations, .03 fewer emergency department (ED) visits, and .13 fewer office visits per month relative to the comparison group (p,.05 for all estimates)."

Conclusion: "Overall, the whole health model reduced Medicare expenditures, ED visits, and hospitalization rates. These results may be due in part to the availability of more comprehensive medical data and staff’s improved awareness of client’s overall health needs."

Study Design: The study design was a difference-in-differences model using fee-for-service Medicare administrative claims and enrollment data.

Setting: The setting for the study was a community mental health center.

Population of Focus: The target audience for the study would include healthcare providers, mental health professionals, policymakers, and researchers interested in integrated care models and their impact on service utilization and expenditures.

Sample Size: he sample size for the intervention group was N=846, and the matched comparison group was N=2,643.

Age Range: The age range of the participants was not explicitly mentioned in the provided excerpts.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): CLASSROOM, Adult-led Curricular Activities/Training

Intervention Description: The aim of this study was to examine the effects of a single viewing of an anti-bullying video on secondary school pupils' views of, and involvement in, bullying.

Intervention Results: Participants who watched the video did not report less bullying of other pupils than those who did not watch it, nor was there evidence that the video led to more negative attitudes towards bullying in general. However, more of the participants who watched the video than did not watch it extended their definition of bullying to include three specific types of behaviour-'name-calling', 'telling nasty stories about some one' and 'forcing people to do things they don't want to do'.

Conclusion: The implication of these results for schools' anti-bullying initatives are discussed.

Study Design: Cluster RCT: pretest-posttest

Setting: UK

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Total (n=170)

Age Range: 11/14/2022

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Peer-led Mentoring/Support Counseling, CLASSROOM, Peer-led Curricular Activities/Training

Intervention Description: Bullying is common among school students, and some victims hold self-blaming attributions, exhibit low self-esteem, and do not seek social support. A cross-age teaching of social issues intervention was utilized to combat the latter three variables. In small cooperative groups of classmates, participants designed and delivered a lesson to younger students that informed them that bullies not victims are in the wrong, victims have no reason to feel bad about themselves, and that seeking help can be beneficial.

Intervention Results: CATS led to a significant improvement on all 3 dependent variables and changes in self-blame, and separately changes in self-esteem, mediated the positive effect of the intervention on help-seeking.

Conclusion: The theoretical and practical implications of these results were discussed, especially in terms of supporting a highly vulnerable subgroup of adolescents.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Policy/Guideline (State), Social Supports, Counseling (Parent/Family), Housing Prescriptions

Intervention Description: supportive housing program called Housing Prescriptions as Health Care

Intervention Results: the Housing Prescriptions as Health Care intervention led to improvements in child health and parental mental health over a six-month period for medically complex families in Boston who had experienced homelessness and housing instability. Specifically, there were decreases in the share of children in fair or poor health and in average anxiety and depression scores among parents in the intervention group compared to the control group

Conclusion: a population-specific model integrating health, housing, legal, and social services, such as the Housing Prescriptions as Health Care intervention, can improve health-related outcomes at the household level for medically complex families experiencing homelessness and housing instability. The findings suggest that addressing housing instability through a multifaceted supportive housing intervention can positively impact the health of both children and parents in these families

Study Design: pilot randomized controlled trial.

Setting: Boston, Massachusetts

Sample Size: seventy-eight homeless or housing-unstable families defined as "medically complex"; Sixty-seven families completed a six-month follow-up assessment

Age Range: mean age of the index child in the study was 2.8 years

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Home Visits, Educational Material, Referrals,

Intervention Description: To determine whether participation in a home visiting program increases and expedites utilization of early intervention services for suspected developmental delays. Methods Children participating in Every Child Succeeds (ECS), a large home visiting (HV) program serving greater Cincinnati, between 2006 and 2012, were propensity score matched to a sample of children identified from birth records who did not receive services from ECS. Data were linked to early intervention (EI) data acquired from the Ohio Department of Health.

Intervention Results: Among 3574 HV and 3574 comparison participants, there was no difference in the time to EI service utilization; however a higher percentage of HV participants accessed services. Overall, 6% of the HV group and 4.3% of the comparison group accessed services (p = 0.001). Modeling revealed an odd ratio = 1.43 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16-1.78, p value = 0.001] and hazard ratio = 1.42 [95% CI 1.15-1.75, p value = 0.001]. Differences in utilization were greatest directly after birth and between approximately 2 and 3 years.

Conclusion: Participation in home visiting was associated with greater utilization of EI services during two important developmental time points, demonstrating that home visiting may serve as an important resource for facilitating access to early intervention services.

Study Design: Retrospective Cohort Study

Setting: Every Child Succeeds (ECS) program in the Greater Cincinnati area in Ohio

Population of Focus: Children and families involved in the Every Child Succeeds (ECS) home visiting program in the Greater Cincinnati area between 2006 and 2012

Sample Size: Matched cohort of 7,148 families (3,574 families participating in the Every Child Succeeds (ECS) home visiting program in comparison with 3,574 families identified from birth records who did not receive services from ECS)

Age Range: Infants and children ages 0-3 years of age

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): HOSPITAL, Continuing Education of Hospital Providers, POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS, STATE, Policy/Guideline (State), Funding Support, Perinatal Committees/Councils

Intervention Description: Vital records data (1971 to 1978) were used to assess the change in neonatal and fetal mortality in Colorado in relationship to the regionalization of perinatal health care within the state.

Intervention Results: There has been a decrease in neonatal mortality rate from 13.4 to 6.9 during a period of time when there was a minimal decrease in the incidence of low-birth weight infants. The improved neonatal mortality has been associated with a shift in the frequency of birth of very low-birth weight (VLBW) infants to hospitals with level II and III perinatal services and relatively greater survival rates of VLBW infants born in these hospitals as compared to those born in level I hospitals. There was no decrease in fetal mortality in the same period of time.

Conclusion: These date suggest that outreach education in perinatal medicine should now emphasize current knowledge and methods for reducing antepartum deaths.

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest

Setting: All Colorado hospitals Three level III, seven level II, remaining level I

Population of Focus: Infants born weighing greater than one lb.

Data Source: Data from the Bureau of Vital Records, Colorado State Health Department.

Sample Size: Pretest: 1.8% (n=2,818) Posttest: 1.8% (n=2,967) Infants born weighing one to four lbs.

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): YOUTH, Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, PARENT/FAMILY, Notification/Information Materials (Online Resources, Information Guide), Presentation/Meeting/Information Session/Event, CLASSROOM, Enforcement of School Rules, SCHOOL, Bullying Committee, Assembly, Reporting & Response System, Teacher/Staff Meeting, Teacher/Staff Training, School Rules, Identification and Monitoring of/Increased Supervision in Targeted Areas, POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS, COMMUNITY, Media Campaign (Print Materials, Radio, TV)

Intervention Description: This intervention study examined the prevalence of bullying in an urban/suburban middle school and the impact of the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program (OBPP).

Intervention Results: Statistically significant findings were found for 7th grade female students who received 1 year of the OBPP on reports of prevalence of bullying (p = .022) and exclusion by peers (p = .009). In contrast, variability in statistical findings was obtained for 8th grade females and no statistical findings were found for males. Following 1 year of the OBPP, teachers reported statistically significant improvements in their capacity to identify bullying (p = .016), talk to students who bully (p = .024), and talk with students who are bullied (p = .051). Other substantial percentile changes were also noted.

Conclusion: Findings suggest a significant positive impact of the OBPP on 7th grade females and teachers. Other grade and gender findings were inconsistent with previous literature. Recommendations for further research are provided along with implications for school health prevention programming.

Study Design: QE: time-lagged age-equivalent control group

Setting: US

Population of Focus: Not specified

Data Source: Not specified

Sample Size: Intervention (n=112); Control (n=158)

Age Range: NR

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Peer-led Curricular Activities/Training, Family-Based Interventions,

Intervention Description: Adapting the evidence base program 'Empowering Parents, Empowering Communities'

Intervention Results: Thirteen parents completed the programme (including one parent who required two attempts). We found improvements in child behavioural difficulties, parenting knowledge and practices, while parental well-being and social support were unchanged. Participants were highly satisfied overall, with indications that the peer-led model mitigated negative expectancies of services and normalized experiences of parenting in challenging conditions.

Conclusion: Parental self-care and ‘the good enough parent’ were strongly endorsed topics, although some content (e.g. timeout) was deemed impractical. These promising findings warrant further testing under controlled conditions.

Study Design: mixed-methods, formative evaluation

Setting: London, UK

Population of Focus: social workers, public health practitioners

Sample Size: N= 15; Parents living in temporary housing with children aged 2-11years old

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Multicomponent School-Based Program

Intervention Description: This study examined variation in the effects of SWPBIS based on children’s baseline pattern of behavior problems and social–emotional skills using data from a randomized controlled effectiveness trial

Intervention Results: This study used data from a 4-year RCT to examine variation in the impact of SWPBIS based on the children’s baseline risk profile. LPA identified four latent classes of baseline risk, including two adaptive classes we labeled normative (36.5%), because they scored at or near the sample mean on all four TOCA–C subscales, and socially–emotionally skilled (33.6%), because they scored higher than the mean for the two adaptive scales and below the mean on the two problem scales. A relatively small high-risk class (6.6%) was identified, as was a larger at-risk (23.3%) class; each of these classes demonstrated baseline TOCA–C scores that suggested elevated levels of risk relative to their peers in the normative and the socially–emotionally skilled classes. The covariates were functionally related to the class membership, thereby providing further validation of the latent classes. As hypothesized, there were significant differences in the SWPBIS outcomes based on the children’s baseline risk class. Generally, we found that children in the at-risk and high-risk classes in the SWPBIS schools demonstrated the greatest effects relative to their at-risk and high-risk peers in the comparison schools. Specifically, both at-risk and high-risk children in the SWPBIS schools were significantly less likely to receive an ODR than their peers in the comparison schools. A similar pattern emerged for receipt of counseling services and referral to special education, which are indicators of the need for more intensive services ( Bradshaw, Waasdorp, et al., 2012). The socially– emotionally skilled children in the SWPBIS schools were less likely to receive counseling services for social skills development and less likely to experience grade retention. We are cautious in our interpretation of the large effect size for the grade retention finding due to the relatively low base rate of grade retention across the sample. Although the overall proportion of children retained was low for the socially–emotionally skilled children, these find- ings suggest that the heterogeneity in SWPBIS outcomes does apply to archival academic outcome data

Conclusion: Consistent with previous research (e.g., Kellam et al., 1994 , 1998 ; Spilt et al., 2013 ; van Lier et al., 2005 ), children’s baseline risk profile moderated the effects of SWPBIS. These findings suggest that at-risk and high-risk children may benefit most from exposure to SWPBIS. This is the first study to systematically explore the heterogeneity in the impacts of SWPBIS, with a particular interest in response to intervention based on baseline risk profiles and using reliable and well-validated teacher-report measures collected over multiple years. Our approach to examin- ing heterogeneity in program responsiveness is consistent with recent calls for greater attention to and precision with which researchers examine these issues ( Lanza & Rhodes, 2013; Schochet et al., 2014 ; Supplee et al., 2013 ). We believe the use of LPA within the context of a longitudinal group randomized con- trolled effectiveness trial represents an important contribution, not only to the literature on SWPBIS, but also to the broader literature on subgroup effects in school-based prevention programs.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Public Elementary Schools

Data Source: Data came from a group randomized controlled effectiveness trial (Flay et al., 2005 ; Murray, 1998) of the universal SWPBIS model in public elementary schools; all schools recruited for participation enrolled.

Sample Size: 12,344 elementary school children

Age Range: Elementary School Children

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Medicaid Reform,

Intervention Description: The intervention in this study was the implementation of a state policy mandating inpatient access to immediate postpartum LARC.

Intervention Results: We identified 17,848 deliveries prepolicy and 18,555 deliveries postpolicy. Immediate postpartum LARC was used by 0.5% (monthly range 0–2.1%) of patients prepolicy and 11.6% (monthly range 8.3–15.4%) of patients postpolicy. Levonorgestrel intrauterine devices (IUDs) were used by 56.5%, implants by 29.1%, and copper IUDs by 14.5% of LARC users. Characteristics associated with LARC use included younger age, public insurance, non-White race, Hispanic or Latina ethnicity, higher body mass index, sexually transmitted infection in pregnancy, and tobacco use. Long-acting reversible contraceptive users had a lower rate of repeat pregnancy at 12 months postpartum compared with the non-LARC group (1.9% vs 3.6%, P<.001).

