Diabetes
in Children and Adolescents
Knowledge Path
Knowledge Path Table of Contents
IntroductionGeneral Resources for Professionals
- Web Sites
- Additional Electronic Publications
- Databases: Data, Literature and Research, and Programs
- Electronic Newsletters
Resources on Specific Aspects of Diabetes Care
Please provide feedback on this knowledge path.
This knowledge path about diabetes
in children and adolescents has been
compiled by the Maternal
and Child Health Library at
Georgetown University. It offers a selection
of current, high-quality resources about
diabetes prevalence, diagnosis, management,
type
2 diabetes prevention, and pediatric diabetes
research. Separate sections present resources
for professionals (health professionals, program
administrators, and researchers)
and for families. The final part of the knowledge
path presents resources that address specific
aspects of diabetes care: diabetes
management in school, medications and monitoring,
nutrition,
and physical activity. This knowledge path
will be updated regularly.
Related knowledge paths:
Children
and Youth with Special Health Care
Needs
Nutrition in Children and Adolescents
Overweight
and Obesity in Children and Adolescents
Physical
Activity and Children and Adolescents.
See Overview of Diabetes in Children and Adolescents (rev. ed.) (2008). This fact sheet from the National Diabetes Education Program describes types of diabetes; prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, and management of diabetes in children and adolescents; monitoring complications; visiting the health care team; helping children and adolescents manage diabetes; and type 2 diabetes prevention strategies.
General Resources for Professionals
- Agency
for Healthcare Research and Quality
(AHRQ).
Provides evidence-based information
on health care outcomes; quality;
and cost, use, and access. Links
to evidence
reports and research findings about
children and adolescents with diabetes.
Presents a collection
of tools for
states to assess the quality of
diabetes care and create
quality-improvement strategies.
Offers access to the Healthcare
Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP),
the National
Guideline Clearinghouse, and
the National Quality
Measures Clearinghouse.
- American
Association of Diabetes Educators (AADE).
Presents practice documents, education
programs and webinars, and research and
meeting information for diabetes educators.
Recent resources include
Costs and Benefits Associated with Diabetes Education: A Review of the Literature. (2009).
Guidelines for the Practice of Diabetes Education. (2009).
- American
Diabetes Association (ADA): Professional
Resources Online.
Presents
practice guidelines; conference and
continuing-education information, materials,
and webcasts; a research
database; consumer-education
tools, including posters about
children and type 2 diabetes;
and several electronic
newsletters.
Recent resources include
Clinical Practice Recommendations. (2009).
Transitions in Care: Meeting the Challenges of Type 1 Diabetes in Young Adults. (2009). [Manual]. Description and ordering information.
Also see ADA’s resources for school personnel.
- Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
Offers resources and initiatives about
diabetes in children and adolescents
that include
Diabetes Public Health Resource. Offers conference and program information, including information about state-based diabetes prevention and control programs and information about diabetes projects that focus on specific geographic areas or populations, such as children and adolescents. Includes data, Spanish-language resources, and diabetes-related news.
Guide to Community Preventive Services: Diabetes Prevention and Control. Contains recommendations for selected population-based interventions addressing diabetes prevention and control that focus on health-care-system interventions and self-management education.
Racial Disparities in Diabetes Mortality Among Persons Aged 1–19 Years—United States, 1979–2004. (2007). [Report].
- Healthy
People 2010.
Offers information about this national
health-promotion and disease-prevention
initiative that is coordinated by the Office
of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
(ODPHP). The
initiative addresses 467 objectives in
28 focus
areas. Focus
area 5 addresses
diabetes. See Data2010 for
data about the objectives and
the HP2010 Information
Access Project for access to published
literature related to the objectives.
Also view proposed Healthy
People 2020 objectives
for diabetes.
- Indian
Health Service (IHS): Division of Diabetes
Treatment and Prevention.
Provides program, grants, and training
information and resources about preventing
and controlling diabetes in American
Indians and Alaska Natives. Offers
a set of best
practice approaches for
diabetes treatment and prevention, including
Indian Health Diabetes Best Practice: Youth and Type 2 Diabetes, rev. ed. (2009).
Also see the Diabetes Education in Tribal Schools (DETS) Curriculum.
- Juvenile
Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF).
Presents resources about research leading
to a cure for type 1 diabetes, including abstracts
of JDRF-funded research; grant
information and applications; electronic newsletters; and information
about new treatments, clinical
trials,
and JDRF-funded research centers and
initiatives.
- National
Diabetes Education Program (NDEP).
Presents clinical practice tools,
patient-education materials, and an electronic
newsletter about
diabetes prevention and management. Offers
a set of slides with U.S. diabetes prevalence
and incidence
rates broken down by age, gender,
and race and ethnicity. NDEP is a joint
effort between the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and
the National
Institutes of Health (NIH).
Resources and initiatives
include
Guiding Principles for Diabetes Care: For Health Care Professionals (rev. ed.). (2009). [Booklet].
Making Systems Changes for Better Diabetes Care. Provides models and tools to help health professionals improve diabetes prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
Also see NDEP’s resources for schools.
- National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive
and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK): Diabetes
Research.
Presents information about diabetes
research funded by NIDDK, including
clinical research, diabetes research
centers, committees and advisory
groups, and conferences. Recent
resources include
Diabetes Mellitus Interagency Coordinating Committee (DMICC): Coordinating the Federal Investment in Diabetes Programs to Improve the Health of Americans. (2009). [Booklet].
Overview of Diabetes in Children and Adolescents. (2008). This fact sheet includes a brief description and links to several research programs aimed at finding ways to prevent and treat diabetes and its health complications.
Also see NIDDK’s reference collection of health-education materials about diabetes.
- SEARCH
for Diabetes in Youth.
Describes this multi-center study focusing
on children and adolescents with diabetes
in the United States. The study aims
to examine diabetes prevalence, how
type 1 and type 2 diabetes differ,
diabetes complications, types of care
and treatment available, and quality-of-life issues.
Includes contact information for the
six clinical
centers
participating in the study. SEARCH
is funded by the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) and
the National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive
and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK).
A selection of recent results include
Health-Related Quality of Life of Children and Adolescents with Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. (2008).
Many Faces of Diabetes in American Youth: Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in Five Race and Ethnic Populations: The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. (2009). This article introduces a March 2009 Diabetes Care journal supplement reporting on the prevalence, incidence, and clinical characteristics of diabetes in five racial and ethnic groups.
Presence of Diabetic Ketoacidosis at Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus in Youth: The Search for Diabetes in Youth Study. (2008).
Weight-Loss Practices and Weight-Related Issues Among Youth with Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes. (2008).
Additional Electronic Publications
- Cauchi R, Chung Y, Thangasamy
A. 2009. Providing
Diabetes Health Coverage: State Laws and
Programs (rev. ed). Washington, DC: National
Conference of State Legislatures. This
report presents information about state and
federal requirements for insurance coverage
for diabetes
and state-sponsored diabetes programs and activities.
- Gold MR, Briefel R. 2007. Study
of Federal Spending on Diabetes:
An Opportunity for Change. Washington, DC: Mathematica
Policy Research, Inc. This
report describes the federal programs, authority, and funding
that may influence the
incidence, prevalence, treatment, and progression
of diabetes and opportunities to maximize
the use of federal dollars
to prevent diabetes and its costly complications.
The databases listed below are excellent tools for identifying data, additional literature and research, and programs about diabetes in children and adolescents. Many of the entries below contain tips on how to use the databases efficiently. Please note that databases vary in how terms should be entered; for example, some require quotation marks and others don't. Enter search phrases as shown in bold below.
- Data2010:
The Healthy People 2010 Database.
Contains the most recent monitoring data
for tracking Healthy
People 2010.
To obtain national data about diabetes,
click on the field, Data
by Focus Area.
Under the field, Select a Focus Area,
choose 05 - Diabetes from the pop-up
menu. Next, click on the button for Include
Related Objectives From Other Focus Areas
in the Table. Click on the Submit button.