Conclusion: Immediate postpartum LARC use increased after a state policy change mandated universal access and was associated with decreased pregnancy rates in the first year postdelivery.

Study Design: Retrospective cohort

Setting: 3 hospitals within the Cleveland Clinic health system in Ohio

Sample Size: 36403 deliveries

Age Range: No age range given,

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Policy/Guideline (State), Public Insurance (State), Outreach (School Staff),

Intervention Description: The intervention is state Medicaid policies allowing 12 months of continuous eligibility for children, regardless of changes in family income that would otherwise end eligibility.

Intervention Results: Results show that continuous eligibility is associated with reduced rates of uninsurance, gaps in coverage, gaps due to application problems, and fair or poor health status. For children with special health care needs, it is also associated with increased preventive care, specialty care, and any medical care.

Conclusion: Continuous eligibility may be an effective strategy to reduce gaps in coverage for children and reduce paperwork burden on Medicaid agencies.

Study Design: Cross-sectional study analyzing data from a national survey.

Setting: The study analyzed data from children in all 50 states, focusing on those with incomes below 138% of the federal poverty level.

Population of Focus: The target audience is policymakers and Medicaid administrators.

Sample Size: The full sample size is 22,622 children. The sample of children with special health care needs is 6,081.

Age Range: The age range is 0-17 years.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Expanded Insurance Coverage, Medicaid, PAYER

Intervention Description: We assessed whether state policies that allow children to remain covered in Medicaid for a 12-month period, regardless of fluctuations in income, are associated with health and health care outcomes, after controlling for individual factors and other Medicaid policies.

Intervention Results: Continuous eligibility was associated with improved rates of insurance, reductions in gaps in insurance and gaps due to application problems, and lower probability of being in fair or poor health. For children with special health care needs, it was associated with increases in use of medical care and preventive and specialty care access. However, continuous eligibility was not associated with health care utilization outcomes for the full sample.

Conclusion: Continuous eligibility may be an effective strategy to reduce gaps in coverage for children and reduce paperwork burden on Medicaid agencies.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Health Insurance Coverage,

Intervention Description: Fluctuating insurance coverage, or churning, is a recognized barrier to health care access. We assessed whether state policies that allow children to remain covered in Medicaid for a 12-month period, regardless of fluctuations in income, are associated with health and health care outcomes, after controlling for individual factors and other Medicaid policies. This cross-sectional study uses a large, nationally representative database of children ages 0 to 17.

Intervention Results: Continuous eligibility was associated with improved rates of insurance, reductions in gaps in insurance and gaps due to application problems, and lower probability of being in fair or poor health. For children with special health care needs, it was associated with increases in use of medical care and preventive and specialty care access. However, continuous eligibility was not associated with health care utilization outcomes for the full sample.

Conclusion: Continuous eligibility may be an effective strategy to reduce gaps in coverage for children and reduce paperwork burden on Medicaid agencies.

Study Design: Cross-sectional study

Setting: States with continuous eligibility policies for children in Medicaid is the United States

Population of Focus: Low-income children below 138% of the poverty level, who are income-eligible for Medicaid at the time of the survey

Sample Size: 22,622 respondents

Age Range: Children aged 0 to 17 years old

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Medicaid, Health Insurance Coverage, Public Insurance (State),

Intervention Description: Fluctuating insurance coverage, or churning, is a recognized barrier to health care access. We assessed whether state policies that allow children to remain covered in Medicaid for a 12-month period, regardless of fluctuations in income, are associated with health and health care outcomes, after controlling for individual factors and other Medicaid policies. This cross-sectional study uses a large, nationally representative database of children ages 0 to 17.

Intervention Results: Continuous eligibility was associated with improved rates of insurance, reductions in gaps in insurance and gaps due to application problems, and lower probability of being in fair or poor health. For children with special health care needs, it was associated with increases in use of medical care and preventive and specialty care access. However, continuous eligibility was not associated with health care utilization outcomes for the full sample.

Conclusion: Continuous eligibility may be an effective strategy to reduce gaps in coverage for children and reduce paperwork burden on Medicaid agencies.

Study Design: Cross-sectional study

Setting: State Medicaid policies

Population of Focus: Children aged 0 to 17 years old with annual family incomes at or below 138% of the federal poverty line (FPL) and a subpopulation of children in low-income families with special health care needs, based on specific criteria related to health problems that require special assistance or limit the child's abilities

Sample Size: 22,622 respondents aged 0 to 17 years old with annual family incomes at or below 138% of the federal poverty line (FPL); subpopulation of 6,081 children with special health care needs in low-income families

Age Range: Children and adolescents 0-17 years

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PROVIDER, Training/Education, PROFESSIONAL_CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), Educational Material (caregiver)

Intervention Description: A quality improvement project was implemented at a pediatric primary care practice to improve screening for infant safe sleep practices. The screening form was updated to include questions from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) that better capture actual sleeping practices and allow for a more targeted response from providers. Based on individual survey responses, the providers offered and documented their specific educational feedback. Any changes/improvements reported during a 2-week callback were also documented. Study participation was encouraged by offering a chance to win a $50 Amazon gift card and a free board book, Sleep Baby, Safe and Snug, covering the basics of safe sleep in a format that can be read to the child (Charlie's Kids Foundation, 2017).

Intervention Results: This updated screening better captured actual sleeping practices, allowing for more targeted education.

Conclusion: This article describes a quality improvement project implemented at a pediatric primary care practice to improve screening for infant safe sleep.

Setting: A single pediatric primary care practice

Population of Focus: Parents/caregivers of infants 0-6 months

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): , Care Coordination, Telehealth/Virtual Care

Intervention Description: Medical advances have improved survival of critically ill children, increasing the number that have substantial ongoing care needs. The first aim of this study was to compare healthcare utilization of children with complex chronic conditions across an extensive geographic area managed by a predominantly telehealth-based team (FamiLy InteGrated Healthcare Transitions-FLIGHT) compared to matched historical controls. The second aim was to identify risk factors for healthcare utilization within the FLIGHT population. We performed a retrospective cohort study of all patients enrolled in the care management team. First, we compared them to age- and technology-based matched historic controls across medical resource-utilization outcomes. Second, we used univariable and multivariable linear regression models to identify risk factors for resource utilization within the FLIGHT population.

Intervention Results: Sixty-four FLIGHT patients were included, with 34 able to be matched with historic controls. FLIGHT patients had significantly fewer hospital days per year (13.6 vs. 30.3 days, p = 0.02) and shorter admissions (6.0 vs. 17.3 days, p = 0.02) compared to controls. Within the telehealth managed population, increased number of technologies was associated with more admissions per year (coefficient 0.90, CI 0.05 - 1.75) and hospital days per year (16.83, CI 1.76 - 31.90), although increased number of complex chronic conditions was not associated with an increase in utilization.

Conclusion: A telehealth-based care coordination team was able to significantly decrease some metrics of healthcare utilization in a complex pediatric population. Future study is warranted into utilization of telemedicine for care coordination programs caring for children with medical complexity.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Guideline Change and Implementation, , HOSPITAL

Intervention Description: To examine the impact of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (ACOG-SMFM) 2014 recommendations for preventing unnecessary primary Cesareans.

Intervention Results: Among 192,405 NTSV births across 40 hospitals, the age-standardized NTSV Cesarean rate decreased after the ACOG-SMFM recommendations from 25.8% to 24.0% (Risk ratio [RR]: 0.93; 95% CI 0.89, 0.97), with no change in the control series. Decreases were observed among non-Hispanic White women (RR: 0.89; 95% CI 0.82, 0.97), but not among non-Hispanic Black women (RR: 0.97; 95% CI 0.88, 1.07), Asian/Pacific Islanders (RR: 1.01; 95% CI 0.91, 1.12), or Hispanic women (RR: 0.94; 95% CI 0.86, 1.02). Similar patterns were observed at teaching hospitals, with no change at nonteaching hospitals.

Conclusion: While low-risk Cesarean rates may be modifiable through changes in labor management, additional research, and interventions to address Cesarean disparities, are needed.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, Midwifery

Intervention Description: All laboring individuals in this study were triaged by either a midwife or physician, and all additionally received nursing care. Each of several private practices feeding into this hospital has at least 1 midwife providing prenatal care. Midwives also provide intrapartum care in the hospital, alongside obstetrician hospitalists who provide some care during the day shift. However, once a laboring patient is admitted to a physician for intrapartum management, they do not change to a midwife provider for labor or birth. Approximately half of the individuals in this sample were admitted by a midwife (52.2%, n = 175), and the other half were admitted by a physician (47.8%, n = 160). For this study, provider type data for each participant at 2 time points were collected: during the triage visit (admitted provider type) and at birth.

Intervention Results: Patients admitted by midwives had lower odds of oxytocin augmentation (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.50, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.29-0.87), epidural (aOR = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.12-0.69), and cesarean birth (aOR = 0.308, 95% CI = 0.14-0.67), compared with those triaged by physicians after controlling for patient characteristics and triage timing. This study provides additional context to midwives as labor triage providers for healthy, low-risk pregnant individuals; however, challenges persisted with measurement.

Conclusion: More research is needed on the specific components of care during labor that support low-risk patients to avoid medical interventions and poor outcomes.

Setting: Community-based hospital

Population of Focus: Low risk nulliparous women

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Screening Tool Implementation, Referrals,

Intervention Description: The intervention involved a quality improvement initiative aimed at addressing social drivers of health (SDoH), socioemotional development, and perinatal depression in pediatric practices through practice and system improvement. The Addressing Social Health and Early Childhood Wellness (ASHEW) project provided a framework for successful development and efficient integration of screening and referral processes into clinic workflow. It involved implementing Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles, monthly chart reviews, and collaborative meetings to facilitate increased documentation of screening, counseling, and referral for positive SDoH screens in participating practices. The project promoted a team-based approach that allowed individual practices to implement screening and referral practices using available staff and documentation and referral processes they had available.

Intervention Results: Measures showed significant improvements in SDoH screening and identified opportunities for improvement in the care continuum. SDoH screenings of eligible patients significantly increased from 21% to 62% on average ( p = 0.0002). Needed referrals fulfilled increased from 37% to 57% ( p = 0.003) on average. Interestingly, no significant improvement was seen in referring patients who screened positive (81% vs 89%, p = 0.0949).

Conclusion: Yes, the study reported statistically significant findings. The percentage of needed referrals fulfilled significantly increased over time for all practices involved in the study (37%–57%, p = 0.003). Additionally, SDoH screenings of eligible patients significantly increased from 21% to 62% on average (p = 0.0002). These findings indicate significant improvements in the screening and referral processes for social drivers of health in the participating pediatric practices.

Study Design: The study design/type is a quality improvement initiative. The Indiana Chapter of the American Academy of Pediatrics (INAAP) participated in a national quality improvement project led by the AAP called Addressing Social Health and Early Childhood Wellness (ASHEW), which sought to screen for and address social drivers of health (SDoH), socioemotional development, and perinatal depression in pediatric practices through practice and system improvement. The study evaluated the positive SDoH screenings and subsequent referrals from participating Indiana practices.

Setting: The setting for the study was pediatric practices in mid-central Indiana. Ten pediatric practices in this region participated in the collaboration between July 2020 and July 2021 as part of the quality improvement project led by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).

Population of Focus: The target audience for the study includes healthcare professionals, pediatricians, and practitioners involved in pediatric care, as well as individuals and organizations interested in quality improvement initiatives related to addressing social drivers of health, socioemotional development, and perinatal depression in pediatric practices. Additionally, policymakers and researchers focusing on pediatric healthcare and social determinants of health may also find the study relevant.

Sample Size: The study involved ten pediatric practices in mid-central Indiana that participated in the collaboration between July 2020 and July 2021. Therefore, the sample size for the study was ten pediatric practices.

Age Range: The PDF file does not specify the age group of the patients who were screened for social drivers of health in the participating pediatric practices. However, it is mentioned that the project aimed to address social drivers of health, socioemotional development, and perinatal depression in pediatric practices. Therefore, it is likely that the age group includes infants, children, and adolescents.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Lactation Consultant, PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Provider Training/Education

Intervention Description: To evaluate the efficacy of an intervention program to increase breast-feeding in a low-income, inner-city population.