This data set is provided by the National
Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) via CDC
Wonder.
- Data
Resource Center for Child and Adolescent Health
(DRC). Provides access to and use
of data from the National Survey of Children’s
Health,
2003 & 2007, and the National Survey of Children with Special Health Care
Needs, 2001 & 2005/2006.
For data about diabetes, select the National
Survey of Children with Special
Health
Care Needs, 2001 & 2005/2006. Select CSHCN Condition-Specific Profile.
Choose nationwide, select a report format, and select a condition (i.e.,
diabetes).
Click
on Next to get your profile. DRC is a project of the Child
and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative (CAHMI).
- Diabetes
Data and Trends.
Monitors national and state data and trends and county-level estimates for diabetes. Most of the data reflect
diabetes in the adult population. This
system is a service of the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
- Healthcare
Cost and Utilization Project
(HCUP): HCUPnet.
Provides access to health
statistics and information
on hospital inpatient and
emergency department utilization
at the national, regional,
and state levels, including
use of hospitals by children.
To identify data about hospital
use related to diabetes in
children and adolescents,
select National
Statistics on Children. Select Researcher,
medical professional. Under
type of query, select Statistics
on specific diagnoses or procedures.
Select a year (e.g., 2006).
Select Diagnoses grouped by
Clinical Classifications Software
(CCS). Select Principal diagnosis.
Under the field, Browse all
CCS categories, scroll to
49 Diabetes mellitus without
complications and 50 Diabetes
mellitus with complications.
Hold the control key (ctrl)
or Apple command key, and
click your mouse to select
both categories. Click on
Next. Select the outcomes and measures
of interest (e.g., Number
of discharges) and click on
Next. Select patient and hospital
characteristics (e.g., All
patients in all hospitals)
and click on Next. View your
results. HCUP is an initiative
of the Agency
for Healthcare Research and
Quality (AHRQ).
- National
Quality Measures Clearinghouse™
(NQMC). Contains
evidence-based health-care-quality measures
and measure sets for physicians, hospitals,
and health plans to evaluate and improve the
quality of health care for patients. Identify
measures about diabetes in children and adolescents
by entering diabetes in the Disease/Condition
field of the detailed
search form. Scroll down
on the search form to select Age Range (e.g.,
Adolescent, Child, Infant). Hold down the control
key (ctrl) or Apple command key and click your
mouse to make multiple selections. The database
is sponsored by the Agency
for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ).
- American Diabetes Association (ADA) Research Database.
Offers information about ADA-funded research
grants. Search by keyword, researcher,
or the type of diabetes research being
performed.
- ClinicalTrials.gov.
Provides access to information about clinical
research studies for a wide range of diseases
and conditions, including diabetes. Included
are a summary of the purpose of the study,
recruiting status, criteria for patient participation,
location of the trial, and contact information.
To identify diabetes-related studies involving
children and adolescents, click on Search
for Clinical Trials, enter the search
phrase diabetes
AND (children OR adolescents), and
click on Search. ClinicalTrials.gov is a
service of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
- Database
of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE).
Contains summaries of systematic reviews
that have met strict quality criteria.
Included reviews must be about the
effects of interventions. Each summary
also provides a critical commentary on
the quality of the review. To identify
reviews about diabetes and children and
adolescents, enter the phrase, diabetes
AND (children OR adolescents) in
the search box. Click on search to get
your results.
DARE is produced and maintained by the
Centre for Reviews and Dissemination
at the University of York.
- HP2010
Information Access Project: Diabetes.
Provides an automatic search mechanism
for published literature indexed
in PubMed related
to the Healthy
People 2010 objectives
about diabetes. Also links to the
narrative for each objective and
the complete
chapter about diabetes
in the text, Healthy
People 2010: Understanding and
Improving Health (2nd ed.) (2000).
This service is provided by the Partners
in Information Access for the Public
Health Workforce,
a collaboration of federal agencies,
public health organizations, and
health sciences libraries.
- Juvenile
Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF): JDRF Funded Research. Provides abstracts and progress reports for funded research grants. Search by therapeutic area, area of research, and contact information.
- Maternal
and Child Health Library at
the National
Center for Education in Maternal and
Child Health (NCEMCH),
Georgetown University. Maintains several
databases to collect, manage, and disseminate
knowledge about maternal and child health
(MCH), with special emphasis on knowledge
gained from initiatives and programs
supported by the Maternal
and Child Health Bureau (MCHB).
The library’s bibliographic database
is
MCHLine®. Comprises an online catalog of materials in the Maternal and Child Health Library. To identify items about diabetes in children and adolescents, conduct two searches in the keyword field of the database search form using the terms diabetes child and diabetes adolescen. There will be overlap in the records identified in these searches.
Also see the MCH Organizations Database.
- National
Disease Research Interchange (NDRI):
Human Biological Data Interchange.
Presents information about this initiative
to collect medical history and genealogical
data on
over 6,700 families who are affected
by type 1 diabetes and to maintain a repository
of DNA and immortalized
cell
lines collected from 500 families. The
database and repository are available to
help researchers uncover the genetic causes
of type 1 diabetes and to study
type 2 diabetes, diabetic complications,
autoimmune diseases, kidney disease, and
other disorders. NDRI is supported by the National
Institutes of Health (NIH).
- National
Guideline Clearinghouse (NGC).
Contains evidence-based clinical practice
guidelines and related materials for
health professionals. To identify guidelines
about diabetes in children and adolescents,
click on detailed
search form and
enter diabetes in
the Disease/Condition field.
Scroll down on the search form to select
Age of Target Population (e.g., Adolescent,
Child). Hold down the control
key (ctrl) or Apple command key and click
your mouse to make multiple selections.
Click on Search to get your results.
The database is an initiative of the Agency
for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ).
- National
Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and
Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) Reference Collection.
Maintains a database of health-education
materials for consumers and health professionals.
To identify materials about diabetes
in children and adolescents, select detailed
search. Enter children
OR adolescents in the Search terms
field and select Diabetes in the
Databases to search field. Select Publication
Date, Format, or Language to narrow your
search.
Click on Search to get your results.
- National
Institutes of Health (NIH) Research Portfolio
Online Reporting Tool (RePORT): RePORTER.
Provides access to reports, data, and analyses
of NIH research activities, including information
on NIH expenditures and the results of
NIH-supported research. To identify information
about diabetes in children and adolescents,
conduct two searches. First, enter diabetes
children in the search
field and click
on Submit query to get your results. Conduct
a second search by entering diabetes
adolescents in the search
field and clicking
on Submit query to get your results. Narrow your searches by selecting a state or adding terms to other search fields.
- PubMed.
Contains more than 19 million citations
for biomedical articles from MEDLINE and
life science journals. Citations may include
links to full-text articles from PubMed Central
or publisher web sites. To identify citations
on the topic, enter the term Diabetes
Mellitus in the search box.
Click on Limits and make the following selections on the page: select a date (e.g. Published in the last 2 years); click on Languages: English; click on Species: Humans; click on Ages: All Child; and select Search Field Tags: MeSH Major Topic. Click on Search to get your results. To narrow your search further or for additional searches, use the the MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) database to identify terms. (e.g., Diabetes Mellitus AND health education or Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 or Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2). PubMed is a service of the National Library of Medicine (NLM).
- Also see AGRICOLA
(AGRICultural OnLine Access), the Drug Information Portal, and the Education
Resources Information Center (ERIC) Database.
- Community
Pediatrics Projects Database.
Comprises an archive of community
pediatrics grant projects. Identify projects
by selecting diabetes in the topic
field. Click on submit to get your results.
The database is a service of the American
Academy of Pediatrics (AAP).
- Discretionary
Grant Information System (DGIS).
Contains information for more
than
900
grants issued
by the Maternal
and Child Health Bureau (MCHB). To identify
grants about diabetes, select Abstracts. Type diabetes in
the search field. Click on Search to get your
results. To find
products and publications produced by MCHB training
grantees, select Program Data,
Training, and Search Products
and Publications. Type diabetes children in
the search field, click on All the words, and
click on Search to get your results. Repeat the
search using the search term diabetes
adolescents. There will be overlap in the records identified in these searches.