Intervention Results: There was a markedly higher incidence of breast-feeding in the intervention group, as compared with that of the control group (61% vs 32%, respectively; P = .002). The duration of breast-feeding was also significantly longer in the intervention group (P = .005).

Conclusion: This lactation program increased the incidence and duration of breast-feeding in our low-income cohort. We suggest that similar efforts that are applied to analogous populations may increase the incidence and duration of breast-feeding in low-income populations in the United States.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: Maternal-Infant Lactation Center of Pittsburgh (PA)

Population of Focus: Women attending the prenatal clinic of The Mercy Hospital of Pittsburgh, English-speaking, and nulliparous

Data Source: Mother self-report

Sample Size: Intervention (n=51) Control (n=57)

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Public Insurance (State), Medicaid Reform, STATE

Intervention Description: The goal of this study was to use claims data linked with community-level measures to evaluate the impact of preventive services on the time to subsequent restorative, advanced restorative, and complex dental treatment among children enrolled in the Virginia Medicaid program.

Intervention Results: The analysis included 430,594 children (10,204,182 claims). A log-rank test showed significant differences (P < 0.001) between the times to treatment of those who had a preventive service and those who did not have a preventive service prior to a treatment service. Both Kaplan-Meier curves and the adjusted HR (1.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.46-2.15) indicated that children without preventive services were more likely to have basic restorative treatment at an earlier age along with advanced restorative treatment (HR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.28-1.80) and complex treatment (HR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.68-2.61).

Conclusion: In a population of Medicaid-enrolled children, children who did not receive preventive services were significantly more likely to have treatment at an earlier age than those who did receive preventive services.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Medicaid,

Intervention Description: To examine the rate of access to primary and preventive care and emergency department (ED) reliance for foster youth as well as the impact of a transition from fee-for-service (FFS) Medicaid to managed care (MC) on this access. Secondary administrative data were obtained from Medicaid programs in one state that transitioned foster youth from an FFS to an MC (Texas) and another state, comparable in population size and racial/ethnic diversity, which continuously enrolled foster youth in an FFS system (Florida). Eligible participants were foster youth (aged 0-18 years) enrolled in these states between 2006 and 2010 (n = 126,714). A Puhani approach to difference-in-difference was used to identify the effect of transition after adjusting for race/ethnicity, gender, and health status. Data were used to calculate access to primary and preventive care as well as ED reliance. ED reliance was operationalized as the number of ED visits relative to the number of total ambulatory visits; high ED reliance was defined as ≥33%.

Intervention Results: The transition to MC was associated with a 6% to 13% increase in access to primary care. Preventive care visits were 10% to 13% higher among foster youth in MC compared to those in FFS. ED reliance declined for the intervention group but to a lesser extent than did the control group, yielding a positive mean percentage change.

Conclusion: Foster youth access to care may benefit from a Medicaid MC delivery system, particularly as the plans used are designed with the unique needs of this vulnerable population.

Study Design: Quasi-experimental study

Setting: Medicaid programs in two states: Texas and Florida

Population of Focus: Foster youth aged 0-18 years enrolled in the Medicaid programs of Texas and Florida

Sample Size: In Texas, the mean number of enrollees was 38,569; In Florida, the mean number of enrollees was 24,611

Age Range: Foster youth aged 0 to 18 years

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Medicaid Reform,

Intervention Description: To examine the rate of access to primary and preventive care and emergency department (ED) reliance for foster youth as well as the impact of a transition from fee-forservice (FFS) Medicaid to managed care (MC) on this access. Secondary administrative data were obtained from Medicaid programs in one state that transitioned foster youth from an FFS to an MC (Texas) and another state, comparable in population size and racial/ethnic diversity, which continuously enrolled foster youth in an FFS system (Florida).

Intervention Results: The transition to MC was associated with a 6% to 13% increase in access to primary care. Preventive care visits were 10% to 13% higher among foster youth in MC compared to those in FFS. ED reliance declined for the intervention group but to a lesser extent than did the control group, yielding a positive mean percentage change.

Conclusion: Foster youth access to care may benefit from a Medicaid MC delivery system, particularly as the plans used are designed with the unique needs of this vulnerable population

Study Design: The quasi-experimental design of this study capitalizes on a natural experiment in which one state transitioned foster youth from an FFS to an MC delivery system exclusive to foster youth while another state, comparable in population size and racial/ethnic diversity, continuously enrolled foster youth in an FFS system.

Setting: Two states with a Medicaid Managed Care or Fee for Service system

Population of Focus: Eligible participants were foster youth (aged 0–18 years) enrolled in two states between 2006 and 2010.

Sample Size: 126,714 children and youth

Age Range: 0-18 years

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Adult-led Curricular Activities/Training, CLASSROOM_SCHOOL

Intervention Description: This study utilized a randomized control trial (RCT) design to evaluate the knowledge acquisition of children who received the Monique Burr Foundation's Child Safety Matters curriculum, a program designed to educate kindergarten to Grade 5 children about bullying, cyberbullying, four types of abuse (physical, sexual, emotional, and neglect), and digital dangers.

Intervention Results: The interaction of treatment and time was significant, F(2, 90) = 17.024, p < .000. Children who received the curriculum increased their knowledge about potentially risky situations, and this knowledge was sustained over 7 months to the follow-up assessment. Children in the control schools did not have similar gains.

Conclusion: The current classroom-based child maltreatment prevention education is a promising strategy to address children's vulnerability to abuse and its consequences.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Health_Care_Provider_Practice, Screening Tool Implementation Training, Provider Training/Education

Intervention Description: Twenty-eight pediatricians completed an in-person meeting, monthly webinars, and individualized feedback from an Expert Work Group on progress across a 3-month action period.

Intervention Results: Statistically significant increases were observed in rates of autism screening, discussions of screening results with families, and referral following abnormal results. There was no statistically significant change in rates of general developmental screening. Comparing self-report with record review, pediatricians overestimated the extent to which they conducted discussion and referral.

Conclusion: Universal screening for all children has yet to be achieved. The current project supports that practice-based improvements can be made and delineates some of the routes to success.

Setting: Clinical practice

Population of Focus: Primary care peditricians

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Outreach (Provider), Policy/Guideline (State)

Intervention Description: Provisions of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010 hold promise for improving access to and receipt of preventive services for adolescents and young adults (AYAs). The Title V Block Grant transformation also includes a focus on improving adolescent preventive care. This brief report describes and discusses an inquiry of promising strategies for improving access and preventive care delivery identified in selected high-performing states.

Intervention Results: Seven top-performing states were selected: California, Colorado, Illinois, Iowa, Oregon, Vermont, and Texas; 27 stakeholders completed interviews. Four strategies were identified regarding insurance enrollment: use of partnerships; special populations outreach; leveraging laws and resources; and youth engagement. Four strategies were identified regarding quality preventive care: expand provider capacity to serve AYAs; adopt medical home policies; establish quality improvement projects; and enhance consumer awareness of well-visit. States focused more on adolescents than young adults and on increasing health insurance enrollment than the provision of preventive services.

Conclusion: This commentary identifies strategies and recommends areas for future action, as Title V programs and their partners focus on improving healthcare for AYAs as ACA implementation and the Title V transformation continues.

Study Design: Report

Setting: California, Colorado, Illinois, Iowa, Oregon, Vermont, and Texas

Data Source: Two data sources were used to identify top-performing states in insurance enrollment and preventive care delivery: National Survey of Children's Health for adolescents (ages 12-17 years) and Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance System for young adults (ages 18-25 years)

Sample Size: N/A

Age Range: 12-17 and 18-25

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Health Insurance Coverage, Prenatal Care Access

Intervention Description: Multivariate analysis of Alabama vital statistics records between 1988 and 1990 for infants weighing 500 to 1499 g was conducted, comparing hospital of birth and maternal and infant transfer status, and controlling for infant birthweight and for maternal pregnancy history and demographic characteristics.

Intervention Results: With other factors adjusted for, non-White mothers with early prenatal care were more likely than White mothers to deliver their very low birthweight infants in hospitals with neonatal ICUs without transfer. Among the mothers who presented first at hospitals without such facilities, those who had late prenatal care were less likely than those with early care to be transferred to hospitals with neonatal ICUs before delivery. Medicaid coverage increased the likelihood of antenatal transfer for White women. Likelihood of infant transfer was not associated with these maternal characteristics.

Conclusion: Maternal race, prenatal care use, and insurance status may influence the likelihood that very low birthweight infants will have access to neonatal intensive care. Interventions to improve perinatal regionalization should address individual and system barriers to the timely referral of high-risk mothers.

Study Design: Multivariate analysis

Setting: N/A

Data Source: Vital records for all infants with birthweights between 500 and 1499 g for the years 1988, 1989, and 1990 in the state of Alabama form the database for this study (n = 2596). Infant birthweight; maternal county of residence, zip code of residence, race, age, and education; month in which prenatal care began; parity; previous post-20-week pregnancy termination; previous infant death; hospital of delivery; and transfer either of the mother prior to delivery or of the infant after delivery are reported on the vital record. The state health department links birth certificate and death certificate records, so date of death within 12 months of birth is also included on the vital record. However, the vital records file does not include data on infants born in out-ofstate hospitals to mothers resident in Alabama.

Sample Size: 2596 infant records

Age Range: N/A

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Access to Provider through Hotline, HOSPITAL, Continuing Education of Hospital Providers, POPULATION-BASED SYSTEMS, INTER-HOSPITAL SYSTEMS, Maternal/In-Utero Transport Systems, STATE, Policy/Guideline (State), Consultation Systems (Inter-Hospital Systems), Consultation Systems (Hospital), Telemedicine Systems (Inter-Hospital Systems), Telemedicine Systems (Hospital)

Intervention Description: To examine the factors associated with delivery of preterm infants at neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) hospitals in Arkansas during the period 2001–2006, with a focus on the impact of a Medicaid supported intervention, Antenatal and Neonatal Guidelines, Education, and Learning System (ANGELS), that expanded the consulting capacity of the academic medical center's maternal fetal medicine practice.

Intervention Results: Perceived risk, age, education, and prenatal care characteristics of women affected the likelihood of use of the NICU. The perceived availability of local expertise was associated with a lower likelihood that preterm infants would deliver at the NICU. ANGELS did not increase the overall use of NICU, but it did shift some deliveries to the academic setting.

Conclusion: Perinatal regionalization is the consequence of a complex set of provider and patient decisions, and it is difficult to alter with a voluntary program.

Study Design: Time trend analysis

Setting: All Arkansas hospitals Five level III hospitals from 2001- 2005, six in 2006

Population of Focus: Infants born at <35 weeks GA

Data Source: Data from Medicaid claims for pregnancy linked to birth certificates for women covered by Medicaid in Arkansas

Sample Size: Total (n= 5,150) 2001 (n= 812) 2002 (n= 1,105) 2003 (n= 824) 2004 (n= 824) 2005 (n= 887) 2006 (n= 698) Infants born at <35 weeks GA

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT_CONSUMER, Access to Provider through Hotline, HOSPITAL, Continuing Education of Hospital Providers, STATE, Policy/Guideline (State)

Intervention Description: In this longitudinal observational study, linked vital records and Medicaid claims records for 29,124 preterm births (April 2001–December 2012) to Medicaid covered women were used to examine factors predicting whether deliveries occurred at hospitals with neonatology-staffed NICUs. The factors associated with delivery are estimated and compared for baseline and three post-implementation periods.

Intervention Results: Rates for NICU preterm deliveries increased from 28 to 37% over the time period. Compared to baseline, adjusted NICU delivery rates in the middle and late implementation periods were statistically significant (p < 0.001). Negative impacts of long travel times were reduced, while impacts of obstetrician prenatal care changed from negative to positive association.

Conclusion: Findings validate the ANGELS initiative premise: academic specialists, working with community-based care providers, can improve perinatal regionalization.

Setting: Hospitals in Arkansas

Population of Focus: Medicaid-covered women in Arkansas

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Social Supports, Policy/Guideline (State), Counseling (Parent/Family),

Intervention Description: spotlights hardships and supportive factors for unhoused families led by single mothers who have successfully graduated from two transitional housing programs, one rural and one urban.