- Health
Services Research Projects in Progress (HSRProj).
Provides information about ongoing health services
research and public health projects. To identify
projects, enter diabetes AND (children OR adolescents) in the search box. Click on Search to get your
results.
HSRProj
is funded by the National
Library of Medicine (NLM).
- MCH
Organizations Database.
Lists over 2,000 government, professional,
and voluntary organizations involved
in MCH activities, primarily at a national
level. Find organizations focusing on
the topic by entering the term diabetes in
the keyword field of the database
search form.
- Partnership
to Fight Chronic Disease: Promising
Practices. Presents information about public and
private programs from
across the country that have proven
successful in improving health and health behaviors and reducing
the burden of disease, including
diabetes. To identify programs, look under Find
Programs and click on Diabetes under Select
a Health Topic. Click on Go to get
your results. This resource is based on Keeping
America Healthy: A Catalog of Successful Programs (2008). Additional materials accompany the report.
- Also see CDC’s
Diabetes Public Health Resource for state-based
diabetes prevention and control programs and
information about diabetes
projects that
focus on specific geographic areas or populations.
- American
Diabetes Association (ADA): Diabetes
eNewsletters.
Offers a collection of electronic newsletters
for diabetes news, events, book
information, and advocacy. One weekly
newsletter is tailored for health care
professionals.
- Juvenile
Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF).
Presents two electronic newsletters about
research on type 1 diabetes: Research
Frontline and Emerging Technologies in
Diabetes Research.
- National
Diabetes Education Program (NDEP): News & Notes. This monthly electronic newsletter offers information about new products and activities from NDEP.
- See the Maternal and Child Health Library's family resource brief, Diabetes in Kids and Teens.
Resources on Specific Aspects of Diabetes Care
- American
Diabetes Association (ADA): Diabetes
Care at School.
Presents information for school personnel
about diabetes management at school,
a sample section 504 plan, a sample
diabetes
medical-management plan, training
modules for school nurses and other
school personnel, and tips for teachers.
Also offers information
for parents about laws ensuring
the rights of children with diabetes
in schools and child care settings
and what parents can do to make sure
their child receives fair treatment.
Care of Children with Diabetes in the School and Day Care Setting. (2009). [Position statement].
- Children
with Diabetes: Diabetes at School.
Provides information for families,
teachers, school nurses,
and other school personnel to
help children with diabetes manage
their condition while at school.
Includes instructions, forms,
plans, and checklists. Also presents
a list with links to states with
diabetes care programs and school
diabetes resources.
- Diabetes
Education in Tribal Schools: Health
is Life in Balance.
Presents a curriculum designed
to educate students in grades
K–12 about the problems
of diabetes in American Indian and
Alaska Native communities and
to empower students to make healthy
lifestyle choices to prevent diabetes.
Includes background information
and a summary of an
evaluation of the curriculum
implementation. The curriculum
was developed by the National Institute of Diabetes
and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
(NIDDK) in collaboration with
the Indian
Health Service (IHS) Division
of Diabetes Treatment and Prevention,
the CDC Native
Diabetes Wellness
Program, eight tribal colleges
and universities, and the National
Institutes of Health Office of
Science Education.
- Education
Resources Information Center (ERIC) Database.
Covers all aspects of education-related
issues through journal articles, conference
proceedings, papers, speeches, research
reports, teaching guides, curricula,
and books. Search the database to identify
many items about
diabetes in children and adolescents.
Select Advanced Search. Under Search
for, select Descriptors (from Thesaurus),
and enter the term, diabetes in
the next field. In the next row, select
NOT; select Descriptors (from Thesaurus);
and enter the term, adults. Scroll
down on the search form to select publication
date and/or publication type. ERIC is sponsored by the Department
of Education (ED).
- National
Diabetes Education Program (NDEP): Schools.