Intervention Results: Binary logistic regression results indicated education and social support as significant predictors of successful program completion. Qualitative findings further illustrate narratives surrounding supportive factors and program supports (i.e., assistance securing employment, education courses, sense of community), as well as policy implications.

Conclusion: Implications stress the need for enhancing supportive factors (i.e., education and social capital) in early prevention efforts (e.g., schools and community centers), as well as an intentional integration of addressing socio-emotional needs and resources within housing programs and services unique to rural and urban communities.

Study Design: mixed method study

Setting: Urban and Rural

Sample Size: entry and exit surveys (n = 241) as well as qualitative interviews (n = 11).

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Training (Parent/Family), Extra-Curricular Activities, PARENT_FAMILY, CLASSROOM_SCHOOL, Family-Based Interventions

Intervention Description: This was an 11-week, two group, randomized feasibility study. Participants were children and their parents at one OOSP on a rural American Indian reservation. Children, ages 6–9, were randomized to receive the Generations Health (GH) intervention or comparison condition. The GH group received daily activities focused on physical activity (PA), nutrition, sleep, and reducing TV/screen time, and frequently engaged parents. The comparison group received usual OOSP activities. To assess intervention feasibility, we measured recruitment and participation rates and program satisfaction. We assessed pre- to posttest changes in body composition, PA and sleep patterns, dietary intake and Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010) scores, TV/screen time, and nutrition knowledge. We report recruitment and participation rates as percentages and participants’ program satisfaction as means. Two-tailed paired t tests and 95% confidence intervals were used to detect changes in behavioral and health outcome variables.

Intervention Results: Forty-six children met age eligibility criteria; following screening, 52% (24/46) met the inclusion criteria and 96% (23/24) were randomized to the study. Overall, 91% of the children participated in the intervention and 100% participated in at least some of the posttest assessments. Parents reported high program satisfaction (mean rating of 4, on a 1–5 scale). Our outcome measure for child adiposity, zBMI, was reduced by 0.15 in the GH group, but increased by 0.13 in the comparison condition. Meaningful changes were evident for total kilocalories, HEI-2010 scores, PA, TV/screen time, and nutrition knowledge.

Conclusion: High recruitment, participation and program satisfaction and positive health and behavioral outcomes at 11 weeks provide encouraging indications of the feasibility and potential effectiveness of the intervention.

Study Design: Feasibility RCT

Setting: American Indian Reservation

Population of Focus: Rural students

Data Source: Activity monitors (PA levels), questionnaire (sedentary/screen activity)

Sample Size: 24 students

Age Range: Ages 6-9

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Health Insurance Coverage

Intervention Description: We examined the association between health insurance coverage and both past month alcohol use and past month tobacco use in a nationally representative sample of women age 12-44 years old, by pregnancy status.

Intervention Results: Pregnancy status significantly moderated the relationship between health insurance and tobacco use (p-value≤0.01) and alcohol use (p-value≤0.01). Among pregnant women, being insured was associated with lower odds of alcohol use (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=0.47; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.27-0.82), but not associated with tobacco use (AOR=1.14; 95% CI=0.73-1.76). Among non-pregnant women, being insured was associated with lower odds of tobacco use (AOR=0.67; 95% CI=0.63-0.72), but higher odds of alcohol use (AOR=1.23; 95% CI=1.15-1.32).

Conclusion: Access to health care, via health insurance coverage is a promising method to help reduce alcohol use during pregnancy. However, despite health insurance coverage, tobacco use persists during pregnancy, suggesting missed opportunities for prevention during prenatal visits.

Study Design: Quasi experimental cross sectional

Setting: Participants in the National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) 2010-2013

Population of Focus: Non-pregnant and pregnant women 12 to 44 years old with and without health insurance from large data set after passage of ACA

Data Source: National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) 2010-2013

Sample Size: 97788

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Patient-Centered Medical Home, CAREGIVER, Home Visit (caregiver), PATIENT/CONSUMER, Home Visits, Outreach (caregiver), Nurse/Nurse Practitioner, Enabling Services

Intervention Description: (1) To improve connections to the medical home for infants from one low-income neighborhood (2) To increase the number of families enrolled in a local home visiting program, and (3) To improve communication between medical staff and home visitors.

Intervention Results: Outcomes were timeliness of well child care and enrollment in home visiting. Time series analyses compared patients from the intervention neighborhood with a demographically similar neighborhood. Mean age at newborn visit decreased from 14.4 to 10.1 days of age. Attendance at 2- and 4-month well child visits increased from 68 to 79% and 35 to 59 %, respectively. Rates did not improve for infants from the comparison neighborhood. Confirmed enrollment in home visiting increased. After spread to 2 more clinics, 43 % of infants in the neighborhood were reached.

Conclusion: Neighborhood-based newborn registries, proactive nursing outreach, and collaboration with a home visiting agency aligned multiple clinics in a low-income neighborhood to improve access to health-promoting services.

Study Design: Quasi-experimental: Nonequivalent control group

Setting: Primary care clinics and a home visiting program in a neighborhood defined by two zip codes

Population of Focus: All children born in the intervention and comparison neighborhoods

Data Source: Data from the local children’s hospital’s Emergency Department was used to identify the most common primary medical providers for children from the study zip codes • Newborn registry data (maintained manually with a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet) • Electronic health record data (with an automated newborn registry) • Manual chart review • Automated report of appointment data • Outcome measures using clinic data • Process measures using clinic and home visiting agency data

Sample Size: n=237 (cumulative number of babies on a registry); n=30 (cumulative number of families enrolled in home visiting)

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Provider Training/Education, Provider Reminder/Recall Systems, Quality Improvement/Practice-Wide Intervention,

Intervention Description: The study used a bundled measure that includes immunizations, lead screening, and use of screening tools to improve preventative care service delivery. The interventions included staff education on measure components, introduction of exam room-based phlebotomy to address lead screening completion rates, and population management strategies, including development of a patient registry and use of reminders and visit tracking to increase attendance at well-child visits.

Intervention Results: The percent of bundle completion by 14 months of age increased from a baseline of 58% to 77% following implementation of the QI initiatives. A mean shift was identified after the population manager began proactive targeted outreach for the 12-month visit.

Conclusion: Targeted systems for outreach aimed at bringing patients into the clinic and patient-centred strategies for visit completion are effective at ensuring timely delivery of comprehensive preventative care to an underserved paediatric population.

Study Design: The study is a quality improvement (QI) study that used plan-do-study-act (PDSA) cycles to optimize results.

Setting: The study was conducted at a community-based academic primary care clinic.

Population of Focus: Underserved pediatric patients under 2 years old.

Sample Size: The study does not provide a specific sample size.

Age Range: The target audience is pediatric patients under 2 years old.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Mobile Programs, Community Events,

Intervention Description: Interprofessional, student-run vaccine outreach program (VOP) that provided free vaccination events in nontraditional community locations

Intervention Results: The VOP reached hundreds of residents who were more vulnerable to influenza infection, including patients who were under- or uninsured, lacked stable housing, and/or were unemployed. Among VOP patients, 377 (21.8%) received their first ever vaccine and 483 (27.9%) obtained the influenza vaccine rarely or every few years which indicates the VOP reached many vaccine-naïve and vaccine-inconsistent individuals. With the addition of a nurse practitioner student to VOP leadership, the 2018–2019 VOP reached the most homeless or temporarily-housed (228, 32.3%), unemployed (313, 18.5%), and disabled (60, 8.5%) patients.

Conclusion: Healthcare students serve as an eager, underutilized resource who can be leveraged to disseminate vaccines to individuals with limited access to care.

Study Design: Retrospective analysis of demographic data collected through an optional survey

Setting: Davidson County, Tennessee, USA

Population of Focus: Marginalized populations, including the uninsured, unemployed, and unhoused individuals

Sample Size: 1,803 patients who received an influenza vaccine between 2015 and 2019

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Policy/Guideline (State), Access,

Intervention Description: housing interventions for families experiencing homelessness

Intervention Results: Parents commonly viewed shelters as contributing to behavioral disruptions, with restored autonomy and routines after exiting shelters contributing to recovery in functioning. Parents offered long-term rental subsidies viewed having a stable, adequate place of their own as helping their children fare better from reduced family stress, improved routines, and changes in children’s expectations about stability.

Conclusion: Long-term rental subsidies helped families in homeless shelters regain stable housing in a place of their own and helped children fare better due to reduced family stress, improved routines, and changes in children’s expectations about stability. This study identifies specific ways by which expanding access to long-term rental subsidies could help improve outcomes for children who experience homelessness.

Study Design: randomized control trial

Setting: Homeless shelter

Sample Size: n=80 interviews with parents

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Screening Tool Implementation,

Intervention Description: The intervention includes incorporating reminders for PPD screening into daily nursing rounds, coordinating referrals and follow-up for mothers with positive screenings, and involving the medical team in ensuring mothers receive the necessary resources . Additionally, the project involved developing a referral algorithm for NICU staff to follow when scoring the EPDS and a referral resource packet to be given to mothers with positive PPD screenings . The intervention aligns with a discernible strategy by addressing the identified limitations, such as lack of compliance, lack of comfort among nurses regarding EPDS administration, lack of mental health support within the hospital, screening gaps due to language barriers, and lack of electronic medical record (EMR) integration. The project aimed to increase the identification of maternal PPD symptoms and develop a referral algorithm and resource packet to support mothers with positive screenings . The project aimed to develop and implement a routine PPD screening program and evaluate its impact on the identification of maternal PPD symptoms

Intervention Results: The study concludes that routine maternal PPD screening should be implemented in all NICU settings. The findings of the study suggest that PPD recognition and subsequent intervention can be successful within the NICU setting. Furthermore, the literature highlighted the importance of having accessible resources in place for mothers who screen positive for PPD prior to the start of screening administration. The study also emphasizes the importance of having effective interventions in place for mothers who screened positive for PPD to promote optimal outcomes and program sustainability.

Conclusion: Routine maternal PPD screening should be implemented in all NICU settings. Postpartum mental health issues should not be the sole responsibility of obstetricians, mental health providers, or maternal primary care providers.

Study Design: The study is described as a pilot program evaluation project, which suggests that it is an observational study designed to assess the effectiveness and outcomes of implementing a routine PPD screening program in the NICU setting. The project aimed to increase the identification of maternal PPD symptoms and develop a referral algorithm for NICU staff to follow when scoring the EPDS.

Setting: The study was conducted in an 82-bed level IV Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) that provides critical care to over 700 neonates annually. This NICU is the only level IV NICU in the state and serves as a regional center that accepts complex cases and provides the highest level of care for critically ill neonates. The healthcare team within the NICU includes neonatologists, neonatology fellows, pediatric residents, neonatal nurse practitioners, registered nurses, respiratory therapists, pharmacists, dieticians, case managers, social workers, and lactation consultants. The organization has been recognized as a Magnet hospital by the American Nurses Credentialing Center and is known for its excellence in nursing practice, collaborative environment, and interdisciplinary approach.

Population of Focus: The target audience of the study is healthcare professionals, particularly those working in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) setting. The study emphasizes the importance of routine maternal PPD screening in the NICU setting and provides recommendations for implementing such screening programs. The study also highlights the need for accessible resources and effective interventions for mothers who screen positive for PPD. The findings of the study may be of interest to healthcare professionals involved in maternal and neonatal care, including nurses, physicians, social workers, and other members of the healthcare team.

Sample Size: The study did not report a specific sample size for the project evaluation. However, the population of interest included mothers of infants admitted to the NICU for a duration of at least 2 weeks. Exclusion criteria included mothers whose infants were admitted to the NICU for less than 2 weeks, adoptive mothers who did not give birth to the infant, and mothers who chose not to complete the screening tool. The study reported a total of 104 EPDS screenings completed over a 5-month period, with 27 mothers screening positive for PPD symptoms.

Age Range: The study did not explicitly mention the specific age range of the mothers included in the sample. However, it reported that 7% of the women with positive screenings were younger than 20 years, 33.3% were between 20 and 29 years old, 44.4% were between 30 and 39 years old, and 7% were 40 years or older. Additionally, the maternal age of 7% was unknown. This suggests that the sample included mothers across a range of ages, with a significant proportion falling within the 20-39 age range.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Patient Reminder/Invitation,

Intervention Description: Mail reminders for vaccination appointments

Intervention Results: Telephone survey based on medical record-generated list for those who would fit study criteria, are asked about recall for mail reminders, then assessment is done on recall in tandem with who was vaccinated

Conclusion: Mail out reminders were successful and viable for pediatric patients with hematologic conditions with parents having similar or increased interest in vaccinations after the mailer compared to those who didn't recall the mailer.

Study Design: retrospective cohort design

Setting: Edmonton, Alberta Stollery Children's Hospital

Population of Focus: Pediatric Hematology Oncology providers

Sample Size: 249 determined eligible, with 179 completing survey

Age Range: None specified, but must meet age criteria to be in pediatric hematology oncology dept.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): School-Based Mobile Clinic, Mobile Programs,

Intervention Description: This mixed methods study examined a mobile meal program implemented in a community with large economic disparities. Parents and caregivers who attended the mobile meal program with a child at one of three sites completed surveys that screened for risk of food insecurity and examined access and utilization of community food resources. Interviews with a representative subsample of English- and Spanish-speaking participants elicited an in-depth understanding of food insecurity in the community and perspectives on the mobile meal program.

Intervention Results: Surveys (n = 284) were completed in English (78%) and Spanish (22%). Participants identified primarily as Asian (32%), Latino/Hispanic (29%), and White (27%), with 26% screening positive for risk of food insecurity within the past 12 months. Qualitative interviews (n = 36) revealed widespread support for meals served in public settings as they were perceived to be welcoming, fostered social interactions, and helped the community at large. Participants described the high cost of living as a key motivation for participating and cited immigration fears as a barrier to accessing public resources.

Conclusion: Findings from this study suggest the importance of innovative community-based approaches to serving hard-to-reach children during the summer.

Study Design: Mixed methods design

Setting: Community-based

Population of Focus: Parents and caregivers

Sample Size: 284

Age Range: n/a

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Elective Induction Policy, , HOSPITAL

Intervention Description: To assess adverse perinatal outcomes and caesarean section of low-risk women receiving elective induction of labour at 41 weeks or expectant management until 42 weeks according to their preferred and actual management strategy.

Intervention Results: From 2012–2016, 3642 women out of 6088 eligible women for the INDEX RCT, participated in the cohort study for observational data collection (induction of labour n = 372; expectant management n = 2174; unknown preference/management strategy n = 1096). Adverse perinatal outcome occurred in 1.1 % (4/372) in the induction group versus 1.9 % (42/2174) in the expectant group (adjRR 0.56; 95 %CI: 0.17–1.79), with severe adverse perinatal outcome occurring in 0.3 % (1/372) versus 1.0 % (22/2174), respectively (adjRR 0.39; 95 % CI: 0.05–2.88). There were no stillbirths among all 3642 women; one neonatal death occurred in the unknown preference/management group. Caesarean section rates were 10.5 % (39/372) after induction and 8.9 % (193/2174) after expectant management (adjRR 1.32; 95 % CI: 0.95–1.84). A higher incidence of adverse perinatal outcome was observed in nulliparous compared to multiparous women. Nulliparous 1.8 % (3/170) in the induction group versus 2.6 % (30/1134) in the expectant management group (adjRR 0.58; 95 % CI 0.14–2.41), multiparous 0.5 % (1/201) versus 1.1 % (

Conclusion: In this cohort study among low-risk women receiving the policy of their preference in late-term pregnancy, a non-significant difference was found between induction of labour at 41 weeks and expectant management until 42 weeks in absolute risks of composite adverse (1.1 % versus 1.9 %) and severe adverse (0.3 % versus 1.0 %) perinatal outcome. The risks in this cohort study were lower than in the trial setting. There were no stillbirths among all 3642 women. Caesarean section rates were comparable.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Quality Improvement/Practice-Wide Intervention, Planning for Transition, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE

Intervention Description: To describe the development and pilot implementation of a transition process for youth living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and to assess the perceptions of the process among youth living with HIV (YLHIV), their caregivers, and clinical staff.

Intervention Results: Our transition process was informed by our goal to provide transition support that could respond to a variety of patient factors. We developed a process focused on four stages: 1. Introduction to Transition, 2. Building Knowledge and Skills, 3. Growing in Independence, and 4. Adult Care Ready. Each stage contains competencies for the patient and tasks for the care team. The pace of proceeding through the stages is determined by completion of competencies rather than patient age. Results from youth and staff showed that the transition process and informational material were helpful.

Conclusion: We developed a transition process for YLHIV and implemented this process in an HIV clinic. Initial survey data shows that youth, caregivers, and staff found this strategy helpful. Practice implications: This pilot process may serve as a source of guidance to other clinics seeking to establish their own transition process.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): School-Based Health Centers, Teacher/Staff Training, Assessment,

Intervention Description: The core BRISC strategy is implemented in four sessions. In session 1, the SMHP engages the student, assesses current functioning using brief standardized assessment measures, and identifies “top problems” (Weisz et al., 2011). The student is asked to informally monitor a behavior related to one of their top problems (e.g., time spent with friends, days feeling “blue,” number of disputes with parents). In session 2, the SMHP introduces a structured problem-solving framework, and the student chooses a “top problem” to address. Using a structured approach, the student outlines a concrete goal, brainstorms possible steps toward this goal, identifies a specific step, and troubleshoots barriers (D'Zurilla & Nezu, 2010). In session 3, a set of evidence-based, skill-based elements (communication skills, stress and mood management, realistic thinking) are taught, if needed, to help modify the step tried or to identify and support the student’s next step(s). In session 4, the student and SMHP review progress and identify a “post-BRISC pathway”: (1) end treatment/problem resolved, (2) supportive monitoring by the SMHP or other school staff, (3) continued treatment from the SMHP, or (4) referral to more specialized or intensive services. SMHPs are also encouraged to refer students to supportive school-based services (e.g., tutoring, special education), if indicated. BRISC-assigned SMHPs attended a 1.5-day in-person training by two Ph.D.-level clinical psychologists that incorporated strategies (e.g., modeling, role play) found to facilitate uptake of new skills (Rakovshik & McManus, 2010). Although therapists in both conditions were already deployed full time by their agencies into the school setting, the training also reviewed how to manage the unique challenges of SBMH work as it applies to the BRISC framework (e.g., adjusting to school schedules, triaging to school and community supports). SMHPs received bi-weekly phone consultation/coaching from the trainers that included a review of adherence checklists completed by the clinician following each of their sessions, case presentations, and review of and feedback on their BRISC implementation.

Intervention Results: Services Received: Student Report - Results of analyses of longitudinal service receipt as assessed via the SACA are shown in Table 2 and Fig. 2 (model results with confidence intervals are available as online resource 3). There were no differences at baseline between conditions on the proportion of students receiving school-based mental health services. From baseline to 2 months, the proportion of students receiving SMH services, and the number of services received, increased for both conditions. From 2 to 6 months, the proportion of students receiving SMH and the number of SMH services decreased more for the BRISC condition. At 6 months, there were no significant differences between the groups on the proportion of students receiving SMH services, but the number of SMH services received was significantly less for BRISC. This demonstrates that BRISC was associated with increased SMH services between baseline to 2 months and decreased SMH services by 6 months. The proportion of BRISC students who used outpatient MH services significantly decreased across all time points, while the proportion of students in SAU receiving outpatient services decreased from baseline to 2 months and then increased. At 6 months, significantly fewer BRISC students received outpatient services. Clinician Report - Clinician report of client status after 4 sessions was limited to the 9 BRISC and 13 SAU SMHPs still participating in the study in the final year of the study (N=45 and N=65 students, respectively). As shown in Table 3, there was a significant difference after 4 sessions (χ2 = 18.9, p = .004), with adjusted standardized residuals indicating students in the BRISC condition were more likely than SAU to have concluded treatment with no further services planned (37.8% vs. 12.3%, RR = 3.07, RD = 0.25) and to be referred to outside MH services (15.6% vs 3.1%, RR = 5.06, RD = 0.12). SAU students were more likely to continue school-based treatment with no additional services planned (61.5% vs. 35.6%, RR = 0.58, RD =  −0.26).

Conclusion: This project evaluated the potential for improving the efficiency of SMH via a school-based assessment, brief intervention, and triage approach for students with socio-emotional concerns. BRISC provides a first-line intervention using consistent assessment to inform level and type of ongoing services needed in a prevention-oriented, multi-tiered delivery model. Research questions focused on feasibility, fidelity, student report of problems, and ability of BRISC to promote efficiency within SMH. We also measured a range of mental health outcomes over 6-month follow-up to evaluate whether this emphasis on efficiency compromised these outcomes compared to SMH “as usual.” SMHPs who participated in the study were predominantly outpatient clinic providers deployed to the school setting. Their training and established practice were geared to traditional, longer term supportive therapy. The structured, measurement-based, and goal-oriented BRISC approach represented a different way of practicing aligned with data-informed, multi-tiered frameworks used by schools. Despite the learning curve required and deviation from typical practice, SMHPs rated BRISC as feasible, acceptable, and appropriate. Importantly, the majority of SMHPs rated BRISC as easy to learn, “compatible with the school mission,” and “likely to improve students’ social, emotional, and academic success.” SMHPs delivered BRISC with fidelity; however, session 3 fidelity was lower than for other sessions. This was likely due to the complexity introduced by the option to use evidence-based treatment elements as needed. A second key finding was that SMHPs in the BRISC condition were significantly more likely (53% to 15%) to report that they had completed treatment after 4 sessions than SAU. BRISC-assigned SMHPs were also more likely to refer students to alternative and/or more intensive services. Students in the BRISC condition were also significantly more likely to report receipt of SMH at 2 months and less likely to report SMH services at 6 months. These results support the hypothesis that BRISC can promote SMH that is more efficient and better aligned with MTSS and public health frameworks. Finally, we asked whether SMHPs’ use of a brief strategy to achieve greater efficiency would compromise mental health outcomes. To the contrary, students served via BRISC showed significantly greater improvement on their self-rated top mental health problems at 2 and 6 months. Symptom and functioning measures showed significant improvement, but slopes did not differ by condition. Students served by BRISC SMHPs were less likely to receive outpatient care at 6 months. This finding could indicate that BRISC more effectively addressed students’ “top problems” to an extent that reduced their need for longer-term mental health services. Or, it could be that students in the BRISC condition felt more confident in their school-based provider to help them in the future, reducing the need for clinic-based services. Such questions will need to be examined in more in-depth research with longer follow-up.

Study Design: Cluster randomized controlled trial

Setting: 15 school districts in the United States (Maryland, Minnesota, Washington)

Population of Focus: High school students referred to/seeking school mental health services

Sample Size: 457 students

Age Range: 13-18 years old (High School students)

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Social Media, Other Media, Mass Media, NATIONAL, COMMUNITY

Intervention Description: To examine whether exposure to safe sleep recommendations using a blog format changed infant sleep practices.

Intervention Results: The average infant age (n = 1500) was 6.6 months (Standard Deviation 3.3). Most participants (74%) were female; 77% were married; 65% identified as white Non-Hispanic, 12% were black and 17% were Hispanic. 47% (n = 711) completed both surveys. We identified no differences in the odds of any of the four safe sleep practices after exposure to safe sleep recommendations in blog post format.

Conclusion: Although in-person advice has been associated with improved safe sleep practices, we did not identify changes in infant sleep practices after exposure to safe sleep advice using blog posts.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Other Person-to-Person Education, Motivational Interviewing, Other Education, Intensive Therapy, Peer Counselor

Intervention Description: This report describes tobacco use prevalence among perinatal smokers identified through an "opt-out" inpatient smoking cessation clinical service.

Intervention Results: Between February 2014 and March 2016, 533 (10%) current and 898 (16%) former smokers were identified out of 5649 women admitted to the perinatal units. Current smokers reported an average of 11 cigarettes per day for approximately 12 years. Only 10% reported having made a quit attempt in the past year. The majority of smokers (56%) were visited by a bedside tobacco cessation counselor during their stay and 27% were contacted through the IVR system. Those counselled in the hospital were twice as likely (RR 1.98, CI 1.04-3.78) to be abstinent from smoking using intent-to-treat analysis at any time during the 30 days post-discharge.