Offers resources for school personnel
about diabetes and how to help students
with diabetes manage at school. An important
resource is
Helping the Student with Diabetes Succeed: A Guide for School Personnel. (2003). This resource guide helps students with diabetes, their health care team, school staff, and parents work together to provide optimal diabetes management at school.
- Also see the Indian Health Service (IHS) guide, Indian
Health Diabetes Best Practice: School
Health:
Promoting Healthy Habits and Preventing
Disease (rev. ed.). (2009).
- American
Diabetes Association (ADA): Treatment
and Care.
Presents information for families
about blood glucose control; insulin,
other injectable medications, and
oral medication; transplantation,
including islet cell transplants;
emergency preparedness; flu and pneumonia
shots;
and working
with the health care team.
- Drug
Information Portal.
Presents information for health
professionals, researchers, and
consumers about more
than 17,000 drugs. Search
by drug name or category. Drug
information records include a description
of the drug and links to resources
for additional information. The
portal is a service of the National
Library of Medicine (NLM).
- Food
and Drug Administration (FDA).
Contains information about medical
devices, including glucose
testing devices,
and drug products. Also
provides news about
product approvals, safety, and recalls.
- KidsHealth
Diabetes Center: Medications and
Monitoring. Presents
information in English and Spanish
for parents, teens, and kids about the importance
of diabetes control, helping kids deal with injections and blood tests, how to give an insulin injection, medicines for diabetes, and monitoring blood sugar. Includes a blood glucose record.
- MedlinePlus:
Diabetes Medicines.
Links to information
about diabetes medicines in English,
Spanish, and several other languages.
Also see MedlinePlus: Islet
Cell Transplantation.
- AGRICOLA
(AGRICultural OnLine Access).
Contains bibliographic information for
agricultural literature including many
child and adolescent nutrition publications.
AGRICOLA is organized into two data sets
(books and journal articles). To identify
books or articles on the topic, click
on Keyword Search. Enter the term, diabetes.
In the next row, enter children adolescents and
select
"any of these" and "Keyword Anywhere" in
the two fields to the right. Click on Search.
AGRICOLA is a service of the National
Agricultural Library (NAL).
- American
Diabetes Association (ADA): MyFoodAdvisor.
Presents a calorie and carbohydrate counting
tool that can help with diabetes management
and nutrition.
- KidsHealth
Diabetes Center: Diabetes and
Nutrition. Presents
information in English and Spanish
for parents, teens, and kids about carbohydrates,
sugar, eating out, meal plans, and weight
management. Includes a food diary and
recipes.
- National
Nutrient Database for Standard Reference.
Lists the nutrients for more than 7,000
food items. Each item can be found in
any one of 23 food-group categories.
A portion-modifier option is also included.
The database is a service
of the Nutrient
Data Laboratory (NDL) at
the Agricultural
Research Service (ARS).
- Also see the National Diabetes
Education Program (NDEP) bilingual tip sheet, Tips
for Teens with Diabetes: Make
Healthy Food Choices/Consejos Para Jóvenes Con Diabetes: Come Alimentos Saludables (2009).
- Also see the American
Dietetic Association (ADA) online directory, Find a Nutrition Professional.
- Also see the knowledge paths, Nutrition
in Children and Adolescents and Overweight
and Obesity in Children and Adolescents.
- See the knowledge path, Physical Activity
and Children and Adolescents.
Diabetes in Children and Adolescents: Knowledge Path, 3rd ed.
(December 2009). (Updated: July 2010).
Author: Susan Brune Lorenzo,
M.L.S., Maternal and Child Health Library.
Reviewers: Amanda Carlton, R.N., Family for Keeps™ Transition
Care Program, Dream House for Medically Fragile
Children, Inc.; Malcolm Hill, M.D., Pediatrician; Jon Jantz, M.D., Pediatrician;
Tina Lavy, M.S., I.B.C.L.C.,
Sutter
County Women,
Infants and Children Program;
Olivia
K. Pickett,
M.A.,
M.L.S., Maternal and Child Health Library; Virginia
Smith, R.D., M.A., C.D.E.,
Leadership Education
in Adolescent Health program, Indiana University
School of Medicine, Riley
Hospital for Children.