Conclusion: This opt-out service reached a highly nicotine-dependent perinatal population, many of whom were receptive to the service, and it appeared to improve abstinence rates post-discharge. Opt-out tobacco cessation services may have a significant impact on the health outcomes of this population and their children.

Study Design: Quasi experimental cross sectional evaluation

Setting: Academic medical center

Population of Focus: Smokers admitted to the perinatal units

Data Source: In-patient records and follow up phone surveys

Sample Size: 5649

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): CLASSROOM_SCHOOL, Physically Active Classrooms

Intervention Description: 116 fifth-graders were assigned to one intervention group (n = 31) participating in daily physical activity engaging the brain with Fitbit Challenge (PAEB-C), another intervention group (n = 29) wearing Fitbits only (Fitbit-O) daily, five days per week, or the comparison group (n = 56). Four-week real-time PA data were collected from the intervention students via Fitbase. Three groups were pre- and post-tested aerobic fitness.

Intervention Results: The PAEB-C students showed significantly higher steps and minutes of being very active and fairly active (F = 7.999, p = 0.014, ŋ = 0.121; F = 5.667, p = 0.021, ŋ = 0.089; F = 10.572, p = 0.002, ŋ = 0.154) and lower minutes of being sedentary daily (F = 4.639, p = 0.035, ŋ = 0.074) than the Fitbit-O group. Both Fitbit groups exhibited significantly greater increases in aerobic fitness scores than the comparison group over time (F = 21.946, p = 0.001, ŋ = 0.303). Boys were more physically active and fit than girls.

Conclusion: Technology-enhanced PA intervention was effective for improving real-time PA and aerobic fitness.

Study Design: RCT

Setting: 2 elementary schools

Population of Focus: Elementary school students

Data Source: FitBit, Fitbase, PACER test

Sample Size: 116 students

Age Range: Ages 10-11 (5th grade)

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): EMR Reminder,

Intervention Description: The intervention described in the study involved the implementation of electronic medical record (EMR) functionality to address barriers to influenza vaccination adoption in a pediatric emergency department. A multidisciplinary team utilized Lean methodology to design triggers, alerts, and orders in the EMR. These triggers and alerts were likely designed to identify eligible patients for influenza vaccination and prompt healthcare providers to order and administer the vaccine. The study also mentions the use of visual cues in the EMR to support the intervention. The intervention aimed to streamline the process of identifying eligible patients and ordering/administering influenza vaccines, ultimately increasing vaccination rates. The study reports the number of vaccine doses administered before and after the implementation of the EMR tool, indicating a substantial increase in vaccination rates following the intervention. Overall, the intervention involved leveraging the EMR to facilitate and promote influenza vaccination within the pediatric emergency department, with a focus on improving workflow efficiency and increasing vaccination rates.

Intervention Results: The study reported significant improvements in influenza vaccination rates following the implementation of the electronic medical record (EMR) intervention in the pediatric emergency department. Specifically, the results indicated a substantial increase in the number of influenza vaccine doses administered after the implementation of the EMR tool. Before the intervention, the pediatric emergency department administered 42 doses of the vaccine during the 2013-2014 influenza season, representing 0.3% of eligible visits. However, after the implementation of the EMR functionality, the department administered 1320 doses of influenza vaccine, representing approximately 8.8% of qualified patients based on age group and eventual discharge from the ED. The results were sustained during the 2015-2016 influenza season, with 1031 doses administered, representing 6% of eligible visits. These findings suggest that the EMR intervention led to a substantial increase in the number of influenza vaccines administered, indicating the effectiveness of the intervention in improving vaccination rates within the pediatric emergency department.

Conclusion: The ED influenza vaccination program vaccinated approximately 20 times the number of eligible patients after automated EMR screening and ordering. Using knowledge of a multidisciplinary team, integration into the existing workflow, and visual cues in the EMR, we were able to increase the number of influenza vaccines administered substantially.

Study Design: the study is described as an electronic medical record (EMR) intervention aimed at increasing influenza vaccination rates in a pediatric emergency department. The study utilized Lean methodology and a multidisciplinary team to design triggers, alerts, and orders in the EMR to address barriers to adoption and root causes of low vaccination rates. Reports on compliance with each EMR step were completed for the 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 influenza seasons. The study presents the number of vaccine doses administered as a result of the intervention. Based on this information, it can be inferred that the study utilized a pre-post design to evaluate the effectiveness of the EMR intervention in increasing influenza vaccination rates.

Setting: The setting of the study discussed in the PDF file is a pediatric emergency department.

Population of Focus: The target audience for this PDF file is healthcare professionals, particularly those working in pediatric emergency care settings, who are interested in utilizing clinical decision support to improve influenza vaccination rates. It may also be of interest to researchers and policymakers in the field of healthcare quality improvement.

Sample Size: It mentions that the ED administered 42 doses of the vaccine in the 2013-2014 season and 1320 doses after the implementation of the EMR tool. Additionally, it states that the results were sustained during the 2015-2016 influenza season with 1031 doses administered.

Age Range: the study does mention that the ED administered influenza vaccines to qualified patients based on age group and eventual discharge from the ED

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Labor Support, Midwifery, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE

Intervention Description: To investigate the association between one-to-one midwifery care and birth outcomes with pain relief as the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes include obs

Intervention Results: Logistic regression analysis show that nulliparous women receiving one-to-one midwifery care in the active phase of labour are less likely to have an epidural analgesia, adjusted OR of 0.81 (95% CI 0.72,0.91), less likely to be given nitrous oxide, adjusted OR of 0.77 (95% CI 0.69,0.85), and they more often received massages, adjusted OR of 1.76 (95% CI 1.47,2.11), compared with women not receiving one-to-one midwifery care. Descriptive analyses show that women receiving one-to-one midwifery care in the active phase of labour are less likely to have a caesarean section (5.8% vs. 7.2%) and they are less likely to have an operative vaginal birth (16.5% vs. 23.7%). No significant differences were observed between the groups in terms of low Apgar scores at five minutes.

Conclusion: We found that one-to-one midwifery care in the active phase of labour may be associated with birth outcomes, including decreased use of epidural analgesia and a decreased rate of caesarean sections and operative vaginal birth. The results of this study could encourage midwives to be present during the active phase of labour to promote physiological birth.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Adult-led Support/Counseling/Remediation, Mentor Engagement, Mentor Relationship Building

Intervention Description: interviews with MCR Pathways mentors to directly gather their perspectives on their motivations for mentoring and the outcomes they experienced.

Intervention Results: insights into the experiences of mentors, their motivations for becoming mentors, the gains acquired, unintended adverse effects of mentoring, factors that eased or hindered the attainment of outcomes, and the mechanisms and patterns through which outcomes were realized .

Conclusion: emphasizes the importance of understanding the motivations and experiences of mentors in school-based mentoring programs and provides practical implications for mentor recruitment and retention .

Study Design: Logic Analysis, which involves exploring the change process experienced by those who decide to volunteer as mentors and focusing on the decision to become a mentor and keep mentoring over time .

Setting: School-based: formal school-based mentoring (SBM) program run by the charity MCR Pathways in Glasgow, Scotland

Population of Focus: mentors who volunteer in the MCR Pathways school-based mentoring program and the disadvantaged secondary school pupils in Glasgow, Scotland who receive the mentoring support .

Sample Size: not mentioned

Age Range: youth

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Medicaid, Expanded Insurance Coverage, PAYER

Intervention Description: The Affordable Care Act (ACA) has the potential to address some of the health care needs of former foster youth through the Medicaid eligibility expansion to low-income adults and by extending Medicaid eligibility up to age twenty-six for former foster youth.

Intervention Results: Using the 2011-18 National Youth in Transition Database, we found that Medicaid expansion increased Medicaid coverage among former foster youth by 10.1 percentage points, and the age extension increased coverage by 3.4 percentage points. There is suggestive evidence of positive spillovers for both policies. Our findings imply that the ACA improved Medicaid coverage among former foster youth, with the largest effects from Medicaid expansion.

Conclusion: The modest effects of the Medicaid age extension may imply a need to revise enrollment, recertification, outreach, and eligibility determination processes to further increase Medicaid coverage among former foster youth.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PAYER, Expanded Insurance Coverage, Medicaid

Intervention Description: Research has shown that the ACA's Medicaid expansions have reduced uninsurance among women of reproductive age, but there may be variation in coverage effects even within this population. Using data from the American Community Survey (ACS) (n = 1,977,098) and a difference-in-differences approach, we compare Medicaid coverage among low-income adult women without children, postpartum mothers, and mothers of children older than one year in expansion states to non-expansion states, before and after the expansions. This nationally representative data is used to estimate the effect of ACA's Medicaid expansions on Medicaid coverage of low-income reproductive-aged women, and whether there are different relative effects for women without children, women who have given birth in the past year, and women who have a child older than one year.

Intervention Results: We fine variation in impacts within the population of reproductive-aged women. Childless women experience the largest gains in Medicaid coverage while postpartum mothers experience the smallest gains; mothers of children greater than one year old are in the middile. More specifically, the ACA’s Medicaid expansion increased Medicaid coverage among adult women with incomes between 101 and 200% of the federal poverty line (FPL) without children by 10.7 percentage points (54%, p < 0.01). Coverage of mothers with children older than one year increased by 9.5 percentage points (34%, p < 0.01). Coverage of mothers with infants rose by 7.9 percentage points (21%, p < 0.01). Within the population of adult reproductive-aged women, we find a "fanning out" of effects from the expansions. These results are consistent with ACA gains being the smallest among the groups least targeted by the ACA, but also show substantial gains (one fifth) even among postpartum mothers.

Conclusion: Within the population of adult reproductive-aged women, we find a “fanning out” of effects from the ACA’s Medicaid expansions. Childless women experience the largest gains in coverage while mothers of infants experience the smallest gains; mothers of children greater than one year old fall in the middle. These results are consistent with ACA gains being the smallest among the groups least targeted by the ACA, but also show substantial gains (one fifth) even among postpartum mothers.

Study Design: Quasi-experimental difference-in-difference

Setting: Policy (Medicaid expansion and non-expansion states)

Population of Focus: Reproductive aged low-income women at varying childbearing stages before and after the expansions

Sample Size: 1,977,098 low-income adult women

Age Range: N/A

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Telephone Support, COMMUNITY, Community Health Services Policy, Distribution of Promotional Items (Classroom/School), Distribution of Promotional Items (Community), Educational Material

Intervention Description: The intervention consists of three mailings and one brief coaching call delivered by 2-1-1 staff over 6 weeks. Emphasizes establishing a smoke-free home rather than smoking cessation.

Intervention Results: Overall, 40.1% reported creating a full household smoking ban. Among the nonsmoking adults reached at follow-up, days of SHS exposure in the past week decreased from 4.9 to 1.2. Among the 1148 smokers reached for follow-up, 211 people quit, an absolute reduction in smoking of 18.4% (p < .0001), with no differences by gender. Among those reached for 2-month follow-up, the proportion who reported establishing a smoke-free home was comparable to or higher than smoke-free home rates in the prior controlled research studies.

Conclusion: Among those reached for 2-month follow-up, the proportion who reported establishing a smoke-free home was comparable to or higher than smoke-free home rates in the prior controlled research studies.

Study Design: RCTs; 1st was efficacy trial, 2nd was effectiveness trial, 3rd was a generalizability trial, [4th-5th not described in article]

Setting: Telephone counseling for an educational intervention

Population of Focus: 5 2-1-1 centers chosen via competitive applications for a national grants program

Data Source: Participant reports; Tracking Tool for programs to record process of project

Sample Size: 2345 households at five 2-1-1 organizations

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Telephone Support, Consultation (Parent/Family), Access to Provider through Hotline, PARENT_FAMILY, PATIENT_CONSUMER

Intervention Description: This study describes outcome evaluation results from a dissemination and implementation study of a research-tested program to increase smoke-free home rules through US 2-1-1 helplines.

Intervention Results: A total of 2345 households (335-605 per 2-1-1 center) were enrolled by 2-1-1 staff. Most participants were female (82%) and smokers (76%), and half were African American (54%). Overall, 40.1% (n = 940) reported creating a full household smoking ban. Among the nonsmoking adults reached at follow-up (n = 389), days of SHS exposure in the past week decreased from 4.9 (SD = 2.52) to 1.2 (SD = 2.20). Among the 1148 smokers reached for follow-up, 211 people quit, an absolute reduction in smoking of 18.4% (p < .0001), with no differences by gender. Among those reached for 2-month follow-up, the proportion who reported establishing a smoke-free home was comparable to or higher than smoke-free home rates in the prior controlled research studies.

Conclusion: Dissemination of this brief research-tested intervention via a national grants program with support from university staff to five 2-1-1 centers increased home smoking bans, decreased SHS exposure, and increased cessation rates. Although the program delivery capacity demonstrated by these competitively selected 2-1-1s may not generalize to the broader 2-1-1 network in the United States, or social service agencies outside of the United States, partnering with 2-1-1s may be a promising avenue for large-scale dissemination of this smoke-free homes program and other public health programs to low socioeconomic status populations in the United States.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Technology-Based Support, Educational Material, PATIENT_CONSUMER

Intervention Description: 1) Determine if using the Mother’s Milk Messaging™ app improved aspects of breastfeeding and breastfeeding rates and 2) Describe engagement as well as themes from the qualitative feedback on the app.

Intervention Results: There were a total of 346 participants in the trial, with 227 in the Intervention (n = 154 group 1 and n = 156 group 2) and 119 in the control group. Because of minimal Facebook activity, the two intervention groups 1 and 2 were combined. There were no differences in breastfeeding exclusivity and duration. (NS). Women in the intervention arm reported significantly higher confidence with breastfeeding and perceived social support to the control group (p < .05). Greater than 80% registered the app and those that engaged with the app had higher scores with time. Mothers appreciated receiving text messages and videos with reliable information. No harm was reported in this study.

Conclusion: MMM increased confidence with breastfeeding and with gathering social supports. Exclusively BF was high in all participants. Mothers perceived it as useful and dependable especially the texting.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): CLASSROOM_SCHOOL, Early Head Start

Intervention Description: Authors performed a quasi-experimental study, interviewing 479 EHS and 699 non-EHS parent-child dyads at baseline (2010-2012) and at a 24-month follow-up (2012-2014). Researchers estimated the effects of EHS participation on the probability of having a dental care visit after controlling for baseline dental care need and use and a propensity score covariate; random effects to account for EHS program clustering were included.

Intervention Results: The odds of having a dental care visit of any type (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.74, 3.48) and having a preventive dental visit (adjusted OR = 2.6;95% CI = 1.84, 3.63) were higher among EHS children than among non-EHS children. In addition, the adjusted mean number of dental care visits among EHS children was 1.3 times (95% CI = 1.17, 1.55) the mean number among non-EHS children.

Conclusion: This study is the first, to our knowledge, to demonstrate that EHS participation increases dental care use among disadvantaged young children.

Setting: Community

Population of Focus: Low-income children younger than 3 years and their families

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): CLASSROOM_SCHOOL, Early Head Start

Intervention Description: Researchers compared children enrolled in North Carolina EHS programs with similar children enrolled in Medicaid but not EHS on the use of preventive oral health services (POHS). They analyzed 4 dependent variables (oral assessment by medical health care provider, oral assessment by oral health care provider, fluoride application by medical health care provider, fluoride application by oral health care provider) by using multivariate logistic regression that controlled for covariates.

Intervention Results: Primary caregivers of children enrolled in EHS (n = 479) and Medicaid (n = 699) were interviewed when children were approximately 10 and 36 months of age. An average of 81% of EHS and non-EHS children received POHS from an oral or medical health care provider at follow-up. EHS children had greater odds of receiving an oral health assessment (odds ratio [OR], 2.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.74 to 3.13) and fluoride (OR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.16 to 2.03) from an oral health care provider than children not enrolled. EHS children had decreased odds (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.99) of receiving fluoride from a medical health care provider.

Conclusion: Both children enrolled in EHS and community control participants had high rates of POHS, but the source of services differed. EHS children had greater odds of receiving POHS from oral health care providers than non-EHS children. EHS and non-EHS children had equal rates for fluoride overall because of the greater percentage of non-EHS children with medical fluoride visits. The integration of POHS in early education and Medicaid medical benefits combined with existing dental resources in the community greatly improves access to POHS.

Setting: Community

Population of Focus: Children between 10 and 36 months of age

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): School-Based Family Intervention, Food Programs

Intervention Description: The Virginia 365 Project, provided two sets of benefits to the treatment schools. The first set of benefits expanded free school-based nutrition assistance programs to all children in treatment schools, offering free breakfast, lunch, and supper each school day, as well as a food backpack on weekends and school breaks. The second set of benefits involved loosening restrictions in the Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP) and strengthening school backpack programs

Intervention Results: At follow-up, 1,393 treatment households and 1,243 control households completed a survey sufficiently to be included in the analysis. The rate of FI-C in treatment households was higher at 25.9% compared with 23.9% in control households, a difference of 2 percentage points (95% CI 0.1 to 3.9). The rate of very low food security among children in treatment households was lower at 3.2% compared with 3.9% in control households, a difference of -0.7 percentage points (95% CI -1.3 to -0.10).

Conclusion: Although the distinction in nutrition assistance benefits between treatment and control schools was less than planned, providing a suite of school-based nutrition assistance programs targeted broadly to low-income households with children has both positive and negative impacts on child and household food insecurity.

Study Design: cluster-randomized trial

Setting: School -based

Population of Focus: Children attending low-income schools

Sample Size: 2596

Age Range: 5/18/2024

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): School-Based Health Centers, Screening Tool Implementation,

Intervention Description: The study describes the implementation of a Screening, Monitoring, and Referral to Treatment (SMARTT) initiative at an urban middle school-based health center. The initiative involved the use of the Pediatric Symptom Checklist-17-Youth (PSC-17-Y) as a screening tool to identify adolescents at risk for mental health conditions. Adolescents who screened positive or had other identified clinical concerns were offered an on-site mental health referral. Referral outcomes were recorded, and adolescents who accepted referrals were tracked for follow-up visits.

Intervention Results: One out of four adolescents had a positive PSC-17-Y or negative screen with other identified concerns. Approximately half of these at-risk adolescents accepted a mental health referral, and 86% of those who declined agreed to the PCM visit. More than two-thirds of the PCM group did not need continued monitoring and support at follow-up, and 85.4% of youth who had a mental health assessment accepted mental health services.

Conclusion: Yes, there were statistically significant findings in the study. For example, younger adolescents (10-11 years old) were less likely to have a positive PSC-ES compared to 12-year-old adolescents (p = .021) and 13-year-old adolescents (p = .0004). In addition, younger adolescents were less likely to have a positive total score on the PSC-17-Y compared to 12-year-old adolescents (p = .0026) and 13-year-old adolescents (p = .0091). Furthermore, individuals with a positive PSC-17-Y total score (p = .013) and those with a positive PSC-17-Y in one subscale plus the total score (p = .050) were more likely to accept an on-site mental health referral than those with a negative score but with other concerns.

Study Design: The study design was a retrospective chart review of electronic health records and corresponding clinical tracking data.

Setting: The study was conducted in an urban school-based health center (SBHC).

Population of Focus: The target audience for this study includes healthcare providers, educators, and policymakers who are interested in improving access to and utilization of mental health services for young adolescents in school-based health centers.

Sample Size: The study included a total sample size of 741 adolescents.

Age Range: The age group of the adolescents in this study ranged from 10 to 16 years old, with a mean age of 12.2 years old.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Patient Reminder/Invitation, PATIENT_CONSUMER

Intervention Description: To determine effectiveness of text/telephone outreach messages, with and without coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine information. Study design

Intervention Results: We randomized 1235 adolescents (mean age, 14 ± 1.5 years; 51.6% male; 76.7% Black; 4.1% Hispanic/Latinx; 88.3% publicly insured). The standard message group had higher odds of scheduling an adolescent well-care visit compared with the control group (OR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.21-3.52) and COVID-19 vaccine message group (OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.00-2.74). The odds of completing an adolescent well-care visit did not differ significantly (standard message group vs control group; OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 0.88-2.06; COVID-19 vaccine message group vs control group, OR, 1.33; 95% CI, 0.87-2.03). In per-protocol analyses, adolescents in the standard message group were twice as likely as the control group to receive the COVID-19 vaccine (OR, 2.48; 95% CI, 1.05-5.86).

Conclusion: Outreach messages were minimally effective. Efforts are needed to address widening disparities.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative, PATIENT_CONSUMER, Quality Improvement/Practice-Wide Intervention, Expert Support (Provider)

Intervention Description: The aims of Mississippi Communities and Hospitals Advancing Maternity Practices (CHAMPS) were to (1) increase breastfeeding initiation and exclusivity and (2) decrease racial disparities in breastfeeding by increasing the number of Baby-Friendly hospitals in the state from 2014 to 2020.

Intervention Results: Between 2014 and 2020, the number of Baby-Friendly hospitals in Mississippi rose from 0 to 22. Breastfeeding initiation in the hospitals increased from 56% to 66% (P < .05), and the disparity between Black and White dyads decreased by 17 percentage points, an average of 0.176 percentage points each month (95% confidence interval: −0.060 to −0.292). Exclusivity increased from 26% to 37% (P < .05). Skin-to-skin and rooming-in rates increased significantly for all dyads: 31% to 91% (P < .01) for skin-to-skin after vaginal birth, 20% to 86% (P < .01) for skin-to-skin after cesarean delivery, and 19% to 86% (P < .01) for rooming-in.

Conclusion: Over the course of the CHAMPS program, there were significant increases in breastfeeding initiation and exclusivity, and decreases in racial inequities in breastfeeding initiation.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Planning for Transition, Pediatric to Adult Transfer Assistance, PROVIDER/PRACTICE

Intervention Description: A retrospective cohort analysis of admissions for DKA in YWD aged 15-25 years, presenting to four hospitals in Western Sydney in 2011 was performed. Number of admissions, LOS and DKA severity were assessed. Cost was analysed as a function of LOS. Groups were divided by attendance at a youth-specific diabetes service and no record of attendance.

Intervention Results: There were 55 DKA admissions from 39 patients (median age 20.0 years); the majority of admissions (82%) was YWD not supported by a youth-specific diabetes service. Median LOS was significantly longer in the unsupported group (3.0 vs 1.5 days, P = 0.028). Median pH at presentation in the unsupported group was significantly lower, 7.11 versus 7.23 (P = 0.05). The admission rate was four times greater for those not supported by youth-specific diabetes services, 5.5% compared with 1.6% (P = 0.001). The estimated cost saved by youth-specific services was over $250,000 pa.

Conclusion: Lack of access to supported care for YWD during transition from paediatric to adult care has an adverse impact on subsequent DKA admission rates and LOS.

Study Design: Retrospective cohort study

Setting: Hospital-based (Non-pediatric hospitals in western Sydney)

Population of Focus: Youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Data Source: Electronic medical records and hospital files; data from the National Diabetes Services Scheme (NDSS)—a government-initiated body that provides support services and information to patients with diabetes, recording age, type of diabetes, and address

Sample Size: 1052 patients aged 15-25 years with T1DM living in the area serviced by the four hospitals; 492 linked to a youth-specific diabetes clinic; an estimated 560 receiving non-specialized care within the community setting only

Age Range: 15-25 years

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Elective Induction Policy, , HOSPITAL

Intervention Description: To determine the impact of offering elective labour induction at 39 weeks gestation on perinatal and maternal outcomes in nulliparous people with low-risk pregnancies.

Intervention Results: A total of 174 patients were included. Of these patients, 56 (32.2%) underwent elective induction of labour between 390 and 396 weeks gestation over the period of June 2020 to December 2021, whereas 118 (67.8%) were expectantly managed from 390 weeks gestation over the period of September 2018 to March 2020. Compared with expectant management, those in the 39+ weeks induction group had a significantly lower risk of cesarean delivery (odds ratio [OR] 0.39; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.15–0.99), composite adverse maternal outcomes (OR 0.34; 95% CI 0.12–0.97), and composite adverse perinatal outcomes (OR 0.26; 95% CI 0.074–0.92).

Conclusion: Our results suggest that elective induction of labour at 39 weeks gestation and over in low-risk nulliparous people is associated with lower risks of cesarean delivery, composite adverse maternal outcomes, and composite adverse perinatal outcomes than expectant

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Care Coordination, Transition Assistance, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE, PATIENT_CONSUMER

Intervention Description: Our aim was to assess the effect of a communication technology enhanced transition coordinator intervention compared with usual care on clinic attendance among transitioning youth with type 1 diabetes.

Intervention Results: There were no baseline differences in age, sex, HbA1c and number of follow-up visits, emergency department visits and diabetic ketoacidosis admissions in the 1 year prior to transition between the usual care (n = 101) and intervention (n = 102) groups. In the year following transfer, 47.1% in the usual care group vs 11.9% in the intervention group did not attend any outpatient diabetes appointments (p < 0.01). There were no differences in glycaemic control or diabetic ketoacidosis post transfer.

Conclusion: Our intervention was successful in improving clinic attendance among transitioning youth with type 1 diabetes. Importantly, this programme used simple, readily accessible communication technologies, which increases the sustainability and transferability of this strategy.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Organizational Changes, Prenatal Care Access, Access, Telehealth/Virtual Care

Intervention Description: The OB Nest intervention involved a reduced-frequency prenatal care model enhanced with remote home monitoring devices and nursing support. Participants in the OB Nest group received 8 scheduled clinic appointments with an obstetrician or a certified nurse midwife, as well as 6 virtual (phone or online) connected care visits with an OB Nest registered nurse. These virtual visits consisted of home blood pressure and fetal heart rate evaluation. Additionally, the OB Nest model included home monitoring devices and an online prenatal community to support the pregnant women .

Intervention Results: The study found that participants in the OB Nest group had significantly higher satisfaction with care and lower prenatal-related stress compared to patients in the usual care group. Perceived quality of care was similar between groups. Adherence to the provision of American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists prenatal services was similar in both arms. Maternal and fetal clinical outcomes were similar between groups. Total reported nursing time was higher in OB Nest. The study concluded that OB Nest is an innovative, acceptable, and effective reduced-frequency prenatal care model that resulted in higher patient satisfaction and lower prenatal stress while reducing the number of appointments with clinicians and maintaining care standards for pregnant women .

Conclusion: The study concluded that the OB Nest intervention is an innovative, acceptable, and effective reduced-frequency prenatal care model. It resulted in higher patient satisfaction and lower prenatal stress, while reducing the number of appointments with clinicians and maintaining care standards for pregnant women. The findings suggest that OB Nest is a step toward evidence-driven prenatal care that improves patient satisfaction .

Study Design: The study utilized a rigorous randomized controlled trial (RCT) design to compare the OB Nest prenatal care model with usual care. Participants were randomized to either OB Nest or usual care using a dynamic allocation system, with an algorithm minimizing imbalances in a 1:1 ratio across specific factors such as age, body mass index, and parity. The allocation sequence was concealed from the study nurse who enrolled and assessed the eligibility of participants. The study team nurses and clinicians were aware of the assigned arms after randomization occurred, and team members analyzing quantitative data were blinded to which intervention arm mothers were assigned to

Setting: The study was conducted as a single-center randomized controlled trial within the Outpatient Obstetric Division at Mayo Clinic, a tertiary care academic center in Rochester, Minnesota. The Mayo Clinic serves approximately 2400 pregnant women annually, and the trial took place between March 2014 and January 2015

Population of Focus: The target audience for the OB Nest prenatal care model and the study evaluating its effectiveness were low-risk pregnant women who were between 18 and 36 years old, at less than 13 weeks of gestation, and without a concurrent medical or obstetric complication, who had the ability to provide informed consent. The study aimed to evaluate the acceptability and effectiveness of the OB Nest model compared to traditional prenatal care for this specific population .

Sample Size: he study aimed to recruit 300 pregnant women, with 150 participants assigned to the OB Nest group and 150 participants assigned to the usual care group. The sample size was determined based on the power to detect differences in patient satisfaction, which was considered the most important endpoint for pregnant patients and caregiver representatives when creating the OB Nest bundle. The study was powered to detect differences in patient satisfaction with a 98% power to detect a difference of 7 points, based on a standard deviation of 14.4, with 10% attrition

Age Range: The study enrolled English-speaking pregnant women between 18 and 36 years old who were at less than 13 weeks of gestation. This age range was part of the enrollment criteria for the study .

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Home Visits, Other Person-to-Person Education, CAREGIVER, Education/Training (caregiver), PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner, Motivational Interviewing, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling

Intervention Description: Intervention (INT) was a home-based asthma follow-up after ED visit and two visits for an environmental control educational program delivered by trained nurses and nurse practitioners to the child and caregiver. For caregivers of children with positive cotinine results, brief motivational interviewing sessions were conducted to implement total home smoking ban.

Intervention Results: Over half of children in the study tested positive for SHS. Targeting SHS exposure was major component of the intervention [but] no significant reduction in cotinine exposures was associated with the intervention at 12 months.

Conclusion: In this study, a home-based EC intervention was not successful in reducing asthma ED revisits in children with poorly controlled asthma with SHS exposure. Allergic sensitization, young age, and increased controller medication use were important predictors of asthma ED visits.

Study Design: Prospective randomized controlled trial

Setting: Home-based (following ED visit)

Population of Focus: Children with physician diagnosed persistent asthma, having two or more ED asthma visits or more than one hospitalization over the past 12 months and residing in the Baltimore metropolitan area

Data Source: For SHS exposure, child saliva samples collected during the ED visit and at 6- and 12-month follow up visits.

Sample Size: 222 inner city children ages 3-12

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Home Visits, Motivational Interviewing, Peer Counselor, PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner, CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling

Intervention Description: To test an air cleaner and health coach intervention to reduce secondhand smoke exposure compared with air cleaners alone or no air cleaners in reducing particulate matter (PM), air nicotine, and urine cotinine concentrations and increasing symptom-free days in children with asthma residing with a smoker.

Intervention Results: The overall follow-up rate was high (91.3%). Changes in mean fine and coarse particulate matter (PM) concentrations (baseline to 6 months) were significantly lower in both air cleaner groups compared with the control group. No differences were noted in air nicotine or urine cotinine concentrations. The health coach provided no additional reduction in PM concentrations. Symptom-free days were significantly increased in both air cleaner groups compared with the control group.

Conclusion: Although the use of air cleaners can result in a significant reduction in indoor PM concentrations and a significant increase in symptom-free days, it is not enough to prevent exposure to secondhand smoke.

Study Design: 3-arm RCT

Setting: Hospital and home

Population of Focus: Inner-city children with asthma and SHSe

Data Source: Caregiver self-report, urine cotinine levels, and air nicotine concentrations

Sample Size: 126 children

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Educational Material, Community-Based Group Education

Intervention Description: Six hundred thirteen women of Mexican origin in 3 treatment sites were randomized among 4 study arms: the full AMIGAS program with a video and a flip chart (n = 151), the AMIGAS program without the video (n = 154), the AMIGAS program without the flip chart (n = 155), and a usual care control group (n = 153). Six months after enrollment, women were surveyed and reported whether or not they had been screened.

Intervention Results: Women in any of the intervention arms were statistically significantly more likely to report being screened than those in the usual care group in both an intent-to-treat analysis and a per-protocol analysis. In the intent-to-treat analysis, 25% of women in the control group and 52% in the full AMIGAS program group reported having had Pap tests (P < .001); in the per-protocol analysis, the percentages were 29% and 62%, respectively (P < .001).

Conclusion: AMIGAS was effective in increasing Pap test screening among women of Mexican descent when used in a 1-to-1 setting. Future research should compare the 1-on-1 intervention with the group-based intervention.

Study Design: RCT: pretest-posttest

Setting: El Paso, TX; Houston, TX; and Yakima Valley, WA

Population of Focus: Mexican women with no Pap smear reported in the past 3 years

Data Source: Self-report and validated through medical records review

Sample Size: Intent-to-Treat Analysis (n=613) Intervention Group 1 (n=151); Intervention Group 2 (n=154); Intervention Group 3 (n=155); Control (n=153) Per-Protocol Analysis (n=513) Intervention Group 1 (n=128); Intervention Group 2 (n=125); Intervention Group 3 (n=127); Control (n=133)

Age Range: ≥21

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): PATIENT/CONSUMER, Patient Reminder/Invitation, PROVIDER/PRACTICE, Provider Audit/Practice Audit, Nurse/Nurse Practitioner

Intervention Description: To assess the effects on cervical screening rates in one small general practice based on uptake and the benefits of multiple strategies.

Intervention Results: Over 18 months there was a 27% improvement from a biannual screening rate of 53% at baseline to 67.5% at the end of the audit. Over the past 6 months, 49% of women elected for the 'screening only' test provided by a nurse.

Conclusion: Strategies are feasible and associated with a considerable increase in screening rates. Patients can choose to have their test performed by a nurse in general practice. This study suggests that each strategy's improvement in uptake is independently additive.

Study Design: QE: pretest-posttest

Setting: General practice in Bundaberg, Queensland

Population of Focus: Women attending the practice living within Bundaberg

Data Source: Chart review

Sample Size: Baseline (n=1,540) Follow-up (n=1,431)

Age Range: 18-69

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): Referrals, Expert Support (Provider), Enabling Services, PATIENT_CONSUMER, HEALTH_CARE_PROVIDER_PRACTICE

Intervention Description: The purpose of this study was to pilot the feasibility of a CHW to support parental contraceptives needs within a pediatric setting serving a high number of Latino immigrant families. This article describes Mi Plan/My Plan, a CHW contraceptive counseling and resource navigation pilot program.

Intervention Results: All 311 individuals counseled were Latina mothers with median child age of 3 months. At baseline, 64.3% were using contraception and 76.5% desired to start or change their current method. Among those who desired a change, 47.9% (114/238) obtained their desired method within three months of initial counselor contact.

Conclusion: Bilingual CHW contraceptive counseling and care coordination is feasible and acceptable in a pediatric setting serving a high number of Latino immigrant families. CHWs in pediatric settings support health care access equity and are relevant to optimal maternal and child health.

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): CAREGIVER, Motivational Interviewing/Counseling, PATIENT/CONSUMER, Motivational Interviewing, Educational Material, Pharmacotherapy (Nicotine), Educational Material (caregiver), Telephone Support

Intervention Description: In this randomized controlled trial, we tested a tobacco control intervention in families and specifically evaluated a tailored cessation intervention for the parents and/or caregivers (Ps/Cs) who were smokers while their children were simultaneously enrolled in tobacco prevention.

Intervention Results: Intervention group showed a larger increase in self-reported smoking abstinence over time than the control group. For cotinine, the intervention group showed a decrease from baseline and then maintenance through year 4, whereas the control group showed increases from baseline.

Conclusion: This study provides evidence that tailored cessation offered to Ps/Cs in their children’s schools during their children’s enrollment in tobacco prevention may contribute to more robust success in P/C cessation and a reduction of tobacco smoke exposure in children.

Study Design: 2-group RCT with repeated measures

Setting: Elementary school-based recruitment; Face-to-face or telephone motivational interviewing sessions

Population of Focus: Elementary schools with high enrollment percentages of African American children in fourth grade across 5 counties in a Southeastern state

Data Source: Parent and caregiver self-report, biochemical measures (saliva cotinine and exhaled carbon monoxide)

Sample Size: 453 parents and or caregivers

Age Range: Not specified

Intervention Components (click on component to see a list of all articles that use that intervention): CLASSROOM_SCHOOL, Physically Active Classrooms

Intervention Description: The intervention was performed in a sample of 47 children attending a primary school in the south of Italy and it was structured in two sessions of classroom active breaks (CABs) in three school days a week, shared with and supervised by the teachers.

Intervention Results: CABs showed an overall potential positive effect on the reduction of inactivity of ∼12 min and an equivalent increase in PA levels, of which 5 min were of moderate/vigorous intensity. Girls showed lower time spent in light and moderate PA and higher amount of inactivity than boys and responded better to the intervention. The satisfaction of children and teachers was high.

Conclusion: CABs program is a safe tool to reduce inactivity and increase moderate/vigorous PA. Designing structured exercise breaks adapted in a flexible way to meet the needs of the school curriculum program may increase the feasibility of such PA program in the schools.

Study Design: Non-randomized feasibility study

Setting: Elementary schools (teacher-led)

Population of Focus: 3rd grade school children

Data Source: Accelerometer data and student self-report

Sample Size: 47 students

Age Range: Ages 8-9